{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/16.1-235.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/16.1-235.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/16.1-235.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/16.1-235.html"}],"law_id":85897,"edition_id":1,"section_id":85897,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-235","catch_line":"How probation, parole and related court services provided","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 16.1-205; 1956, c. 555; 1972, cc. 73, 708; 1973, c. 546; 1974, cc. 44, 45, 673; 1977, c. 559; 2001, c. 853; 2002, c. 510; 2003, c. 648.","full_text":"Probation, parole and related court services shall be provided through the following means:\n\nA\n\nState court service units. — The Department shall develop and operate probation, parole and related court services in counties or cities heretofore served by regional juvenile and domestic relations district courts and where specialized probation, parole and related court services were not provided as of July 1, 1973, and make such services available to juvenile and domestic relations district courts, as required by this chapter and by regulations established by the Board. All other counties or cities may request the development of a state-operated court service unit with the approval of their governing bodies after consultation with the chief judge of the juvenile and domestic relations district court of such jurisdiction.B\n\nLocal units. — In counties and cities providing specialized court services as of July 1, 1973, who do not request the development of a state-operated court service unit, the governing body or bodies of the district shall appoint one or more suitable persons as probation and parole officers and related court service personnel in accordance with established qualifications and regulations and shall develop and operate probation, parole, detention and related court services.\n\t\t\tThe transfer, demotion, or separation of probation officers and related court service personnel appointed pursuant to this subsection shall be under the authority of the governing body or bodies of the district and shall be only for good cause shown, after consulting with the judge or judges of that juvenile and domestic relations district court, in accordance with the Virginia Personnel Act (§ 2.2-2900 et seq.) and after due notice and opportunity to be heard.C\n\nA county or city that is providing court services through a state-operated court services unit, with the approval of its governing body after consultation with the chief judge of the juvenile and domestic relations district court of the jurisdiction, may cease providing services through a state-operated court services unit and commence operation as a local unit, subject to all laws, regulations, policies and procedures applicable to a local unit.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":307666,"text":"Probation, parole and related court services shall be provided through the following means:","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":"A"},"1":{"id":307667,"text":"State court service units. — The Department shall develop and operate probation, parole and related court services in counties or cities heretofore served by regional juvenile and domestic relations district courts and where specialized probation, parole and related court services were not provided as of July 1, 1973, and make such services available to juvenile and domestic relations district courts, as required by this chapter and by regulations established by the Board. All other counties or cities may request the development of a state-operated court service unit with the approval of their governing bodies after consultation with the chief judge of the juvenile and domestic relations district court of such jurisdiction.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"prior_prefix":"","next_prefix":"B"},"2":{"id":307668,"text":"Local units. — In counties and cities providing specialized court services as of July 1, 1973, who do not request the development of a state-operated court service unit, the governing body or bodies of the district shall appoint one or more suitable persons as probation and parole officers and related court service personnel in accordance with established qualifications and regulations and shall develop and operate probation, parole, detention and related court services.\n\t\t\tThe transfer, demotion, or separation of probation officers and related court service personnel appointed pursuant to this subsection shall be under the authority of the governing body or bodies of the district and shall be only for good cause shown, after consulting with the judge or judges of that juvenile and domestic relations district court, in accordance with the Virginia Personnel Act (§ 2.2-2900 et seq.) and after due notice and opportunity to be heard.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"3":{"id":307669,"text":"A county or city that is providing court services through a state-operated court services unit, with the approval of its governing body after consultation with the chief judge of the juvenile and domestic relations district court of the jurisdiction, may cease providing services through a state-operated court services unit and commence operation as a local unit, subject to all laws, regulations, policies and procedures applicable to a local unit.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B"}},"ancestry":[{"id":16163,"edition_id":1,"name":"Organization and Personnel","identifier":"2","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12701,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 04:07:50","date_modified":"2026-06-26 04:07:50","permalink":{"id":161427,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":16163,"identifier":"2","token":"16.1\/11\/2","url":"\/16.1\/11\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12701,"edition_id":1,"name":"Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts","identifier":"11","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12700,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","permalink":{"id":160945,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12701,"identifier":"11","token":"16.1\/11","url":"\/16.1\/11\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12700,"edition_id":1,"name":"Courts Not of Record","identifier":"16.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","permalink":{"id":160919,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12700,"identifier":"16.1","token":"16.1","url":"\/16.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":72834,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-230","catch_line":"Organization and operation of juvenile and domestic relations district courts","url":"\/16.1-230\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-230","metadata":false},{"id":87144,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-231","catch_line":"Rules of procedure","url":"\/16.1-231\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-231","metadata":false},{"id":79320,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-232","catch_line":"Attorney for the Commonwealth to prosecute certain cases and represent Commonwealth on appeal","url":"\/16.1-232\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-232","metadata":false},{"id":81078,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-233","catch_line":"Department to develop court services; court services units; appointment and removal of employees; salaries","url":"\/16.1-233\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-233","metadata":false},{"id":64296,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-234","catch_line":"Duties of Department; provision of quarters, utilities, and office equipment to court service unit","url":"\/16.1-234\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-234","metadata":false},{"id":85897,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-235","catch_line":"How probation, parole and related court services provided","url":"\/16.1-235\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-235","metadata":false},{"id":74960,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-235.1","catch_line":"Provision of court services; replacement intake officers","url":"\/16.1-235.1\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-235.1","metadata":false},{"id":83926,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-236","catch_line":"Supervisory officers","url":"\/16.1-236\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-236","metadata":false},{"id":81343,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-236.1","catch_line":"Court services unit directors","url":"\/16.1-236.1\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-236.1","metadata":false},{"id":69673,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-237","catch_line":"Powers, duties and functions of probation and parole officers","url":"\/16.1-237\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-237","metadata":false},{"id":86698,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-238","catch_line":"Compensation of probation officers, court service staff members and related court service personnel; reimbursement; traveling and other expenses","url":"\/16.1-238\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-238","metadata":false},{"id":83879,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-239","catch_line":"Payment of traveling expenses of court officers; reimbursement","url":"\/16.1-239\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-239","metadata":false},{"id":87242,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-240","catch_line":"Citizens advisory council","url":"\/16.1-240\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-240","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":64296,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-234","catch_line":"Duties of Department; provision of quarters, utilities, and office equipment to court service unit","url":"\/16.1-234\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-234","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":74960,"structure_id":16163,"section_number":"16.1-235.1","catch_line":"Provision of court services; replacement intake officers","url":"\/16.1-235.1\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-235.1","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/16.1-235\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 8 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1956, chapter 555; in 1972, chapters 73 and 708; in 1973, chapter 546; in 1974, chapters 44, 45, and 673; in 1977, chapter 559; in 2001, chapter 853<\/a>; in 2002, chapter 510<\/a>; in 2003, chapter 648<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":86698,"section_number":"16.1-238","catch_line":"Compensation of probation officers, court service staff members and related court service personnel; reimbursement; traveling and other expenses","order_by":null,"url":"\/16.1-238\/"},{"id":83879,"section_number":"16.1-239","catch_line":"Payment of traveling expenses of court officers; reimbursement","order_by":null,"url":"\/16.1-239\/"},{"id":77968,"section_number":"18.2-64.2","catch_line":"Carnal knowledge of a person detained or arrested by a law-enforcement officer or an inmate, parolee, probationer, juvenile detainee, pretrial defendant or posttrial offender, or confidential informant; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-64.2\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":65778,"section_number":"2.2-2900","catch_line":"Short title; purpose","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-2900\/"}],"permalink":{"id":161449,"object_type":"law","relational_id":85897,"identifier":"16.1-235","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-235","url":"\/16.1-235\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/16.1-235\/","token":"16.1\/11\/2\/16.1-235","dublin_core":{"Title":"How probation, parole and related court services provided","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 16.1-235","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

Probation<\/span>, parole<\/span> and related court<\/span> services shall be provided through the following means:<\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> State court<\/span> service units. — The Department<\/span> shall develop and operate probation<\/span>, parole<\/span> and related court<\/span> services in counties or cities heretofore served by regional juvenile and domestic relations district courts<\/span> and where specialized probation<\/span>, parole<\/span> and related court<\/span> services were not provided as of July 1, 1973, and make such services available to juvenile and domestic relations district courts<\/span>, as required by this chapter and by regulations established by the Board. All other counties or cities may request the development of a state-operated court<\/span> service unit with the approval of their governing bodies after consultation with the chief judge<\/span> of the juvenile and domestic relations district court<\/span> of such jurisdiction<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Local units. — In counties and cities providing specialized court<\/span> services as of July 1, 1973, who do not request the development of a state-operated court<\/span> service unit, the governing body or bodies of the district shall appoint one or more suitable persons as probation and parole<\/span> officers and related court<\/span> service personnel in accordance with established qualifications and regulations and shall develop and operate probation, parole<\/span>, detention and related court<\/span> services.\n\t\t\tThe transfer, demotion, or separation of probation officers<\/span> and related court<\/span> service personnel appointed pursuant to this subsection shall be under the authority of the governing body or bodies of the district and shall be only for good cause shown, after consulting with the judge<\/span> or judges<\/span> of that juvenile and domestic relations district court<\/span>, in accordance with the Virginia Personnel Act (§ 2.2-2900<\/a> et seq.) and after due notice and opportunity to be heard. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> A county or city that is providing court<\/span> services through a state-operated court<\/span> services unit, with the approval of its governing body after consultation with the chief judge<\/span> of the juvenile and domestic relations district court<\/span> of the jurisdiction<\/span>, may cease providing services through a state-operated court<\/span> services unit and commence operation as a local unit, subject to all laws<\/span>, regulations, policies and procedures applicable to a local unit. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nHOW PROBATION, PAROLE AND RELATED COURT SERVICES PROVIDED (\u00a7 16.1-235)\n\nProbation, parole and related court services shall be provided through the\nfollowing means:\n\nA. State court service units. — The Department shall develop and operate\nprobation, parole and related court services in counties or cities heretofore\nserved by regional juvenile and domestic relations district courts and where\nspecialized probation, parole and related court services were not provided as of\nJuly 1, 1973, and make such services available to juvenile and domestic\nrelations district courts, as required by this chapter and by regulations\nestablished by the Board. All other counties or cities may request the\ndevelopment of a state-operated court service unit with the approval of their\ngoverning bodies after consultation with the chief judge of the juvenile and\ndomestic relations district court of such jurisdiction.\n\nB. Local units. — In counties and cities providing specialized court\nservices as of July 1, 1973, who do not request the development of a\nstate-operated court service unit, the governing body or bodies of the district\nshall appoint one or more suitable persons as probation and parole officers and\nrelated court service personnel in accordance with established qualifications\nand regulations and shall develop and operate probation, parole, detention and\nrelated court services.\n\t\t\tThe transfer, demotion, or separation of probation officers and related court\nservice personnel appointed pursuant to this subsection shall be under the\nauthority of the governing body or bodies of the district and shall be only for\ngood cause shown, after consulting with the judge or judges of that juvenile and\ndomestic relations district court, in accordance with the Virginia Personnel Act\n(§ 2.2-2900 et seq.) and after due notice and opportunity to be heard.\n\nC. A county or city that is providing court services through a state-operated\ncourt services unit, with the approval of its governing body after consultation\nwith the chief judge of the juvenile and domestic relations district court of\nthe jurisdiction, may cease providing services through a state-operated court\nservices unit and commence operation as a local unit, subject to all laws,\nregulations, policies and procedures applicable to a local unit.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 16.1-205; 1956, c. 555; 1972, cc. 73, 708; 1973, c. 546;\n1974, cc. 44, 45, 673; 1977, c. 559; 2001, c. 853; 2002, c. 510; 2003, c. 648.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}