{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/13.1-657.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/13.1-657.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/13.1-657.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/13.1-657.html"}],"law_id":83958,"edition_id":1,"section_id":83958,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-657","catch_line":"Action without meeting","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 13.1-28; 1956, c. 428; 1985, c. 522; 1999, c. 416; 2003, c. 728; 2005, c. 765; 2007, c. 165; 2008, c. 91; 2010, c. 782; 2012, c. 706; 2015, c. 611; 2018, cc. 267, 308; 2019, c. 734; 2020, c. 1226.","full_text":"A\n\nAction required or permitted by this chapter to be taken at a shareholders’ meeting may be taken without a meeting if the action is taken by all the shareholders entitled to vote on the action, in which case no action by the board of directors shall be required. The action shall be evidenced by one or more written consents bearing the date of signature and describing the action taken, signed by all the shareholders entitled to vote on the action and delivered to the corporation’s secretary for filing by the corporation with the minutes of the meeting or corporate records.B\n\nThe articles of incorporation may authorize action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent, provided that the taking of such action is consistent with any requirements that may be set forth in the articles of incorporation, the bylaws, or this section; however, unless the articles of incorporation of a public corporation authorized action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent as of April 1, 2018, the shareholders of the public corporation shall not be entitled to act by less than unanimous written consent even if so authorized by the articles of incorporation if the articles of incorporation or bylaws of such public corporation allow the holders of 30 percent or fewer of all votes entitled to be cast to demand the calling of a special meeting of shareholders. For action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent to be valid:1\n\nIt shall be an action that this chapter requires or permits to be taken at a shareholders’ meeting;2\n\nThe articles of incorporation shall authorize action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent and, if a public corporation at the time of such authorization in addition to the other limitations in this subsection B, the inclusion of the authorization in the articles of incorporation was approved by each voting group entitled to vote by the greater of:\n\t\t\t\ta. The vote of that voting group required by the articles of incorporation to amend the articles of incorporation; or\n\t\t\t\tb. More than two-thirds of all votes that the voting group is entitled to cast on the amendment;3\n\nAt least 10 days before the holders of more than 10 percent of the outstanding shares of any voting group entitled to vote on the action to be taken have signed the written consent, the corporation’s secretary shall have received a copy of the form of written consent setting forth the action to be taken;4\n\nIf required by this chapter, the articles of incorporation, or the bylaws, the board of directors shall have approved this action; and5\n\nThe holders of not less than the minimum number of outstanding shares of each voting group entitled to vote on the action that would be required to take the action at a shareholders’ meeting at which all shares of each voting group entitled to vote on the action were present and voted shall have signed written consents setting forth the action to be taken.C\n\nA written consent shall bear the date on which each shareholder signed the consent and be delivered to the corporation’s secretary for inclusion in the minutes or filing with the corporate records.D\n\nIf not otherwise fixed under § 13.1-656 or 13.1-660 and if prior action by the board of directors is not required respecting the action to be taken without a meeting, the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to take action without a meeting shall be the first date on which a signed written consent is delivered to the corporation’s secretary. If not otherwise fixed under § 13.1-656 or 13.1-660 and if prior action by the board of directors is required respecting the action to be taken without a meeting, the record date shall be the close of business on the day the action of the board is taken. No written consent shall be effective to take the action referred to in such consent unless, within 60 days of the earliest date on which a consent delivered to the corporation’s secretary as required by this section was signed, written consents signed by the holders of shares having sufficient votes to take the corporate action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary. A written consent may be revoked by a writing to that effect delivered to the corporation’s secretary before unrevoked written consents sufficient in number to take the corporate action are delivered to the corporation.E\n\nA consent signed pursuant to the provisions of this section has the effect of a vote taken at a meeting and may be described as such in any document. Unless the articles of incorporation, bylaws, or a resolution of the board of directors provides for a reasonable delay to permit tabulation of written consents, the action taken by written consent shall be effective when (i) written consents signed by the holders of shares having sufficient votes to adopt or take the action are delivered to the corporation’s secretary or (ii) if an effective date is specified therein, as of such date provided such consent states the date of execution by the consenting shareholder.F\n\nFor purposes of this section, a written consent and the signing thereof may be accomplished by one or more electronic transmissions.G\n\nAny person, whether or not then a shareholder, may provide that a consent in writing as a shareholder shall be effective at a future time, including the time when an event occurs, but such future time shall not be more than 60 days after such provision is made. Any such consent shall be deemed to have been made for purposes of this section at the future time so specified for the consent to be effective, provided that (i) the person is a shareholder at such future time and (ii) the person did not revoke the consent prior to such future time. Any such consent may be revoked, in the manner provided in subsection D, prior to its becoming effective.H\n\nIf this chapter requires that notice of a proposed action be given to nonvoting shareholders and the action is to be taken by written consent of the voting shareholders, the corporation shall give its nonvoting shareholders written notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written consents sufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary, or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed pursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably describe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material that, under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent to nonvoting shareholders in a notice of a meeting at which the proposed action would have been submitted to the shareholders for action.I\n\nIf action is taken by less than unanimous written consent of the voting shareholders, the corporation shall give its nonconsenting voting shareholders written notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written consents sufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed pursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably describe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material, that under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent to voting shareholders in a notice of a meeting at which the action would have been submitted to the shareholders for action.J\n\nThe notice requirements in subsections H and I shall not delay the effectiveness of actions taken by written consent, and a failure to comply with such notice requirements shall not invalidate actions taken by written consent, provided that this subsection shall not be deemed to limit judicial power to fashion any appropriate remedy in favor of a shareholder adversely affected by a failure to give such notice within the required time period.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":300871,"text":"Action required or permitted by this chapter to be taken at a shareholders’ meeting may be taken without a meeting if the action is taken by all the shareholders entitled to vote on the action, in which case no action by the board of directors shall be required. The action shall be evidenced by one or more written consents bearing the date of signature and describing the action taken, signed by all the shareholders entitled to vote on the action and delivered to the corporation’s secretary for filing by the corporation with the minutes of the meeting or corporate records.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":300872,"text":"The articles of incorporation may authorize action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent, provided that the taking of such action is consistent with any requirements that may be set forth in the articles of incorporation, the bylaws, or this section; however, unless the articles of incorporation of a public corporation authorized action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent as of April 1, 2018, the shareholders of the public corporation shall not be entitled to act by less than unanimous written consent even if so authorized by the articles of incorporation if the articles of incorporation or bylaws of such public corporation allow the holders of 30 percent or fewer of all votes entitled to be cast to demand the calling of a special meeting of shareholders. For action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent to be valid:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"B1"},"2":{"id":300873,"text":"It shall be an action that this chapter requires or permits to be taken at a shareholders’ meeting;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"3":{"id":300874,"text":"The articles of incorporation shall authorize action by shareholders by less than unanimous written consent and, if a public corporation at the time of such authorization in addition to the other limitations in this subsection B, the inclusion of the authorization in the articles of incorporation was approved by each voting group entitled to vote by the greater of:\n\t\t\t\ta. The vote of that voting group required by the articles of incorporation to amend the articles of incorporation; or\n\t\t\t\tb. More than two-thirds of all votes that the voting group is entitled to cast on the amendment;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"B3"},"4":{"id":300875,"text":"At least 10 days before the holders of more than 10 percent of the outstanding shares of any voting group entitled to vote on the action to be taken have signed the written consent, the corporation’s secretary shall have received a copy of the form of written consent setting forth the action to be taken;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"B3","prefix_anchor":"B3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B2","next_prefix":"B4"},"5":{"id":300876,"text":"If required by this chapter, the articles of incorporation, or the bylaws, the board of directors shall have approved this action; and","type":"section","prefixes":["B","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"B4","prefix_anchor":"B4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B3","next_prefix":"B5"},"6":{"id":300877,"text":"The holders of not less than the minimum number of outstanding shares of each voting group entitled to vote on the action that would be required to take the action at a shareholders’ meeting at which all shares of each voting group entitled to vote on the action were present and voted shall have signed written consents setting forth the action to be taken.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"B5","prefix_anchor":"B5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B4","next_prefix":"C"},"7":{"id":300878,"text":"A written consent shall bear the date on which each shareholder signed the consent and be delivered to the corporation’s secretary for inclusion in the minutes or filing with the corporate records.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B5","next_prefix":"D"},"8":{"id":300879,"text":"If not otherwise fixed under § 13.1-656 or 13.1-660 and if prior action by the board of directors is not required respecting the action to be taken without a meeting, the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to take action without a meeting shall be the first date on which a signed written consent is delivered to the corporation’s secretary. If not otherwise fixed under § 13.1-656 or 13.1-660 and if prior action by the board of directors is required respecting the action to be taken without a meeting, the record date shall be the close of business on the day the action of the board is taken. No written consent shall be effective to take the action referred to in such consent unless, within 60 days of the earliest date on which a consent delivered to the corporation’s secretary as required by this section was signed, written consents signed by the holders of shares having sufficient votes to take the corporate action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary. A written consent may be revoked by a writing to that effect delivered to the corporation’s secretary before unrevoked written consents sufficient in number to take the corporate action are delivered to the corporation.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"9":{"id":300880,"text":"A consent signed pursuant to the provisions of this section has the effect of a vote taken at a meeting and may be described as such in any document. Unless the articles of incorporation, bylaws, or a resolution of the board of directors provides for a reasonable delay to permit tabulation of written consents, the action taken by written consent shall be effective when (i) written consents signed by the holders of shares having sufficient votes to adopt or take the action are delivered to the corporation’s secretary or (ii) if an effective date is specified therein, as of such date provided such consent states the date of execution by the consenting shareholder.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"10":{"id":300881,"text":"For purposes of this section, a written consent and the signing thereof may be accomplished by one or more electronic transmissions.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"G"},"11":{"id":300882,"text":"Any person, whether or not then a shareholder, may provide that a consent in writing as a shareholder shall be effective at a future time, including the time when an event occurs, but such future time shall not be more than 60 days after such provision is made. Any such consent shall be deemed to have been made for purposes of this section at the future time so specified for the consent to be effective, provided that (i) the person is a shareholder at such future time and (ii) the person did not revoke the consent prior to such future time. Any such consent may be revoked, in the manner provided in subsection D, prior to its becoming effective.","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F","next_prefix":"H"},"12":{"id":300883,"text":"If this chapter requires that notice of a proposed action be given to nonvoting shareholders and the action is to be taken by written consent of the voting shareholders, the corporation shall give its nonvoting shareholders written notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written consents sufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary, or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed pursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably describe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material that, under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent to nonvoting shareholders in a notice of a meeting at which the proposed action would have been submitted to the shareholders for action.","type":"section","prefixes":["H"],"prefix":"H","entire_prefix":"H","prefix_anchor":"H","level":1,"prior_prefix":"G","next_prefix":"I"},"13":{"id":300884,"text":"If action is taken by less than unanimous written consent of the voting shareholders, the corporation shall give its nonconsenting voting shareholders written notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written consents sufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed pursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably describe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material, that under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent to voting shareholders in a notice of a meeting at which the action would have been submitted to the shareholders for action.","type":"section","prefixes":["I"],"prefix":"I","entire_prefix":"I","prefix_anchor":"I","level":1,"prior_prefix":"H","next_prefix":"J"},"14":{"id":300885,"text":"The notice requirements in subsections H and I shall not delay the effectiveness of actions taken by written consent, and a failure to comply with such notice requirements shall not invalidate actions taken by written consent, provided that this subsection shall not be deemed to limit judicial power to fashion any appropriate remedy in favor of a shareholder adversely affected by a failure to give such notice within the required time period.","type":"section","prefixes":["J"],"prefix":"J","entire_prefix":"J","prefix_anchor":"J","level":1,"prior_prefix":"I"}},"ancestry":[{"id":12984,"edition_id":1,"name":"Shareholders","identifier":"8","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12983,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","permalink":{"id":151041,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12984,"identifier":"8","token":"13.1\/9\/8","url":"\/13.1\/9\/8\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12983,"edition_id":1,"name":"Virginia Stock Corporation Act","identifier":"9","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12744,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","permalink":{"id":150163,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12983,"identifier":"9","token":"13.1\/9","url":"\/13.1\/9\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12744,"edition_id":1,"name":"Corporations","identifier":"13.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":147493,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12744,"identifier":"13.1","token":"13.1","url":"\/13.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":81471,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-654","catch_line":"Annual meeting","url":"\/13.1-654\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-654","metadata":false},{"id":73174,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-655","catch_line":"Special meeting","url":"\/13.1-655\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-655","metadata":false},{"id":55108,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-656","catch_line":"Court-ordered meeting","url":"\/13.1-656\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-656","metadata":false},{"id":83958,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-657","catch_line":"Action without meeting","url":"\/13.1-657\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-657","metadata":false},{"id":70173,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-658","catch_line":"Notice of meeting","url":"\/13.1-658\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-658","metadata":false},{"id":77142,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-659","catch_line":"Waiver of notice","url":"\/13.1-659\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-659","metadata":false},{"id":60334,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-660","catch_line":"Record date for meeting","url":"\/13.1-660\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-660","metadata":false},{"id":72850,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-660.1","catch_line":"Conduct of the meeting","url":"\/13.1-660.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-660.1","metadata":false},{"id":66418,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-660.2","catch_line":"Remote participation in shareholders' meetings","url":"\/13.1-660.2\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-660.2","metadata":false},{"id":68550,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-661","catch_line":"Shareholders' list for meeting","url":"\/13.1-661\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-661","metadata":false},{"id":69361,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-662","catch_line":"Voting entitlement of shares","url":"\/13.1-662\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-662","metadata":false},{"id":64506,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-663","catch_line":"Proxies","url":"\/13.1-663\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-663","metadata":false},{"id":54067,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-664","catch_line":"Shares held by intermediaries and 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requirements","url":"\/13.1-668\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-668","metadata":false},{"id":78535,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-669","catch_line":"Voting for directors; cumulative voting","url":"\/13.1-669\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-669","metadata":false},{"id":63708,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-669.1","catch_line":"Judicial determination of corporate offices and review of elections and shareholder votes","url":"\/13.1-669.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-669.1","metadata":false},{"id":86769,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-670","catch_line":"Voting trusts","url":"\/13.1-670\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-670","metadata":false},{"id":62883,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-671","catch_line":"Voting agreements","url":"\/13.1-671\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-671","metadata":false},{"id":86810,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-671.1","catch_line":"Shareholder agreements","url":"\/13.1-671.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-671.1","metadata":false},{"id":66593,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-672","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/13.1-672\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-672","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":55108,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-656","catch_line":"Court-ordered meeting","url":"\/13.1-656\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-656","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":70173,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-658","catch_line":"Notice of meeting","url":"\/13.1-658\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-658","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/13.1-657\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 13 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1956, chapter 428; in 1985, chapter 522; in 1999, chapter 416<\/a>; in 2003, chapter 728<\/a>; in 2005, chapter 765<\/a>; in 2007, chapter 165<\/a>; in 2008, chapter 91<\/a>; in 2010, chapter 782<\/a>; in 2012, chapter 706<\/a>; in 2015, chapter 611<\/a>; in 2018, chapters 267<\/a> and 308<\/a>; in 2019, chapter 734<\/a>; in 2020, chapter 1226<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":81471,"section_number":"13.1-654","catch_line":"Annual meeting","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-654\/"},{"id":78535,"section_number":"13.1-669","catch_line":"Voting for directors; cumulative voting","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-669\/"},{"id":55684,"section_number":"13.1-675","catch_line":"Number and election of directors","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-675\/"},{"id":87218,"section_number":"13.1-732","catch_line":"Notice of appraisal rights","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-732\/"},{"id":78022,"section_number":"13.1-741.1","catch_line":"Limitations on other remedies for fundamental transactions","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-741.1\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":55108,"section_number":"13.1-656","catch_line":"Court-ordered meeting","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-656\/"},{"id":60334,"section_number":"13.1-660","catch_line":"Record date for meeting","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-660\/"}],"permalink":{"id":151055,"object_type":"law","relational_id":83958,"identifier":"13.1-657","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-657","url":"\/13.1-657\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/13.1-657\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-657","dublin_core":{"Title":"Action without meeting","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 13.1-657","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> Action required or permitted by this chapter to be taken at a shareholders<\/span>’ meeting may be taken without a meeting if the action is taken by all the shareholders<\/span> entitled to vote on the action, in which case no action by the board of directors shall be required. The action shall be evidenced by one or more written<\/span> consents bearing the date of signature<\/span> and describing the action taken, signed by all the shareholders<\/span> entitled to vote on the action and delivered to the corporation<\/span>’s secretary<\/span> for filing by the corporation<\/span> with the minutes of the meeting or corporate records. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> The articles of incorporation<\/span> may authorize action by shareholders<\/span> by less than unanimous written<\/span> consent, provided that the taking of such action is consistent with any requirements that may be set forth in the articles of incorporation<\/span>, the bylaws, or this section; however, unless the articles of incorporation<\/span> of a public corporation<\/span> authorized action by shareholders<\/span> by less than unanimous written<\/span> consent as of April 1, 2018, the shareholders<\/span> of the public corporation<\/span> shall not be entitled to act by less than unanimous written<\/span> consent even if so authorized by the articles of incorporation<\/span> if the articles of incorporation<\/span> or bylaws of such public corporation<\/span> allow the holders of 30 percent or fewer of all votes entitled to be cast to demand the calling of a special meeting of shareholders<\/span>. For action by shareholders<\/span> by less than unanimous written<\/span> consent to be valid: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> It shall be an action that this chapter requires or permits to be taken at a shareholders<\/span>’ meeting; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The articles of incorporation<\/span> shall authorize action by shareholders<\/span> by less than unanimous written<\/span> consent and, if a public corporation<\/span> at the time of such authorization in addition to the other limitations in this subsection B, the inclusion of the authorization in the articles of incorporation<\/span> was approved by each voting group<\/span> entitled to vote by the greater of:\n\t\t\t\ta. The vote of that voting group<\/span> required by the articles of incorporation<\/span> to amend<\/span> the articles of incorporation<\/span>; or\n\t\t\t\tb. More than two-thirds of all votes that the voting group<\/span> is entitled to cast on the amendment; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> At least 10 days before the holders of more than 10 percent of the outstanding shares<\/span> of any voting group<\/span> entitled to vote on the action to be taken have signed the written<\/span> consent, the corporation’s secretary<\/span> shall have received a copy of the form of written<\/span> consent setting forth the action to be taken; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> If required by this chapter, the articles of incorporation<\/span>, or the bylaws, the board of directors shall have approved this action; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> The holders of not less than the minimum number of outstanding shares<\/span> of each voting group<\/span> entitled to vote on the action that would be required to take the action at a shareholders<\/span>’ meeting at which all shares<\/span> of each voting group<\/span> entitled to vote on the action were present and voted shall have signed written<\/span> consents setting forth the action to be taken. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> A written<\/span> consent shall bear the date on which each shareholder<\/span> signed the consent and be delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span> for inclusion in the minutes or filing with the corporate records. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> If not otherwise fixed under § 13.1-656<\/a> or 13.1-660<\/a> and if prior action by the board of directors is not required respecting the action to be taken without a meeting, the record date<\/span> for determining the shareholders<\/span> entitled to take action without a meeting shall be the first date on which a signed written<\/span> consent is delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span>. If not otherwise fixed under § 13.1-656<\/a> or 13.1-660<\/a> and if prior action by the board of directors is required respecting the action to be taken without a meeting, the record date<\/span> shall be the close of business on the day the action of the board is taken. No written<\/span> consent shall be effective to take the action referred to in such consent unless, within 60 days of the earliest date on which a consent delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span> as required by this section was signed, written<\/span> consents signed by the holders of shares<\/span> having sufficient votes to take the corporate action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span>. A written<\/span> consent may be revoked by a writing<\/span> to that effect delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span> before unrevoked written<\/span> consents sufficient in number to take the corporate action are delivered to the corporation. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> A consent signed pursuant to the provisions of this section has the effect of a vote taken at a meeting and may be described as such in any document<\/span>. Unless the articles of incorporation<\/span>, bylaws, or a resolution of the board of directors provides for a reasonable delay to permit tabulation of written<\/span> consents, the action taken by written<\/span> consent shall be effective when (i) written<\/span> consents signed by the holders of shares<\/span> having sufficient votes to adopt or take the action are delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span> or (ii) if an effective date is specified therein, as of such date provided such consent states<\/span> the date of execution by the consenting shareholder<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> For purposes of this section, a written<\/span> consent and the signing thereof may be accomplished by one or more electronic transmissions<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> Any person<\/span>, whether or not then a shareholder<\/span>, may provide that a consent in writing<\/span> as a shareholder<\/span> shall be effective at a future time, including the time when an event occurs, but such future time shall not be more than 60 days after such provision is made. Any such consent shall be deemed to have been made for purposes of this section at the future time so specified for the consent to be effective, provided that (i) the person<\/span> is a shareholder<\/span> at such future time and (ii) the person<\/span> did not revoke the consent prior to such future time. Any such consent may be revoked, in the manner provided in subsection D, prior to its becoming effective. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

H.<\/span> If this chapter requires that notice of a proposed action be given to nonvoting shareholders<\/span> and the action is to be taken by written<\/span> consent of the voting shareholders<\/span>, the corporation shall give its nonvoting shareholders<\/span> written<\/span> notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written<\/span> consents sufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span>, or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed pursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably describe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material<\/span> that, under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent to nonvoting shareholders<\/span> in a notice of a meeting at which the proposed action would have been submitted to the shareholders<\/span> for action. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

I.<\/span> If action is taken by less than unanimous written<\/span> consent of the voting shareholders<\/span>, the corporation shall give its nonconsenting voting shareholders<\/span> written<\/span> notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written<\/span> consents sufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s secretary<\/span> or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed pursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably describe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material<\/span>, that under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent to voting shareholders<\/span> in a notice of a meeting at which the action would have been submitted to the shareholders<\/span> for action. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

J.<\/span> The notice requirements in subsections H and I shall not delay the effectiveness of actions taken by written<\/span> consent, and a failure to comply with such notice requirements shall not invalidate actions taken by written<\/span> consent, provided that this subsection shall not be deemed to limit judicial power to fashion any appropriate remedy in favor of a shareholder<\/span> adversely affected by a failure to give such notice within the required time period. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nACTION WITHOUT MEETING (\u00a7 13.1-657)\n\nA. Action required or permitted by this chapter to be taken at a\nshareholders’ meeting may be taken without a meeting if the action is\ntaken by all the shareholders entitled to vote on the action, in which case no\naction by the board of directors shall be required. The action shall be\nevidenced by one or more written consents bearing the date of signature and\ndescribing the action taken, signed by all the shareholders entitled to vote on\nthe action and delivered to the corporation’s secretary for filing by the\ncorporation with the minutes of the meeting or corporate records.\n\nB. The articles of incorporation may authorize action by shareholders by less\nthan unanimous written consent, provided that the taking of such action is\nconsistent with any requirements that may be set forth in the articles of\nincorporation, the bylaws, or this section; however, unless the articles of\nincorporation of a public corporation authorized action by shareholders by less\nthan unanimous written consent as of April 1, 2018, the shareholders of the\npublic corporation shall not be entitled to act by less than unanimous written\nconsent even if so authorized by the articles of incorporation if the articles\nof incorporation or bylaws of such public corporation allow the holders of 30\npercent or fewer of all votes entitled to be cast to demand the calling of a\nspecial meeting of shareholders. For action by shareholders by less than\nunanimous written consent to be valid:\n\n 1. It shall be an action that this chapter requires or permits to be taken at\n a shareholders’ meeting;\n\n 2. The articles of incorporation shall authorize action by shareholders by\n less than unanimous written consent and, if a public corporation at the time\n of such authorization in addition to the other limitations in this subsection\n B, the inclusion of the authorization in the articles of incorporation was\n approved by each voting group entitled to vote by the greater of:\n \t\t\t\ta. The vote of that voting group required by the articles of incorporation\n to amend the articles of incorporation; or\n \t\t\t\tb. More than two-thirds of all votes that the voting group is entitled to\n cast on the amendment;\n\n 3. At least 10 days before the holders of more than 10 percent of the\n outstanding shares of any voting group entitled to vote on the action to be\n taken have signed the written consent, the corporation’s secretary shall\n have received a copy of the form of written consent setting forth the action\n to be taken;\n\n 4. If required by this chapter, the articles of incorporation, or the bylaws,\n the board of directors shall have approved this action; and\n\n 5. The holders of not less than the minimum number of outstanding shares of\n each voting group entitled to vote on the action that would be required to\n take the action at a shareholders’ meeting at which all shares of each\n voting group entitled to vote on the action were present and voted shall have\n signed written consents setting forth the action to be taken.\n\nC. A written consent shall bear the date on which each shareholder signed the\nconsent and be delivered to the corporation’s secretary for inclusion in\nthe minutes or filing with the corporate records.\n\nD. If not otherwise fixed under § 13.1-656 or 13.1-660 and if prior action\nby the board of directors is not required respecting the action to be taken\nwithout a meeting, the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to\ntake action without a meeting shall be the first date on which a signed written\nconsent is delivered to the corporation’s secretary. If not otherwise\nfixed under § 13.1-656 or 13.1-660 and if prior action by the board of\ndirectors is required respecting the action to be taken without a meeting, the\nrecord date shall be the close of business on the day the action of the board is\ntaken. No written consent shall be effective to take the action referred to in\nsuch consent unless, within 60 days of the earliest date on which a consent\ndelivered to the corporation’s secretary as required by this section was\nsigned, written consents signed by the holders of shares having sufficient votes\nto take the corporate action have been delivered to the corporation’s\nsecretary. A written consent may be revoked by a writing to that effect\ndelivered to the corporation’s secretary before unrevoked written consents\nsufficient in number to take the corporate action are delivered to the\ncorporation.\n\nE. A consent signed pursuant to the provisions of this section has the effect of\na vote taken at a meeting and may be described as such in any document. Unless\nthe articles of incorporation, bylaws, or a resolution of the board of directors\nprovides for a reasonable delay to permit tabulation of written consents, the\naction taken by written consent shall be effective when (i) written consents\nsigned by the holders of shares having sufficient votes to adopt or take the\naction are delivered to the corporation’s secretary or (ii) if an\neffective date is specified therein, as of such date provided such consent\nstates the date of execution by the consenting shareholder.\n\nF. For purposes of this section, a written consent and the signing thereof may\nbe accomplished by one or more electronic transmissions.\n\nG. Any person, whether or not then a shareholder, may provide that a consent in\nwriting as a shareholder shall be effective at a future time, including the time\nwhen an event occurs, but such future time shall not be more than 60 days after\nsuch provision is made. Any such consent shall be deemed to have been made for\npurposes of this section at the future time so specified for the consent to be\neffective, provided that (i) the person is a shareholder at such future time and\n(ii) the person did not revoke the consent prior to such future time. Any such\nconsent may be revoked, in the manner provided in subsection D, prior to its\nbecoming effective.\n\nH. If this chapter requires that notice of a proposed action be given to\nnonvoting shareholders and the action is to be taken by written consent of the\nvoting shareholders, the corporation shall give its nonvoting shareholders\nwritten notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written consents\nsufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s\nsecretary, or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed\npursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably\ndescribe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material\nthat, under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent\nto nonvoting shareholders in a notice of a meeting at which the proposed action\nwould have been submitted to the shareholders for action.\n\nI. If action is taken by less than unanimous written consent of the voting\nshareholders, the corporation shall give its nonconsenting voting shareholders\nwritten notice of the action not more than 10 days after (i) written consents\nsufficient to take the action have been delivered to the corporation’s\nsecretary or (ii) such later date that tabulation of consents is completed\npursuant to an authorization under subsection E. The notice shall reasonably\ndescribe the action taken and contain or be accompanied by the same material,\nthat under any provision of this chapter, would have been required to be sent to\nvoting shareholders in a notice of a meeting at which the action would have been\nsubmitted to the shareholders for action.\n\nJ. The notice requirements in subsections H and I shall not delay the\neffectiveness of actions taken by written consent, and a failure to comply with\nsuch notice requirements shall not invalidate actions taken by written consent,\nprovided that this subsection shall not be deemed to limit judicial power to\nfashion any appropriate remedy in favor of a shareholder adversely affected by a\nfailure to give such notice within the required time period.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 13.1-28; 1956, c. 428; 1985, c. 522; 1999, c. 416; 2003,\nc. 728; 2005, c. 765; 2007, c. 165; 2008, c. 91; 2010, c. 782; 2012, c. 706;\n2015, c. 611; 2018, cc. 267, 308; 2019, c. 734; 2020, c. 1226.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}