{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/13.1-669.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/13.1-669.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/13.1-669.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/13.1-669.html"}],"law_id":78535,"edition_id":1,"section_id":78535,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-669","catch_line":"Voting for directors; cumulative voting","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 13-193 to 13-198, 13-203, 13.1-32; 1956, c. 428; 1958, c. 564; 1975, c. 500; 1984, c. 366; 1985, c. 522; 2005, c. 765; 2007, c. 165; 2019, c. 734.","full_text":"A\n\nUnless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the bylaws, directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the shares entitled to vote in the election at a meeting at which a quorum is present.B\n\nShareholders do not have a right to cumulate their votes for directors unless the articles of incorporation so provide.C\n\nA statement included in the articles of incorporation that &#8220;[all] or [a designated voting group of] shareholders are entitled to cumulate their votes for directors,&#8221; or words of similar import, means that the shareholders designated are entitled to multiply the number of votes they are entitled to cast by the number of directors for whom they are entitled to vote and cast the product for a single candidate or distribute the product among two or more candidates.D\n\nShares otherwise entitled to vote cumulatively may not be voted cumulatively at a particular meeting unless the meeting notice or proxy statement accompanying the notice states conspicuously that cumulative voting is authorized.E\n\nIf a corporation&#8217;s articles of incorporation authorize shareholders to cumulate their votes when electing directors, directors may not be elected by written consent pursuant to &#xA7; 13.1-657 unless it is unanimous.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":281441,"text":"Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the bylaws, directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the shares entitled to vote in the election at a meeting at which a quorum is present.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":281442,"text":"Shareholders do not have a right to cumulate their votes for directors unless the articles of incorporation so provide.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":281443,"text":"A statement included in the articles of incorporation that &#8220;[all] or [a designated voting group of] shareholders are entitled to cumulate their votes for directors,&#8221; or words of similar import, means that the shareholders designated are entitled to multiply the number of votes they are entitled to cast by the number of directors for whom they are entitled to vote and cast the product for a single candidate or distribute the product among two or more candidates.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":281444,"text":"Shares otherwise entitled to vote cumulatively may not be voted cumulatively at a particular meeting unless the meeting notice or proxy statement accompanying the notice states conspicuously that cumulative voting is authorized.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"4":{"id":281445,"text":"If a corporation&#8217;s articles of incorporation authorize shareholders to cumulate their votes when electing directors, directors may not be elected by written consent pursuant to &#xA7; 13.1-657 unless it is unanimous.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D"}},"ancestry":[{"id":12984,"edition_id":1,"name":"Shareholders","identifier":"8","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12983,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","permalink":{"id":151041,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12984,"identifier":"8","token":"13.1\/9\/8","url":"\/13.1\/9\/8\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12983,"edition_id":1,"name":"Virginia Stock Corporation Act","identifier":"9","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12744,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","permalink":{"id":150163,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12983,"identifier":"9","token":"13.1\/9","url":"\/13.1\/9\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12744,"edition_id":1,"name":"Corporations","identifier":"13.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":147493,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12744,"identifier":"13.1","token":"13.1","url":"\/13.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":81471,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-654","catch_line":"Annual meeting","url":"\/13.1-654\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-654","metadata":false},{"id":73174,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-655","catch_line":"Special meeting","url":"\/13.1-655\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-655","metadata":false},{"id":55108,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-656","catch_line":"Court-ordered meeting","url":"\/13.1-656\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-656","metadata":false},{"id":83958,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-657","catch_line":"Action without meeting","url":"\/13.1-657\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-657","metadata":false},{"id":70173,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-658","catch_line":"Notice of meeting","url":"\/13.1-658\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-658","metadata":false},{"id":77142,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-659","catch_line":"Waiver of notice","url":"\/13.1-659\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-659","metadata":false},{"id":60334,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-660","catch_line":"Record date for meeting","url":"\/13.1-660\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-660","metadata":false},{"id":72850,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-660.1","catch_line":"Conduct of the meeting","url":"\/13.1-660.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-660.1","metadata":false},{"id":66418,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-660.2","catch_line":"Remote participation in shareholders' meetings","url":"\/13.1-660.2\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-660.2","metadata":false},{"id":68550,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-661","catch_line":"Shareholders' list for meeting","url":"\/13.1-661\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-661","metadata":false},{"id":69361,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-662","catch_line":"Voting entitlement of shares","url":"\/13.1-662\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-662","metadata":false},{"id":64506,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-663","catch_line":"Proxies","url":"\/13.1-663\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-663","metadata":false},{"id":54067,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-664","catch_line":"Shares held by intermediaries and nominees","url":"\/13.1-664\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-664","metadata":false},{"id":54603,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-664.1","catch_line":"Inspectors of election","url":"\/13.1-664.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-664.1","metadata":false},{"id":83777,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-665","catch_line":"Corporation's acceptance of votes","url":"\/13.1-665\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-665","metadata":false},{"id":84488,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-666","catch_line":"Quorum and voting requirements for voting groups","url":"\/13.1-666\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-666","metadata":false},{"id":79680,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-667","catch_line":"Action by single and multiple voting groups","url":"\/13.1-667\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-667","metadata":false},{"id":77041,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-668","catch_line":"Modifying quorum or voting requirements","url":"\/13.1-668\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-668","metadata":false},{"id":78535,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-669","catch_line":"Voting for directors; cumulative voting","url":"\/13.1-669\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-669","metadata":false},{"id":63708,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-669.1","catch_line":"Judicial determination of corporate offices and review of elections and shareholder votes","url":"\/13.1-669.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-669.1","metadata":false},{"id":86769,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-670","catch_line":"Voting trusts","url":"\/13.1-670\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-670","metadata":false},{"id":62883,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-671","catch_line":"Voting agreements","url":"\/13.1-671\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-671","metadata":false},{"id":86810,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-671.1","catch_line":"Shareholder agreements","url":"\/13.1-671.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-671.1","metadata":false},{"id":66593,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-672","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/13.1-672\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-672","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":77041,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-668","catch_line":"Modifying quorum or voting requirements","url":"\/13.1-668\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-668","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":63708,"structure_id":12984,"section_number":"13.1-669.1","catch_line":"Judicial determination of corporate offices and review of elections and shareholder votes","url":"\/13.1-669.1\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-669.1","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/13.1-669\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 8 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1956, chapter 428; in 1958, chapter 564; in 1975, chapter 500; in 1984, chapter 366; in 1985, chapter 522; in 2005, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0765\">765<\/a>; in 2007, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?071+ful+CHAP0165\">165<\/a>; in 2019, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?191+ful+CHAP0734\">734<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":83958,"section_number":"13.1-657","catch_line":"Action without meeting","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-657\/"}],"permalink":{"id":151115,"object_type":"law","relational_id":78535,"identifier":"13.1-669","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-669","url":"\/13.1-669\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/13.1-669\/","token":"13.1\/9\/8\/13.1-669","dublin_core":{"Title":"Voting for directors; cumulative voting","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 13.1-669","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> Unless otherwise provided in the <span class=\"dictionary\">articles of incorporation<\/span> or the bylaws, directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the <span class=\"dictionary\">shares<\/span> entitled to vote in the election at a meeting at which a quorum is present. <a id=\"paragraph-281441\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/13.1-669\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> <span class=\"dictionary\">Shareholders<\/span> do not have a right to cumulate their votes for directors unless the <span class=\"dictionary\">articles of incorporation<\/span> so provide. <a id=\"paragraph-281442\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/13.1-669\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> A statement included in the <span class=\"dictionary\">articles of incorporation<\/span> that &#8220;[all] or [a designated <span class=\"dictionary\">voting group<\/span> of] <span class=\"dictionary\">shareholders<\/span> are entitled to cumulate their votes for directors,&#8221; or words of similar import, means that the <span class=\"dictionary\">shareholders<\/span> designated are entitled to multiply the number of votes they are entitled to cast by the number of directors for whom they are entitled to vote and cast the product for a single candidate or distribute the product among two or more candidates. <a id=\"paragraph-281443\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/13.1-669\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"D\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">D.<\/span> <span class=\"dictionary\">Shares<\/span> otherwise entitled to vote cumulatively may not be voted cumulatively at a particular meeting unless the meeting notice or proxy statement accompanying the notice <span class=\"dictionary\">states<\/span> conspicuously that cumulative voting is authorized. <a id=\"paragraph-281444\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/13.1-669\/#D\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"E\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">E.<\/span> If a <span class=\"dictionary\">corporation<\/span>&#8217;s <span class=\"dictionary\">articles of incorporation<\/span> authorize <span class=\"dictionary\">shareholders<\/span> to cumulate their votes when electing directors, directors may not be elected by <span class=\"dictionary\">written<\/span> consent pursuant to &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Action without meeting\" href=\"\/13.1-657\/\">13.1-657<\/a> unless it is unanimous. <a id=\"paragraph-281445\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/13.1-669\/#E\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nVOTING FOR DIRECTORS; CUMULATIVE VOTING (\u00a7 13.1-669)\n\nA. Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the bylaws,\ndirectors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the shares entitled to\nvote in the election at a meeting at which a quorum is present.\n\nB. Shareholders do not have a right to cumulate their votes for directors unless\nthe articles of incorporation so provide.\n\nC. A statement included in the articles of incorporation that &#8220;[all] or [a\ndesignated voting group of] shareholders are entitled to cumulate their votes\nfor directors,&#8221; or words of similar import, means that the shareholders\ndesignated are entitled to multiply the number of votes they are entitled to\ncast by the number of directors for whom they are entitled to vote and cast the\nproduct for a single candidate or distribute the product among two or more\ncandidates.\n\nD. Shares otherwise entitled to vote cumulatively may not be voted cumulatively\nat a particular meeting unless the meeting notice or proxy statement\naccompanying the notice states conspicuously that cumulative voting is\nauthorized.\n\nE. If a corporation&#8217;s articles of incorporation authorize shareholders to\ncumulate their votes when electing directors, directors may not be elected by\nwritten consent pursuant to &#xA7; 13.1-657 unless it is unanimous.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 13-193 to 13-198, 13-203, 13.1-32; 1956, c. 428; 1958,\nc. 564; 1975, c. 500; 1984, c. 366; 1985, c. 522; 2005, c. 765; 2007, c. 165;\n2019, c. 734.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}