{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/15.2-961.1.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/15.2-961.1.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/15.2-961.1.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/15.2-961.1.html"}],"law_id":79501,"edition_id":1,"section_id":79501,"structure_id":13545,"section_number":"15.2-961.1","catch_line":"Conservation of trees during land development process in localities belonging to a nonattainment area for air quality standards","history":"2008, cc. 333, 711; 2022, c. 620; 2024, cc. 691, 702.","full_text":"A\n\nFor purposes of this section, “tree canopy” or “tree cover” includes all areas of canopy coverage by self-supporting and healthy woody plant material exceeding five feet in height, and the extent of planted tree canopy at 20-years maturity.B\n\nAny locality within Planning District 8 that meets the population density criteria of subsection A of § 15.2-961 and is classified as an eight-hour nonattainment area for ozone under the federal Clean Air Act and Amendments of 1990, in effect as of July 1, 2008, may adopt an ordinance providing for the conservation of trees during the land development process pursuant to the provisions of this section. In no event shall any local tree conservation ordinance adopted pursuant to this section also impose the tree replacement provisions of § 15.2-961.C\n\nThe ordinance shall require that the site plan for any subdivision or development provide for the preservation or replacement of trees on the development site such that the minimum tree canopy or tree cover percentage 20 years after development is projected to be as follows:1\n\nTen percent tree canopy for a site zoned business, commercial, or industrial;2\n\nTen percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned 20 or more units per acre;3\n\nFifteen percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than eight but less than 20 units per acre;4\n\nTwenty percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than four but not more than eight units per acre;5\n\nTwenty-five percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than two but not more than four units per acre; and6\n\nThirty percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned two or fewer units per acre.\n\t\t\t\tIn meeting these percentages, (i) the ordinance shall first emphasize the preservation of existing tree canopy where that canopy meets local standards for health and structural condition, and where it is feasible to do so within the framework of design standards and densities allowed by the local zoning and other development ordinances; and (ii) second, where it is not feasible in whole or in part for any of the justifications listed in subsection E to preserve existing canopy in the required percentages listed above, the ordinance shall provide for the planting of new trees to meet the required percentages.D\n\nExcept as provided in subsection E, the percentage of the site covered by tree canopy at the time of plan submission shall equate to the minimum portion of the requirements identified in subsection C that shall be provided through tree preservation. This portion of the canopy requirements shall be identified as the “tree preservation target” and shall be included in site plan calculations or narratives demonstrating how the overall requirements of subsection C have been met.E\n\nThe ordinance shall provide deviations, in whole or in part, from the tree preservation target defined in subsection D under the following conditions:1\n\nMeeting the preservation target would prevent the development of uses and densities otherwise allowed by the locality’s zoning or development ordinance.2\n\nThe predevelopment condition of vegetation does not meet the locality’s standards for health and structural condition.3\n\nConstruction activities could be reasonably expected to impact existing trees to the extent that they would not likely survive in a healthy and structurally sound manner. This includes activities that would cause direct physical damage to the trees, including root systems, or cause environmental changes that could result in or predispose the trees to structural and health problems.\n\t\t\t\tIf, in the opinion of the developer, the project cannot meet the tree preservation target due to the conditions described in subdivision 1, 2, or 3, the developer may request a deviation from the preservation requirement in subsection D. In the request for deviation, the developer shall provide a letter to the locality that provides justification for the deviation, describes how the deviation is the minimum necessary to afford relief, and describes how the requirements of subsection C will be met through tree planting or a tree canopy bank or fund established by the locality. Proposed deviations shall be reviewed by the locality’s urban forester, arborist, or equivalent in consultation with the locality’s land development or licensed professional civil engineering review staff. The locality may propose an alternative site design based upon adopted land development practices and sound vegetation management practices that take into account the relationship between the cost of conservation and the benefits of the trees to be preserved as described in ANSI A300 (Part 5) — 2005 Management: Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance — Standard Practices, Management of Trees and Shrubs During Site Planning, Site Development, and Construction, Annex A, A-1.5, Cost Benefits Analysis (or the latest version of this standard). The developer shall consider the alternative and redesign the plan accordingly, or elect to satisfy the unmet portion of the preservation threshold through on-site tree planting or through the off-site planting mechanisms identified in subsection G, so long as the developer provides the locality with an explanation of why the alternative design recommendations were rejected. Letters of explanation from the developer shall be prepared and certified by a licensed professional engineer as defined in § 54.1-400. If arboricultural issues are part of explanation then the letter shall be signed by a Certified Arborist who has taken and passed the certification examination sponsored by the International Society of Arboriculture and who maintains a valid certification status or by a Registered Consulting Arborist as designated by the American Society of Consulting Arborists. If arboricultural issues are the sole subject of the letter of explanation then certification by a licensed professional engineer shall not be required.F\n\nThe ordinance shall provide for deviations of the overall canopy requirements set forth in subsection C to allow for the preservation of wetlands, the development of farm land or other areas previously devoid of healthy and\/or suitable tree canopy, or where the strict application of the requirements would result in unnecessary or unreasonable hardship to the developer.G\n\nThe ordinance shall provide for the establishment of a tree canopy bank or fund whereby any portion of the tree canopy requirement that cannot be met on-site may be met through off-site tree preservation or tree planting efforts. Such provisions may be offered where it can be demonstrated that application of the requirements of subsection C would cause irresolvable conflicts with other local site development requirements, standards, or comprehensive planning goals, where sites or portions of sites lack sufficient space for future tree growth, where planting spaces will not provide adequate space for healthy root development, where trees will cause unavoidable conflicts with underground or overhead utilities, or where it can be demonstrated that trees are likely to cause damage to public infrastructure. The ordinance may utilize any of the following off-site canopy establishment mechanisms:1\n\nA tree canopy bank may be established in order for the locality to facilitate off-site tree preservation, tree planting, stream bank, and riparian restoration projects. Banking efforts shall provide tree canopy that is preserved in perpetuity through conservation easements, deed restrictions, or similar protective mechanisms acceptable to the locality. Projects used in off-site banking will meet the same ordinance standards established for on-site tree canopy; however, the locality may also require the submission of five-year management plans and funds to ensure the execution of maintenance and management obligations identified in those plans. Any such bank shall occur within the same nonattainment area in which the locality approving the tree banking is situated.2\n\nA tree canopy fund may be established to act as a fiscal mechanism to collect, manage, and disburse fees collected from developers that cannot provide full canopy requirements on-site. The locality may use this fund directly to plant and maintain trees on public or private property, or the locality may elect to disburse this fund to community-based organizations exempt from taxation under § 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code with tree planting, stewardship, or community beautification missions that benefit the community at large. For purposes of establishing consistent and predictable fees, the ordinance shall establish cost units that are based on average costs of two-inch caliper nursery stock trees. Any funds collected by localities for these purposes shall be spent within a five-year period established by the collection date.H\n\nThe following uses shall be exempt from the requirements of any ordinance promulgated under this section: bona fide silvicultural activity as defined by § 10.1-1181.1 and the areas of sites included in lakes, ponds, and the normal water elevation area of stormwater retention facilities. The ordinance shall modify the canopy requirements of dedicated school sites, playing fields, and other nonwooded active recreation areas by allowing these and other facilities and uses of a similar nature to provide 10 percent tree canopy 20 years after development.I\n\n1. In recognition of the added benefits of tree preservation, the ordinance shall provide for an additional tree canopy credit of up to one and one-quarter times the canopy area at the time of plan submission for individual trees or the coalesced canopy of forested areas preserved from the predevelopment tree canopy.2\n\nThe following additional credits may be provided in the ordinance in connection with tree preservation:\n\t\t\t\ta. The ordinance may provide canopy credits of up to (i) one and one-half times the actual canopy area for the preservation of forest communities that achieve environmental, ecological, and wildlife conservation objectives set by the locality and (ii) two times the actual canopy credits if a site developer provides a stand assessment before development plans are created, for review by the local jurisdiction, and protects identified trees for conservation on the submitted site plans. The ordinance may establish minimal area, dimensional and viability standards as prerequisites for the application of credits. Forest communities shall be identified using the nomenclature of either the federal National Vegetation Classification System (FGDC-STD-005, or latest version) or the Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups, Second Approximation (Version 2.2, or latest version).\n\t\t\t\tb. The ordinance may provide canopy credits of up to three times the actual canopy area of trees that are officially designated for preservation in conjunction with local tree conservation ordinances based on the authority granted by § 10.1-1127.1.J\n\nThe following additional credits shall be provided in the ordinance in connection with tree planting:1\n\nThe ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for trees planted to absorb or intercept air pollutants, tree species that produce lower levels of reactive volatile organic compounds, or trees that act to reduce air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions by conserving the energy used to cool and heat buildings.2\n\nThe ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area normally projected for trees planted for water quality-related reforestation or afforestation projects, and for trees planted in low-impact development and bioretention water quality facilities. The low-impact development practices and designs shall conform to local standards in order for these supplemental credits to apply.3\n\nThe ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for native tree species planted to provide food, nesting, habitat, and migration opportunities for wildlife. These canopy credits may also apply to cultivars of native species if the locality determines that such a cultivar is capable of providing the same type and extent of wildlife benefit as the species it is derived from.4\n\nThe ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for use of native tree species that are propagated from seed or tissue collected within the mid-Atlantic region.5\n\nThe ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area normally projected for the use of cultivars or varieties that develop desirable growth and structural patterns, resist decay organisms and the development of cavities, show high levels of resistance to disease or insect infestations, or exhibit high survival rates in harsh urban environments.K\n\nTree preservation areas and individual trees may not receive more than one application of additional canopy credits provided in subsection I. Individual trees planted to meet these requirements may not receive more than two categories of additional canopy credits provided in subsection J. Canopy credits will only be given to trees with trunks that are fully located on the development site, or in the case of tree banking projects only to trees with trunks located fully within easements or other areas protected by deed restrictions listed in subsection G.L\n\nAll trees planted for tree cover credits shall meet the specifications of the American Association of Nurserymen and shall be planted in accordance with the publication entitled “Tree and Shrub Planting Guidelines,” published by the Virginia Cooperative Extension.M\n\nIn order to provide higher levels of biodiversity and to minimize the spread of pests and diseases, or to limit the use of species that cause negative impacts to native plant communities, cause damage to nearby structures, or possess inherent physiological traits that prone trees to structural failure, the ordinance may designate species that cannot be used to meet tree canopy requirements or designate species that will only receive partial 20-year tree canopy credits.N\n\nThe locality may allow the use of tree seedlings for meeting tree canopy requirements in large open spaces, low-density residential settings, or in low-impact development reforestation\/afforestation projects. In these cases, the ordinance shall allow the ground surface area of seedling planting areas to equate to a 20-year canopy credit area. Tree seedling plantings will be comprised of native species and will be planted in densities that equate to 400 seedlings per acre, or in densities specified by low-impact development designs approved by the locality. The locality may set standards for seedling mortality rates and replacement procedures if unacceptable rates of mortality occur. The locality may elect to allow native woody shrubs or native woody seed mix to substitute for tree species as long as these treatments do not exceed 33 percent of the overall seedling planting area. The number of a single species may not exceed 10 percent of the overall number of trees or shrubs planted to meet the provisions of this subsection.O\n\nThe following process shall be used to demonstrate achievement of the required percentage of tree canopy listed in subsection C:1\n\nThe site plan shall graphically delineate the edges of predevelopment tree canopy, the proposed limits of disturbance on grading or erosion and sedimentation control plans, and the location of tree protective fencing or other tree protective devices allowed in the Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook.2\n\nSite plans proposing modification to tree canopy requirements or claiming supplemental tree canopy credits will require a text narrative.3\n\nThe site plan shall include the 20-year tree canopy calculations on a worksheet provided by the locality.4\n\nSite plans requiring tree planting shall provide a planting schedule that provides botanical and common names of trees, the number of trees being planted, the total of tree canopy area given to each species, variety or cultivars planted, total of tree canopy area that will be provided by all trees, planting sizes, and associated planting specifications. The site plan will also provide a landscape plan that delineates where the trees shall be planted.P\n\nThe ordinance shall provide a list of commercially available tree species, varieties, and cultivars that are capable of thriving in the locality’s climate and ranges of planting environments. The ordinance will also provide a 20-year tree canopy area credit for each tree. The amount of tree canopy area credited to individual tree species, varieties, and cultivars 20 years after they are planted shall be based on references published or endorsed by Virginia academic institutions such as the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and accepted by urban foresters, arborists, and horticulturalists as being accurate for the growing conditions and climate of the locality.Q\n\nThe ordinance shall establish standards of health and structural condition of existing trees and associated plant communities to be preserved. The ordinance may also identify standards for removal of trees or portions of trees that are dead, dying, or hazardous due to construction impacts. Such removal standards may allow for the retention of trunk snags where the locality determines that these may provide habitat or other wildlife benefits and do not represent a hazardous condition. In the event that existing tree canopy proposed to be preserved for tree canopy credits dies or must be removed because it represents a hazard, the locality may require the developer to remove the tree, or a portion of the tree and to replace the missing canopy area by the planting of nursery stock trees, or if a viable alternative, by tree seedlings. Existing trees that have been granted credits will be replaced with canopy area determined using the same supplemental credit multipliers as originally granted for that canopy area.R\n\nPenalties for violation of ordinances adopted pursuant to this section shall be the same as those applicable to violations of zoning ordinances of the locality.S\n\nIn no event shall any local tree conservation ordinance adopted pursuant to this section exceed the requirements set forth herein; however, any local ordinance adopted pursuant to the provisions of § 15.2-961 prior to July 1, 1990, may adopt the tree conservation provisions of this section based on 10-year minimum tree canopy requirements.T\n\nNothing in this section shall invalidate any local ordinance adopted pursuant to § 15.2-961.U\n\nNothing in this section shall prohibit or unreasonably limit silvicultural practices in accordance with § 10.1-1126.1.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":284794,"text":"For purposes of this section, “tree canopy” or “tree cover” includes all areas of canopy coverage by self-supporting and healthy woody plant material exceeding five feet in height, and the extent of planted tree canopy at 20-years maturity.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":284795,"text":"Any locality within Planning District 8 that meets the population density criteria of subsection A of § 15.2-961 and is classified as an eight-hour nonattainment area for ozone under the federal Clean Air Act and Amendments of 1990, in effect as of July 1, 2008, may adopt an ordinance providing for the conservation of trees during the land development process pursuant to the provisions of this section. In no event shall any local tree conservation ordinance adopted pursuant to this section also impose the tree replacement provisions of § 15.2-961.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":284796,"text":"The ordinance shall require that the site plan for any subdivision or development provide for the preservation or replacement of trees on the development site such that the minimum tree canopy or tree cover percentage 20 years after development is projected to be as follows:","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"C1"},"3":{"id":284797,"text":"Ten percent tree canopy for a site zoned business, commercial, or industrial;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"C1","prefix_anchor":"C1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"C2"},"4":{"id":284798,"text":"Ten percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned 20 or more units per acre;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"C2","prefix_anchor":"C2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C1","next_prefix":"C3"},"5":{"id":284799,"text":"Fifteen percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than eight but less than 20 units per acre;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"C3","prefix_anchor":"C3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C2","next_prefix":"C4"},"6":{"id":284800,"text":"Twenty percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than four but not more than eight units per acre;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"C4","prefix_anchor":"C4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C3","next_prefix":"C5"},"7":{"id":284801,"text":"Twenty-five percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than two but not more than four units per acre; and","type":"section","prefixes":["C","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"C5","prefix_anchor":"C5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C4","next_prefix":"C6"},"8":{"id":284802,"text":"Thirty percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned two or fewer units per acre.\n\t\t\t\tIn meeting these percentages, (i) the ordinance shall first emphasize the preservation of existing tree canopy where that canopy meets local standards for health and structural condition, and where it is feasible to do so within the framework of design standards and densities allowed by the local zoning and other development ordinances; and (ii) second, where it is not feasible in whole or in part for any of the justifications listed in subsection E to preserve existing canopy in the required percentages listed above, the ordinance shall provide for the planting of new trees to meet the required percentages.","type":"section","prefixes":["C","6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"C6","prefix_anchor":"C6","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C5","next_prefix":"D"},"9":{"id":284803,"text":"Except as provided in subsection E, the percentage of the site covered by tree canopy at the time of plan submission shall equate to the minimum portion of the requirements identified in subsection C that shall be provided through tree preservation. This portion of the canopy requirements shall be identified as the “tree preservation target” and shall be included in site plan calculations or narratives demonstrating how the overall requirements of subsection C have been met.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C6","next_prefix":"E"},"10":{"id":284804,"text":"The ordinance shall provide deviations, in whole or in part, from the tree preservation target defined in subsection D under the following conditions:","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"E1"},"11":{"id":284805,"text":"Meeting the preservation target would prevent the development of uses and densities otherwise allowed by the locality’s zoning or development ordinance.","type":"section","prefixes":["E","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"E1","prefix_anchor":"E1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"E2"},"12":{"id":284806,"text":"The predevelopment condition of vegetation does not meet the locality’s standards for health and structural condition.","type":"section","prefixes":["E","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"E2","prefix_anchor":"E2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"E1","next_prefix":"E3"},"13":{"id":284807,"text":"Construction activities could be reasonably expected to impact existing trees to the extent that they would not likely survive in a healthy and structurally sound manner. This includes activities that would cause direct physical damage to the trees, including root systems, or cause environmental changes that could result in or predispose the trees to structural and health problems.\n\t\t\t\tIf, in the opinion of the developer, the project cannot meet the tree preservation target due to the conditions described in subdivision 1, 2, or 3, the developer may request a deviation from the preservation requirement in subsection D. In the request for deviation, the developer shall provide a letter to the locality that provides justification for the deviation, describes how the deviation is the minimum necessary to afford relief, and describes how the requirements of subsection C will be met through tree planting or a tree canopy bank or fund established by the locality. Proposed deviations shall be reviewed by the locality’s urban forester, arborist, or equivalent in consultation with the locality’s land development or licensed professional civil engineering review staff. The locality may propose an alternative site design based upon adopted land development practices and sound vegetation management practices that take into account the relationship between the cost of conservation and the benefits of the trees to be preserved as described in ANSI A300 (Part 5) — 2005 Management: Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance — Standard Practices, Management of Trees and Shrubs During Site Planning, Site Development, and Construction, Annex A, A-1.5, Cost Benefits Analysis (or the latest version of this standard). The developer shall consider the alternative and redesign the plan accordingly, or elect to satisfy the unmet portion of the preservation threshold through on-site tree planting or through the off-site planting mechanisms identified in subsection G, so long as the developer provides the locality with an explanation of why the alternative design recommendations were rejected. Letters of explanation from the developer shall be prepared and certified by a licensed professional engineer as defined in § 54.1-400. If arboricultural issues are part of explanation then the letter shall be signed by a Certified Arborist who has taken and passed the certification examination sponsored by the International Society of Arboriculture and who maintains a valid certification status or by a Registered Consulting Arborist as designated by the American Society of Consulting Arborists. If arboricultural issues are the sole subject of the letter of explanation then certification by a licensed professional engineer shall not be required.","type":"section","prefixes":["E","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"E3","prefix_anchor":"E3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"E2","next_prefix":"F"},"14":{"id":284808,"text":"The ordinance shall provide for deviations of the overall canopy requirements set forth in subsection C to allow for the preservation of wetlands, the development of farm land or other areas previously devoid of healthy and\/or suitable tree canopy, or where the strict application of the requirements would result in unnecessary or unreasonable hardship to the developer.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E3","next_prefix":"G"},"15":{"id":284809,"text":"The ordinance shall provide for the establishment of a tree canopy bank or fund whereby any portion of the tree canopy requirement that cannot be met on-site may be met through off-site tree preservation or tree planting efforts. Such provisions may be offered where it can be demonstrated that application of the requirements of subsection C would cause irresolvable conflicts with other local site development requirements, standards, or comprehensive planning goals, where sites or portions of sites lack sufficient space for future tree growth, where planting spaces will not provide adequate space for healthy root development, where trees will cause unavoidable conflicts with underground or overhead utilities, or where it can be demonstrated that trees are likely to cause damage to public infrastructure. The ordinance may utilize any of the following off-site canopy establishment mechanisms:","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F","next_prefix":"G1"},"16":{"id":284810,"text":"A tree canopy bank may be established in order for the locality to facilitate off-site tree preservation, tree planting, stream bank, and riparian restoration projects. Banking efforts shall provide tree canopy that is preserved in perpetuity through conservation easements, deed restrictions, or similar protective mechanisms acceptable to the locality. Projects used in off-site banking will meet the same ordinance standards established for on-site tree canopy; however, the locality may also require the submission of five-year management plans and funds to ensure the execution of maintenance and management obligations identified in those plans. Any such bank shall occur within the same nonattainment area in which the locality approving the tree banking is situated.","type":"section","prefixes":["G","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"G1","prefix_anchor":"G1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"G","next_prefix":"G2"},"17":{"id":284811,"text":"A tree canopy fund may be established to act as a fiscal mechanism to collect, manage, and disburse fees collected from developers that cannot provide full canopy requirements on-site. The locality may use this fund directly to plant and maintain trees on public or private property, or the locality may elect to disburse this fund to community-based organizations exempt from taxation under § 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code with tree planting, stewardship, or community beautification missions that benefit the community at large. For purposes of establishing consistent and predictable fees, the ordinance shall establish cost units that are based on average costs of two-inch caliper nursery stock trees. Any funds collected by localities for these purposes shall be spent within a five-year period established by the collection date.","type":"section","prefixes":["G","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"G2","prefix_anchor":"G2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"G1","next_prefix":"H"},"18":{"id":284812,"text":"The following uses shall be exempt from the requirements of any ordinance promulgated under this section: bona fide silvicultural activity as defined by § 10.1-1181.1 and the areas of sites included in lakes, ponds, and the normal water elevation area of stormwater retention facilities. The ordinance shall modify the canopy requirements of dedicated school sites, playing fields, and other nonwooded active recreation areas by allowing these and other facilities and uses of a similar nature to provide 10 percent tree canopy 20 years after development.","type":"section","prefixes":["H"],"prefix":"H","entire_prefix":"H","prefix_anchor":"H","level":1,"prior_prefix":"G2","next_prefix":"I"},"19":{"id":284813,"text":"1. In recognition of the added benefits of tree preservation, the ordinance shall provide for an additional tree canopy credit of up to one and one-quarter times the canopy area at the time of plan submission for individual trees or the coalesced canopy of forested areas preserved from the predevelopment tree canopy.","type":"section","prefixes":["I"],"prefix":"I","entire_prefix":"I","prefix_anchor":"I","level":1,"prior_prefix":"H","next_prefix":"I2"},"20":{"id":284814,"text":"The following additional credits may be provided in the ordinance in connection with tree preservation:\n\t\t\t\ta. The ordinance may provide canopy credits of up to (i) one and one-half times the actual canopy area for the preservation of forest communities that achieve environmental, ecological, and wildlife conservation objectives set by the locality and (ii) two times the actual canopy credits if a site developer provides a stand assessment before development plans are created, for review by the local jurisdiction, and protects identified trees for conservation on the submitted site plans. The ordinance may establish minimal area, dimensional and viability standards as prerequisites for the application of credits. Forest communities shall be identified using the nomenclature of either the federal National Vegetation Classification System (FGDC-STD-005, or latest version) or the Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups, Second Approximation (Version 2.2, or latest version).\n\t\t\t\tb. The ordinance may provide canopy credits of up to three times the actual canopy area of trees that are officially designated for preservation in conjunction with local tree conservation ordinances based on the authority granted by § 10.1-1127.1.","type":"section","prefixes":["I","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"I2","prefix_anchor":"I2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"I","next_prefix":"J"},"21":{"id":284815,"text":"The following additional credits shall be provided in the ordinance in connection with tree planting:","type":"section","prefixes":["J"],"prefix":"J","entire_prefix":"J","prefix_anchor":"J","level":1,"prior_prefix":"I2","next_prefix":"J1"},"22":{"id":284816,"text":"The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for trees planted to absorb or intercept air pollutants, tree species that produce lower levels of reactive volatile organic compounds, or trees that act to reduce air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions by conserving the energy used to cool and heat buildings.","type":"section","prefixes":["J","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"J1","prefix_anchor":"J1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J","next_prefix":"J2"},"23":{"id":284817,"text":"The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area normally projected for trees planted for water quality-related reforestation or afforestation projects, and for trees planted in low-impact development and bioretention water quality facilities. The low-impact development practices and designs shall conform to local standards in order for these supplemental credits to apply.","type":"section","prefixes":["J","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"J2","prefix_anchor":"J2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J1","next_prefix":"J3"},"24":{"id":284818,"text":"The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for native tree species planted to provide food, nesting, habitat, and migration opportunities for wildlife. These canopy credits may also apply to cultivars of native species if the locality determines that such a cultivar is capable of providing the same type and extent of wildlife benefit as the species it is derived from.","type":"section","prefixes":["J","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"J3","prefix_anchor":"J3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J2","next_prefix":"J4"},"25":{"id":284819,"text":"The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for use of native tree species that are propagated from seed or tissue collected within the mid-Atlantic region.","type":"section","prefixes":["J","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"J4","prefix_anchor":"J4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J3","next_prefix":"J5"},"26":{"id":284820,"text":"The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area normally projected for the use of cultivars or varieties that develop desirable growth and structural patterns, resist decay organisms and the development of cavities, show high levels of resistance to disease or insect infestations, or exhibit high survival rates in harsh urban environments.","type":"section","prefixes":["J","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"J5","prefix_anchor":"J5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J4","next_prefix":"K"},"27":{"id":284821,"text":"Tree preservation areas and individual trees may not receive more than one application of additional canopy credits provided in subsection I. Individual trees planted to meet these requirements may not receive more than two categories of additional canopy credits provided in subsection J. Canopy credits will only be given to trees with trunks that are fully located on the development site, or in the case of tree banking projects only to trees with trunks located fully within easements or other areas protected by deed restrictions listed in subsection G.","type":"section","prefixes":["K"],"prefix":"K","entire_prefix":"K","prefix_anchor":"K","level":1,"prior_prefix":"J5","next_prefix":"L"},"28":{"id":284822,"text":"All trees planted for tree cover credits shall meet the specifications of the American Association of Nurserymen and shall be planted in accordance with the publication entitled “Tree and Shrub Planting Guidelines,” published by the Virginia Cooperative Extension.","type":"section","prefixes":["L"],"prefix":"L","entire_prefix":"L","prefix_anchor":"L","level":1,"prior_prefix":"K","next_prefix":"M"},"29":{"id":284823,"text":"In order to provide higher levels of biodiversity and to minimize the spread of pests and diseases, or to limit the use of species that cause negative impacts to native plant communities, cause damage to nearby structures, or possess inherent physiological traits that prone trees to structural failure, the ordinance may designate species that cannot be used to meet tree canopy requirements or designate species that will only receive partial 20-year tree canopy credits.","type":"section","prefixes":["M"],"prefix":"M","entire_prefix":"M","prefix_anchor":"M","level":1,"prior_prefix":"L","next_prefix":"N"},"30":{"id":284824,"text":"The locality may allow the use of tree seedlings for meeting tree canopy requirements in large open spaces, low-density residential settings, or in low-impact development reforestation\/afforestation projects. In these cases, the ordinance shall allow the ground surface area of seedling planting areas to equate to a 20-year canopy credit area. Tree seedling plantings will be comprised of native species and will be planted in densities that equate to 400 seedlings per acre, or in densities specified by low-impact development designs approved by the locality. The locality may set standards for seedling mortality rates and replacement procedures if unacceptable rates of mortality occur. The locality may elect to allow native woody shrubs or native woody seed mix to substitute for tree species as long as these treatments do not exceed 33 percent of the overall seedling planting area. The number of a single species may not exceed 10 percent of the overall number of trees or shrubs planted to meet the provisions of this subsection.","type":"section","prefixes":["N"],"prefix":"N","entire_prefix":"N","prefix_anchor":"N","level":1,"prior_prefix":"M","next_prefix":"O"},"31":{"id":284825,"text":"The following process shall be used to demonstrate achievement of the required percentage of tree canopy listed in subsection C:","type":"section","prefixes":["O"],"prefix":"O","entire_prefix":"O","prefix_anchor":"O","level":1,"prior_prefix":"N","next_prefix":"O1"},"32":{"id":284826,"text":"The site plan shall graphically delineate the edges of predevelopment tree canopy, the proposed limits of disturbance on grading or erosion and sedimentation control plans, and the location of tree protective fencing or other tree protective devices allowed in the Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook.","type":"section","prefixes":["O","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"O1","prefix_anchor":"O1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"O","next_prefix":"O2"},"33":{"id":284827,"text":"Site plans proposing modification to tree canopy requirements or claiming supplemental tree canopy credits will require a text narrative.","type":"section","prefixes":["O","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"O2","prefix_anchor":"O2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"O1","next_prefix":"O3"},"34":{"id":284828,"text":"The site plan shall include the 20-year tree canopy calculations on a worksheet provided by the locality.","type":"section","prefixes":["O","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"O3","prefix_anchor":"O3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"O2","next_prefix":"O4"},"35":{"id":284829,"text":"Site plans requiring tree planting shall provide a planting schedule that provides botanical and common names of trees, the number of trees being planted, the total of tree canopy area given to each species, variety or cultivars planted, total of tree canopy area that will be provided by all trees, planting sizes, and associated planting specifications. The site plan will also provide a landscape plan that delineates where the trees shall be planted.","type":"section","prefixes":["O","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"O4","prefix_anchor":"O4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"O3","next_prefix":"P"},"36":{"id":284830,"text":"The ordinance shall provide a list of commercially available tree species, varieties, and cultivars that are capable of thriving in the locality’s climate and ranges of planting environments. The ordinance will also provide a 20-year tree canopy area credit for each tree. The amount of tree canopy area credited to individual tree species, varieties, and cultivars 20 years after they are planted shall be based on references published or endorsed by Virginia academic institutions such as the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and accepted by urban foresters, arborists, and horticulturalists as being accurate for the growing conditions and climate of the locality.","type":"section","prefixes":["P"],"prefix":"P","entire_prefix":"P","prefix_anchor":"P","level":1,"prior_prefix":"O4","next_prefix":"Q"},"37":{"id":284831,"text":"The ordinance shall establish standards of health and structural condition of existing trees and associated plant communities to be preserved. The ordinance may also identify standards for removal of trees or portions of trees that are dead, dying, or hazardous due to construction impacts. Such removal standards may allow for the retention of trunk snags where the locality determines that these may provide habitat or other wildlife benefits and do not represent a hazardous condition. In the event that existing tree canopy proposed to be preserved for tree canopy credits dies or must be removed because it represents a hazard, the locality may require the developer to remove the tree, or a portion of the tree and to replace the missing canopy area by the planting of nursery stock trees, or if a viable alternative, by tree seedlings. Existing trees that have been granted credits will be replaced with canopy area determined using the same supplemental credit multipliers as originally granted for that canopy area.","type":"section","prefixes":["Q"],"prefix":"Q","entire_prefix":"Q","prefix_anchor":"Q","level":1,"prior_prefix":"P","next_prefix":"R"},"38":{"id":284832,"text":"Penalties for violation of ordinances adopted pursuant to this section shall be the same as those applicable to violations of zoning ordinances of the locality.","type":"section","prefixes":["R"],"prefix":"R","entire_prefix":"R","prefix_anchor":"R","level":1,"prior_prefix":"Q","next_prefix":"S"},"39":{"id":284833,"text":"In no event shall any local tree conservation ordinance adopted pursuant to this section exceed the requirements set forth herein; however, any local ordinance adopted pursuant to the provisions of § 15.2-961 prior to July 1, 1990, may adopt the tree conservation provisions of this section based on 10-year minimum tree canopy requirements.","type":"section","prefixes":["S"],"prefix":"S","entire_prefix":"S","prefix_anchor":"S","level":1,"prior_prefix":"R","next_prefix":"T"},"40":{"id":284834,"text":"Nothing in this section shall invalidate any local ordinance adopted pursuant to § 15.2-961.","type":"section","prefixes":["T"],"prefix":"T","entire_prefix":"T","prefix_anchor":"T","level":1,"prior_prefix":"S","next_prefix":"U"},"41":{"id":284835,"text":"Nothing in this section shall prohibit or unreasonably limit silvicultural practices in accordance with § 10.1-1126.1.","type":"section","prefixes":["U"],"prefix":"U","entire_prefix":"U","prefix_anchor":"U","level":1,"prior_prefix":"T"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13545,"edition_id":1,"name":"Additional Powers","identifier":"5","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13058,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:10","date_modified":"2026-06-26 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This law was first created in 2008. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 333<\/a> and 711<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 2 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2022, chapter 620<\/a>; in 2024, chapters 691<\/a> and 702<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":74667,"section_number":"15.2-2286.1","catch_line":"Provisions for clustering of single-family dwellings so as to preserve open space","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-2286.1\/"},{"id":54509,"section_number":"15.2-961.2","catch_line":"Conservation of trees; notice of infill lot grading plan","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-961.2\/"},{"id":72159,"section_number":"15.2-961.3","catch_line":"Replacement of trees during development process in localities","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-961.3\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":79172,"section_number":"10.1-1126.1","catch_line":"Silvicultural practices; local government authority limited","order_by":null,"url":"\/10.1-1126.1\/"},{"id":58748,"section_number":"10.1-1181.1","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/10.1-1181.1\/"},{"id":68912,"section_number":"15.2-961","catch_line":"Replacement of trees during development process in certain localities","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-961\/"},{"id":76379,"section_number":"54.1-400","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-400\/"}],"permalink":{"id":156767,"object_type":"law","relational_id":79501,"identifier":"15.2-961.1","token":"15.2\/II\/9\/5\/15.2-961.1","url":"\/15.2-961.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/15.2-961.1\/","token":"15.2\/II\/9\/5\/15.2-961.1","dublin_core":{"Title":"Conservation of trees during land development process in localities belonging to a nonattainment area for air quality standards","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 15.2-961.1","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> For purposes of this section, “tree canopy<\/span>” or “tree cover<\/span>” includes all areas of canopy coverage by self-supporting and healthy woody plant material<\/span> exceeding five feet in height, and the extent of planted tree canopy<\/span> at 20-years maturity. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Any locality<\/span> within Planning District 8 that meets the population density criteria of subsection A of § 15.2-961<\/a> and is classified as an eight-hour nonattainment area for ozone under the federal Clean Air Act and Amendments of 1990, in effect as of July 1, 2008, may adopt an ordinance<\/span> providing for the conservation of trees during the land development process pursuant to the provisions of this section. In no event shall any local tree conservation ordinance<\/span> adopted pursuant to this section also impose the tree replacement provisions of § 15.2-961<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall require that the site plan for any subdivision or development provide for the preservation or replacement of trees on the development site such that the minimum tree canopy<\/span> or tree cover<\/span> percentage 20 years after development is projected to be as follows: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Ten percent tree canopy<\/span> for a site zoned business, commercial, or industrial; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Ten percent tree canopy<\/span> for a residential site zoned 20 or more units per acre; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Fifteen percent tree canopy<\/span> for a residential site zoned more than eight but less than 20 units per acre; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Twenty percent tree canopy<\/span> for a residential site zoned more than four but not more than eight units per acre; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> Twenty-five percent tree canopy<\/span> for a residential site zoned more than two but not more than four units per acre; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

6.<\/span> Thirty percent tree canopy<\/span> for a residential site zoned two or fewer units per acre.\n\t\t\t\tIn meeting these percentages, (i) the ordinance<\/span> shall first emphasize the preservation of existing tree canopy<\/span> where that canopy meets local standards for health and structural condition, and where it is feasible to do so within the framework of design standards and densities allowed by the local zoning and other development ordinances<\/span>; and (ii) second, where it is not feasible in whole or in part for any of the justifications listed in subsection E to preserve existing canopy in the required percentages listed above, the ordinance<\/span> shall provide for the planting of new trees to meet the required percentages. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> Except as provided in subsection E, the percentage of the site covered by tree canopy<\/span> at the time of plan submission shall equate to the minimum portion of the requirements identified in subsection C that shall be provided through tree preservation. This portion of the canopy requirements shall be identified as the “tree preservation target” and shall be included in site plan calculations or narratives demonstrating how the overall requirements of subsection C have been met. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide deviations, in whole or in part, from the tree preservation target defined in subsection D under the following conditions: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Meeting the preservation target would prevent the development of uses and densities otherwise allowed by the locality<\/span>’s zoning or development ordinance<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The predevelopment condition of vegetation does not meet the locality<\/span>’s standards for health and structural condition. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Construction activities could be reasonably expected to impact existing trees to the extent that they would not likely survive in a healthy and structurally sound manner. This includes activities that would cause direct physical damage to the trees, including root systems, or cause environmental changes that could result in or predispose the trees to structural and health problems.\n\t\t\t\tIf, in the opinion<\/span> of the developer, the project cannot meet the tree preservation target due to the conditions described in subdivision 1, 2, or 3, the developer may request a deviation from the preservation requirement in subsection D. In the request for deviation, the developer shall provide a letter to the locality<\/span> that provides justification for the deviation, describes how the deviation is the minimum necessary to afford relief, and describes how the requirements of subsection C will be met through tree planting or a tree canopy<\/span> bank or fund established by the locality<\/span>. Proposed deviations shall be reviewed by the locality<\/span>’s urban forester, arborist, or equivalent in consultation with the locality<\/span>’s land development or licensed professional civil engineering review staff. The locality<\/span> may propose an alternative site design based upon adopted land development practices and sound vegetation management practices that take into account the relationship between the cost of conservation and the benefits of the trees to be preserved as described in ANSI A300 (Part 5) — 2005 Management: Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance — Standard Practices, Management of Trees and Shrubs During Site Planning, Site Development, and Construction, Annex A, A-1.5, Cost Benefits Analysis (or the latest version of this standard). The developer shall consider the alternative and redesign the plan accordingly, or elect to satisfy the unmet portion of the preservation threshold through on-site tree planting or through the off-site planting mechanisms identified in subsection G, so long as the developer provides the locality<\/span> with an explanation of why the alternative design recommendations were rejected. Letters of explanation from the developer shall be prepared and certified by a licensed professional engineer as defined in § 54.1-400<\/a>. If arboricultural issues<\/span> are part of explanation then the letter shall be signed by a Certified Arborist who has taken and passed the certification examination sponsored by the International Society of Arboriculture and who maintains a valid certification status or by a Registered Consulting Arborist as designated by the American Society of Consulting Arborists. If arboricultural issues<\/span> are the sole subject of the letter of explanation then certification by a licensed professional engineer shall not be required. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide for deviations of the overall canopy requirements set forth in subsection C to allow for the preservation of wetlands, the development of farm land or other areas previously devoid of healthy and\/or suitable tree canopy<\/span>, or where the strict application of the requirements would result in unnecessary or unreasonable hardship to the developer. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide for the establishment of a tree canopy<\/span> bank or fund whereby any portion of the tree canopy<\/span> requirement that cannot be met on-site may be met through off-site tree preservation or tree planting efforts. Such provisions may be offered where it can be demonstrated that application of the requirements of subsection C would cause irresolvable conflicts with other local site development requirements, standards, or comprehensive planning goals, where sites or portions of sites lack sufficient space for future tree growth, where planting spaces will not provide adequate space for healthy root development, where trees will cause unavoidable conflicts with underground or overhead utilities, or where it can be demonstrated that trees are likely to cause damage to public infrastructure. The ordinance<\/span> may utilize any of the following off-site canopy establishment mechanisms: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> A tree canopy<\/span> bank may be established in order<\/span> for the locality<\/span> to facilitate off-site tree preservation, tree planting, stream bank, and riparian restoration projects. Banking efforts shall provide tree canopy<\/span> that is preserved in perpetuity through conservation easements, deed restrictions, or similar protective mechanisms acceptable to the locality<\/span>. Projects used in off-site banking will meet the same ordinance<\/span> standards established for on-site tree canopy<\/span>; however, the locality<\/span> may also require the submission of five-year management plans and funds to ensure the execution of maintenance and management obligations identified in those plans. Any such bank shall occur within the same nonattainment area in which the locality<\/span> approving the tree banking is situated. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> A tree canopy<\/span> fund may be established to act as a fiscal mechanism to collect, manage, and disburse fees collected from developers that cannot provide full canopy requirements on-site. The locality<\/span> may use this fund directly to plant and maintain trees on public or private property, or the locality<\/span> may elect to disburse this fund to community-based organizations exempt from taxation under § 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code with tree planting, stewardship, or community beautification missions that benefit the community at large. For purposes of establishing consistent and predictable fees, the ordinance<\/span> shall establish cost units that are based on average costs of two-inch caliper nursery stock trees. Any funds collected by localities for these purposes shall be spent within a five-year period established by the collection date. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

H.<\/span> The following uses shall be exempt from the requirements of any ordinance<\/span> promulgated under this section: bona fide silvicultural activity as defined by § 10.1-1181.1<\/a> and the areas of sites included in lakes, ponds, and the normal water elevation area of stormwater retention facilities. The ordinance<\/span> shall modify the canopy requirements of dedicated school sites, playing fields, and other nonwooded active recreation areas by allowing these and other facilities and uses of a similar nature to provide 10 percent tree canopy<\/span> 20 years after development. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

I.<\/span> 1. In recognition of the added benefits of tree preservation, the ordinance<\/span> shall provide for an additional tree canopy<\/span> credit of up to one and one-quarter times the canopy area at the time of plan submission for individual trees or the coalesced canopy of forested areas preserved from the predevelopment tree canopy<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The following additional credits may be provided in the ordinance<\/span> in connection with tree preservation:\n\t\t\t\ta. The ordinance<\/span> may provide canopy credits of up to (i) one and one-half times the actual canopy area for the preservation of forest communities that achieve environmental, ecological, and wildlife conservation objectives set by the locality<\/span> and (ii) two times the actual canopy credits if a site developer provides a stand assessment before development plans are created, for review by the local jurisdiction<\/span>, and protects identified trees for conservation on the submitted site plans. The ordinance<\/span> may establish minimal area, dimensional and viability standards as prerequisites for the application of credits. Forest communities shall be identified using the nomenclature of either the federal National Vegetation Classification System (FGDC-STD-005, or latest version) or the Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups, Second Approximation (Version 2.2, or latest version).\n\t\t\t\tb. The ordinance<\/span> may provide canopy credits of up to three times the actual canopy area of trees that are officially designated for preservation in conjunction with local tree conservation ordinances<\/span> based on the authority granted by § 10.1-1127.1<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

J.<\/span> The following additional credits shall be provided in the ordinance<\/span> in connection with tree planting: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for trees planted to absorb or intercept air pollutants, tree species that produce lower levels of reactive volatile organic compounds, or trees that act to reduce air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions by conserving the energy used to cool and heat buildings. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area normally projected for trees planted for water quality-related reforestation or afforestation projects, and for trees planted in low-impact development and bioretention water quality facilities. The low-impact development practices and designs shall conform to local standards in order<\/span> for these supplemental credits to apply. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for native tree species planted to provide food, nesting, habitat, and migration opportunities for wildlife. These canopy credits may also apply to cultivars of native species if the locality<\/span> determines that such a cultivar is capable of providing the same type and extent of wildlife benefit as the species it is derived from. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area normally projected for use of native tree species that are propagated from seed or tissue collected within the mid-Atlantic region. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area normally projected for the use of cultivars or varieties that develop desirable growth and structural patterns, resist decay organisms and the development of cavities, show high levels of resistance to disease or insect infestations, or exhibit high survival rates in harsh urban environments. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

K.<\/span> Tree preservation areas and individual trees may not receive more than one application of additional canopy credits provided in subsection I. Individual trees planted to meet these requirements may not receive more than two categories of additional canopy credits provided in subsection J. Canopy credits will only be given to trees with trunks that are fully located on the development site, or in the case of tree banking projects only to trees with trunks located fully within easements or other areas protected by deed restrictions listed in subsection G. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

L.<\/span> All trees planted for tree cover<\/span> credits shall meet the specifications of the American Association of Nurserymen and shall be planted in accordance with the publication entitled “Tree and Shrub Planting Guidelines,” published by the Virginia Cooperative Extension. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

M.<\/span> In order<\/span> to provide higher levels of biodiversity and to minimize the spread of pests and diseases, or to limit the use of species that cause negative impacts to native plant communities, cause damage to nearby structures, or possess inherent physiological traits that prone trees to structural failure, the ordinance<\/span> may designate species that cannot be used to meet tree canopy<\/span> requirements or designate species that will only receive partial 20-year tree canopy<\/span> credits. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

N.<\/span> The locality<\/span> may allow the use of tree seedlings for meeting tree canopy<\/span> requirements in large open spaces, low-density residential settings, or in low-impact development reforestation\/afforestation projects. In these cases, the ordinance<\/span> shall allow the ground surface area of seedling planting areas to equate to a 20-year canopy credit area. Tree seedling plantings will be comprised of native species and will be planted in densities that equate to 400 seedlings per acre, or in densities specified by low-impact development designs approved by the locality<\/span>. The locality<\/span> may set standards for seedling mortality rates and replacement procedures if unacceptable rates of mortality occur. The locality<\/span> may elect to allow native woody shrubs or native woody seed mix to substitute for tree species as long as these treatments do not exceed 33 percent of the overall seedling planting area. The number of a single species may not exceed 10 percent of the overall number of trees or shrubs planted to meet the provisions of this subsection. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

O.<\/span> The following process shall be used to demonstrate achievement of the required percentage of tree canopy<\/span> listed in subsection C: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The site plan shall graphically delineate the edges of predevelopment tree canopy<\/span>, the proposed limits of disturbance on grading or erosion and sedimentation control plans, and the location of tree protective fencing or other tree protective devices allowed in the Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Site plans proposing modification to tree canopy<\/span> requirements or claiming supplemental tree canopy<\/span> credits will require a text narrative. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The site plan shall include the 20-year tree canopy<\/span> calculations on a worksheet provided by the locality<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Site plans requiring tree planting shall provide a planting schedule that provides botanical and common names of trees, the number of trees being planted, the total of tree canopy<\/span> area given to each species, variety or cultivars planted, total of tree canopy<\/span> area that will be provided by all trees, planting sizes, and associated planting specifications. The site plan will also provide a landscape plan that delineates where the trees shall be planted. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

P.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall provide a list of commercially available tree species, varieties, and cultivars that are capable of thriving in the locality<\/span>’s climate and ranges of planting environments. The ordinance<\/span> will also provide a 20-year tree canopy<\/span> area credit for each tree. The amount of tree canopy<\/span> area credited to individual tree species, varieties, and cultivars 20 years after they are planted shall be based on references published or endorsed by Virginia academic institutions such as the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and accepted by urban foresters, arborists, and horticulturalists as being accurate for the growing conditions and climate of the locality<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q.<\/span> The ordinance<\/span> shall establish standards of health and structural condition of existing trees and associated plant communities to be preserved. The ordinance<\/span> may also identify standards for removal of trees or portions of trees that are dead, dying, or hazardous due to construction impacts. Such removal standards may allow for the retention of trunk snags where the locality<\/span> determines that these may provide habitat or other wildlife benefits and do not represent a hazardous condition. In the event that existing tree canopy<\/span> proposed to be preserved for tree canopy<\/span> credits dies or must be removed because it represents a hazard, the locality<\/span> may require the developer to remove the tree, or a portion of the tree and to replace the missing canopy area by the planting of nursery stock trees, or if a viable alternative, by tree seedlings. Existing trees that have been granted credits will be replaced with canopy area determined using the same supplemental credit multipliers as originally granted for that canopy area. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

R.<\/span> Penalties for violation of ordinances<\/span> adopted pursuant to this section shall be the same as those applicable to violations of zoning ordinances<\/span> of the locality<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

S.<\/span> In no event shall any local tree conservation ordinance<\/span> adopted pursuant to this section exceed the requirements set forth herein; however, any local ordinance<\/span> adopted pursuant to the provisions of § 15.2-961<\/a> prior to July 1, 1990, may adopt the tree conservation provisions of this section based on 10-year minimum tree canopy<\/span> requirements. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

T.<\/span> Nothing in this section shall invalidate any local ordinance<\/span> adopted pursuant to § 15.2-961<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

U.<\/span> Nothing in this section shall prohibit or unreasonably limit silvicultural practices in accordance with § 10.1-1126.1<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nCONSERVATION OF TREES DURING LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN LOCALITIES BELONGING TO\nA NONATTAINMENT AREA FOR AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (\u00a7 15.2-961.1)\n\nA. For purposes of this section, “tree canopy” or “tree\ncover” includes all areas of canopy coverage by self-supporting and\nhealthy woody plant material exceeding five feet in height, and the extent of\nplanted tree canopy at 20-years maturity.\n\nB. Any locality within Planning District 8 that meets the population density\ncriteria of subsection A of § 15.2-961 and is classified as an eight-hour\nnonattainment area for ozone under the federal Clean Air Act and Amendments of\n1990, in effect as of July 1, 2008, may adopt an ordinance providing for the\nconservation of trees during the land development process pursuant to the\nprovisions of this section. In no event shall any local tree conservation\nordinance adopted pursuant to this section also impose the tree replacement\nprovisions of § 15.2-961.\n\nC. The ordinance shall require that the site plan for any subdivision or\ndevelopment provide for the preservation or replacement of trees on the\ndevelopment site such that the minimum tree canopy or tree cover percentage 20\nyears after development is projected to be as follows:\n\n 1. Ten percent tree canopy for a site zoned business, commercial, or\n industrial;\n\n 2. Ten percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned 20 or more units per\n acre;\n\n 3. Fifteen percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than eight\n but less than 20 units per acre;\n\n 4. Twenty percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than four but\n not more than eight units per acre;\n\n 5. Twenty-five percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned more than two\n but not more than four units per acre; and\n\n 6. Thirty percent tree canopy for a residential site zoned two or fewer units\n per acre.\n \t\t\t\tIn meeting these percentages, (i) the ordinance shall first emphasize the\n preservation of existing tree canopy where that canopy meets local standards\n for health and structural condition, and where it is feasible to do so within\n the framework of design standards and densities allowed by the local zoning\n and other development ordinances; and (ii) second, where it is not feasible in\n whole or in part for any of the justifications listed in subsection E to\n preserve existing canopy in the required percentages listed above, the\n ordinance shall provide for the planting of new trees to meet the required\n percentages.\n\nD. Except as provided in subsection E, the percentage of the site covered by\ntree canopy at the time of plan submission shall equate to the minimum portion\nof the requirements identified in subsection C that shall be provided through\ntree preservation. This portion of the canopy requirements shall be identified\nas the “tree preservation target” and shall be included in site plan\ncalculations or narratives demonstrating how the overall requirements of\nsubsection C have been met.\n\nE. The ordinance shall provide deviations, in whole or in part, from the tree\npreservation target defined in subsection D under the following conditions:\n\n 1. Meeting the preservation target would prevent the development of uses and\n densities otherwise allowed by the locality’s zoning or development\n ordinance.\n\n 2. The predevelopment condition of vegetation does not meet the\n locality’s standards for health and structural condition.\n\n 3. Construction activities could be reasonably expected to impact existing\n trees to the extent that they would not likely survive in a healthy and\n structurally sound manner. This includes activities that would cause direct\n physical damage to the trees, including root systems, or cause environmental\n changes that could result in or predispose the trees to structural and health\n problems.\n \t\t\t\tIf, in the opinion of the developer, the project cannot meet the tree\n preservation target due to the conditions described in subdivision 1, 2, or 3,\n the developer may request a deviation from the preservation requirement in\n subsection D. In the request for deviation, the developer shall provide a\n letter to the locality that provides justification for the deviation,\n describes how the deviation is the minimum necessary to afford relief, and\n describes how the requirements of subsection C will be met through tree\n planting or a tree canopy bank or fund established by the locality. Proposed\n deviations shall be reviewed by the locality’s urban forester, arborist,\n or equivalent in consultation with the locality’s land development or\n licensed professional civil engineering review staff. The locality may propose\n an alternative site design based upon adopted land development practices and\n sound vegetation management practices that take into account the relationship\n between the cost of conservation and the benefits of the trees to be preserved\n as described in ANSI A300 (Part 5) — 2005 Management: Tree, Shrub, and\n Other Woody Plant Maintenance — Standard Practices, Management of Trees\n and Shrubs During Site Planning, Site Development, and Construction, Annex A,\n A-1.5, Cost Benefits Analysis (or the latest version of this standard). The\n developer shall consider the alternative and redesign the plan accordingly, or\n elect to satisfy the unmet portion of the preservation threshold through\n on-site tree planting or through the off-site planting mechanisms identified\n in subsection G, so long as the developer provides the locality with an\n explanation of why the alternative design recommendations were rejected.\n Letters of explanation from the developer shall be prepared and certified by a\n licensed professional engineer as defined in § 54.1-400. If\n arboricultural issues are part of explanation then the letter shall be signed\n by a Certified Arborist who has taken and passed the certification examination\n sponsored by the International Society of Arboriculture and who maintains a\n valid certification status or by a Registered Consulting Arborist as\n designated by the American Society of Consulting Arborists. If arboricultural\n issues are the sole subject of the letter of explanation then certification by\n a licensed professional engineer shall not be required.\n\nF. The ordinance shall provide for deviations of the overall canopy requirements\nset forth in subsection C to allow for the preservation of wetlands, the\ndevelopment of farm land or other areas previously devoid of healthy and\/or\nsuitable tree canopy, or where the strict application of the requirements would\nresult in unnecessary or unreasonable hardship to the developer.\n\nG. The ordinance shall provide for the establishment of a tree canopy bank or\nfund whereby any portion of the tree canopy requirement that cannot be met\non-site may be met through off-site tree preservation or tree planting efforts.\nSuch provisions may be offered where it can be demonstrated that application of\nthe requirements of subsection C would cause irresolvable conflicts with other\nlocal site development requirements, standards, or comprehensive planning goals,\nwhere sites or portions of sites lack sufficient space for future tree growth,\nwhere planting spaces will not provide adequate space for healthy root\ndevelopment, where trees will cause unavoidable conflicts with underground or\noverhead utilities, or where it can be demonstrated that trees are likely to\ncause damage to public infrastructure. The ordinance may utilize any of the\nfollowing off-site canopy establishment mechanisms:\n\n 1. A tree canopy bank may be established in order for the locality to\n facilitate off-site tree preservation, tree planting, stream bank, and\n riparian restoration projects. Banking efforts shall provide tree canopy that\n is preserved in perpetuity through conservation easements, deed restrictions,\n or similar protective mechanisms acceptable to the locality. Projects used in\n off-site banking will meet the same ordinance standards established for\n on-site tree canopy; however, the locality may also require the submission of\n five-year management plans and funds to ensure the execution of maintenance\n and management obligations identified in those plans. Any such bank shall\n occur within the same nonattainment area in which the locality approving the\n tree banking is situated.\n\n 2. A tree canopy fund may be established to act as a fiscal mechanism to\n collect, manage, and disburse fees collected from developers that cannot\n provide full canopy requirements on-site. The locality may use this fund\n directly to plant and maintain trees on public or private property, or the\n locality may elect to disburse this fund to community-based organizations\n exempt from taxation under § 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code with\n tree planting, stewardship, or community beautification missions that benefit\n the community at large. For purposes of establishing consistent and\n predictable fees, the ordinance shall establish cost units that are based on\n average costs of two-inch caliper nursery stock trees. Any funds collected by\n localities for these purposes shall be spent within a five-year period\n established by the collection date.\n\nH. The following uses shall be exempt from the requirements of any ordinance\npromulgated under this section: bona fide silvicultural activity as defined by\n§ 10.1-1181.1 and the areas of sites included in lakes, ponds, and the\nnormal water elevation area of stormwater retention facilities. The ordinance\nshall modify the canopy requirements of dedicated school sites, playing fields,\nand other nonwooded active recreation areas by allowing these and other\nfacilities and uses of a similar nature to provide 10 percent tree canopy 20\nyears after development.\n\nI. 1. In recognition of the added benefits of tree preservation, the ordinance\nshall provide for an additional tree canopy credit of up to one and one-quarter\ntimes the canopy area at the time of plan submission for individual trees or the\ncoalesced canopy of forested areas preserved from the predevelopment tree\ncanopy.\n\n 2. The following additional credits may be provided in the ordinance in\n connection with tree preservation:\n \t\t\t\ta. The ordinance may provide canopy credits of up to (i) one and one-half\n times the actual canopy area for the preservation of forest communities that\n achieve environmental, ecological, and wildlife conservation objectives set by\n the locality and (ii) two times the actual canopy credits if a site developer\n provides a stand assessment before development plans are created, for review\n by the local jurisdiction, and protects identified trees for conservation on\n the submitted site plans. The ordinance may establish minimal area,\n dimensional and viability standards as prerequisites for the application of\n credits. Forest communities shall be identified using the nomenclature of\n either the federal National Vegetation Classification System (FGDC-STD-005, or\n latest version) or the Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of\n Ecological Community Groups, Second Approximation (Version 2.2, or latest\n version).\n \t\t\t\tb. The ordinance may provide canopy credits of up to three times the\n actual canopy area of trees that are officially designated for preservation in\n conjunction with local tree conservation ordinances based on the authority\n granted by § 10.1-1127.1.\n\nJ. The following additional credits shall be provided in the ordinance in\nconnection with tree planting:\n\n 1. The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area\n normally projected for trees planted to absorb or intercept air pollutants,\n tree species that produce lower levels of reactive volatile organic compounds,\n or trees that act to reduce air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions by\n conserving the energy used to cool and heat buildings.\n\n 2. The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area\n normally projected for trees planted for water quality-related reforestation\n or afforestation projects, and for trees planted in low-impact development and\n bioretention water quality facilities. The low-impact development practices\n and designs shall conform to local standards in order for these supplemental\n credits to apply.\n\n 3. The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area\n normally projected for native tree species planted to provide food, nesting,\n habitat, and migration opportunities for wildlife. These canopy credits may\n also apply to cultivars of native species if the locality determines that such\n a cultivar is capable of providing the same type and extent of wildlife\n benefit as the species it is derived from.\n\n 4. The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-half the area\n normally projected for use of native tree species that are propagated from\n seed or tissue collected within the mid-Atlantic region.\n\n 5. The ordinance shall provide canopy credits of one and one-quarter the area\n normally projected for the use of cultivars or varieties that develop\n desirable growth and structural patterns, resist decay organisms and the\n development of cavities, show high levels of resistance to disease or insect\n infestations, or exhibit high survival rates in harsh urban environments.\n\nK. Tree preservation areas and individual trees may not receive more than one\napplication of additional canopy credits provided in subsection I. Individual\ntrees planted to meet these requirements may not receive more than two\ncategories of additional canopy credits provided in subsection J. Canopy credits\nwill only be given to trees with trunks that are fully located on the\ndevelopment site, or in the case of tree banking projects only to trees with\ntrunks located fully within easements or other areas protected by deed\nrestrictions listed in subsection G.\n\nL. All trees planted for tree cover credits shall meet the specifications of the\nAmerican Association of Nurserymen and shall be planted in accordance with the\npublication entitled “Tree and Shrub Planting Guidelines,” published\nby the Virginia Cooperative Extension.\n\nM. In order to provide higher levels of biodiversity and to minimize the spread\nof pests and diseases, or to limit the use of species that cause negative\nimpacts to native plant communities, cause damage to nearby structures, or\npossess inherent physiological traits that prone trees to structural failure,\nthe ordinance may designate species that cannot be used to meet tree canopy\nrequirements or designate species that will only receive partial 20-year tree\ncanopy credits.\n\nN. The locality may allow the use of tree seedlings for meeting tree canopy\nrequirements in large open spaces, low-density residential settings, or in\nlow-impact development reforestation\/afforestation projects. In these cases, the\nordinance shall allow the ground surface area of seedling planting areas to\nequate to a 20-year canopy credit area. Tree seedling plantings will be\ncomprised of native species and will be planted in densities that equate to 400\nseedlings per acre, or in densities specified by low-impact development designs\napproved by the locality. The locality may set standards for seedling mortality\nrates and replacement procedures if unacceptable rates of mortality occur. The\nlocality may elect to allow native woody shrubs or native woody seed mix to\nsubstitute for tree species as long as these treatments do not exceed 33 percent\nof the overall seedling planting area. The number of a single species may not\nexceed 10 percent of the overall number of trees or shrubs planted to meet the\nprovisions of this subsection.\n\nO. The following process shall be used to demonstrate achievement of the\nrequired percentage of tree canopy listed in subsection C:\n\n 1. The site plan shall graphically delineate the edges of predevelopment tree\n canopy, the proposed limits of disturbance on grading or erosion and\n sedimentation control plans, and the location of tree protective fencing or\n other tree protective devices allowed in the Virginia Erosion and Sediment\n Control Handbook.\n\n 2. Site plans proposing modification to tree canopy requirements or claiming\n supplemental tree canopy credits will require a text narrative.\n\n 3. The site plan shall include the 20-year tree canopy calculations on a\n worksheet provided by the locality.\n\n 4. Site plans requiring tree planting shall provide a planting schedule that\n provides botanical and common names of trees, the number of trees being\n planted, the total of tree canopy area given to each species, variety or\n cultivars planted, total of tree canopy area that will be provided by all\n trees, planting sizes, and associated planting specifications. The site plan\n will also provide a landscape plan that delineates where the trees shall be\n planted.\n\nP. The ordinance shall provide a list of commercially available tree species,\nvarieties, and cultivars that are capable of thriving in the locality’s\nclimate and ranges of planting environments. The ordinance will also provide a\n20-year tree canopy area credit for each tree. The amount of tree canopy area\ncredited to individual tree species, varieties, and cultivars 20 years after\nthey are planted shall be based on references published or endorsed by Virginia\nacademic institutions such as the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State\nUniversity and accepted by urban foresters, arborists, and horticulturalists as\nbeing accurate for the growing conditions and climate of the locality.\n\nQ. The ordinance shall establish standards of health and structural condition of\nexisting trees and associated plant communities to be preserved. The ordinance\nmay also identify standards for removal of trees or portions of trees that are\ndead, dying, or hazardous due to construction impacts. Such removal standards\nmay allow for the retention of trunk snags where the locality determines that\nthese may provide habitat or other wildlife benefits and do not represent a\nhazardous condition. In the event that existing tree canopy proposed to be\npreserved for tree canopy credits dies or must be removed because it represents\na hazard, the locality may require the developer to remove the tree, or a\nportion of the tree and to replace the missing canopy area by the planting of\nnursery stock trees, or if a viable alternative, by tree seedlings. Existing\ntrees that have been granted credits will be replaced with canopy area\ndetermined using the same supplemental credit multipliers as originally granted\nfor that canopy area.\n\nR. Penalties for violation of ordinances adopted pursuant to this section shall\nbe the same as those applicable to violations of zoning ordinances of the\nlocality.\n\nS. In no event shall any local tree conservation ordinance adopted pursuant to\nthis section exceed the requirements set forth herein; however, any local\nordinance adopted pursuant to the provisions of § 15.2-961 prior to July 1,\n1990, may adopt the tree conservation provisions of this section based on\n10-year minimum tree canopy requirements.\n\nT. Nothing in this section shall invalidate any local ordinance adopted pursuant\nto § 15.2-961.\n\nU. Nothing in this section shall prohibit or unreasonably limit silvicultural\npractices in accordance with § 10.1-1126.1.\n\nHISTORY: 2008, cc. 333, 711; 2022, c. 620; 2024, cc. 691, 702.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}