{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/13.1-1228.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/13.1-1228.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/13.1-1228.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/13.1-1228.html"}],"law_id":59334,"edition_id":1,"section_id":59334,"structure_id":15555,"section_number":"13.1-1228","catch_line":"Trustee management; limitation on duties and liabilities of others","history":"2002, c. 621.","full_text":"A\n\nExcept to the extent otherwise provided in the articles of trust or in the governing instrument of a business trust, the trustees shall choose and supervise the officers and employees of the business trust, and the business and affairs of the business trust shall be managed under the direction of the trustees.B\n\nExcept to the extent provided in the governing instrument of a business trust, neither the power to give direction to a trustee or other persons nor the exercise by any person of a direction, including a beneficial owner, shall cause that person to have duties, including fiduciary duties, or liabilities relating to the business trust or to a beneficial owner, or cause any such person to be a trustee.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":217498,"text":"Except to the extent otherwise provided in the articles of trust or in the governing instrument of a business trust, the trustees shall choose and supervise the officers and employees of the business trust, and the business and affairs of the business trust shall be managed under the direction of the trustees.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":217499,"text":"Except to the extent provided in the governing instrument of a business trust, neither the power to give direction to a trustee or other persons nor the exercise by any person of a direction, including a beneficial owner, shall cause that person to have duties, including fiduciary duties, or liabilities relating to the business trust or to a beneficial owner, or cause any such person to be a trustee.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A"}},"ancestry":[{"id":15555,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trustees","identifier":"5","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12745,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:56:17","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:56:17","permalink":{"id":149387,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15555,"identifier":"5","token":"13.1\/14\/5","url":"\/13.1\/14\/5\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12745,"edition_id":1,"name":"Virginia Business Trust Act","identifier":"14","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12744,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":149111,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12745,"identifier":"14","token":"13.1\/14","url":"\/13.1\/14\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12744,"edition_id":1,"name":"Corporations","identifier":"13.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":147493,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12744,"identifier":"13.1","token":"13.1","url":"\/13.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":59334,"structure_id":15555,"section_number":"13.1-1228","catch_line":"Trustee management; limitation on duties and liabilities of others","url":"\/13.1-1228\/","token":"13.1\/14\/5\/13.1-1228","metadata":false},{"id":63857,"structure_id":15555,"section_number":"13.1-1229","catch_line":"Trustee standards of conduct; trustee liability; restrictions on liability limitations in governing instrument","url":"\/13.1-1229\/","token":"13.1\/14\/5\/13.1-1229","metadata":false},{"id":74257,"structure_id":15555,"section_number":"13.1-1230","catch_line":"Indemnification","url":"\/13.1-1230\/","token":"13.1\/14\/5\/13.1-1230","metadata":false}],"next_section":{"id":63857,"structure_id":15555,"section_number":"13.1-1229","catch_line":"Trustee standards of conduct; trustee liability; restrictions on liability limitations in governing instrument","url":"\/13.1-1229\/","token":"13.1\/14\/5\/13.1-1229","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/13.1-1228\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2002. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 621<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":149389,"object_type":"law","relational_id":59334,"identifier":"13.1-1228","token":"13.1\/14\/5\/13.1-1228","url":"\/13.1-1228\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/13.1-1228\/","token":"13.1\/14\/5\/13.1-1228","dublin_core":{"Title":"Trustee management; limitation on duties and liabilities of others","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 13.1-1228","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> Except to the extent otherwise provided in the articles of trust<\/span> or in the governing instrument<\/span> of a business trust<\/span>, the trustees<\/span> shall choose and supervise the officers and employees of the business trust<\/span>, and the business and affairs of the business trust<\/span> shall be managed under the direction of the trustees<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Except to the extent provided in the governing instrument<\/span> of a business trust<\/span>, neither the power to give direction to a trustee<\/span> or other persons<\/span> nor the exercise by any person<\/span> of a direction, including a beneficial owner<\/span>, shall cause that person<\/span> to have duties, including fiduciary duties, or liabilities relating to the business trust<\/span> or to a beneficial owner<\/span>, or cause any such person<\/span> to be a trustee<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nTRUSTEE MANAGEMENT; LIMITATION ON DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF OTHERS (\u00a7\n13.1-1228)\n\nA. Except to the extent otherwise provided in the articles of trust or in the\ngoverning instrument of a business trust, the trustees shall choose and\nsupervise the officers and employees of the business trust, and the business and\naffairs of the business trust shall be managed under the direction of the\ntrustees.\n\nB. Except to the extent provided in the governing instrument of a business\ntrust, neither the power to give direction to a trustee or other persons nor the\nexercise by any person of a direction, including a beneficial owner, shall cause\nthat person to have duties, including fiduciary duties, or liabilities relating\nto the business trust or to a beneficial owner, or cause any such person to be a\ntrustee.\n\nHISTORY: 2002, c. 621.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}