{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/18.2-412.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/18.2-412.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/18.2-412.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/18.2-412.html"}],"law_id":65439,"edition_id":1,"section_id":65439,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-412","catch_line":"Immunity of officers and others in quelling a riot or unlawful assembly","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 18.1-254.8, 18.1-254.9; 1968, c. 460; 1975, cc. 14, 15.","full_text":"No liability, criminal or civil, shall be imposed upon any person authorized to disperse or assist in dispersing a riot or unlawful assembly for any action of such person which was taken after those rioting or unlawfully assembled had been commanded to disperse, and which action was reasonably necessary under all the circumstances to disperse such riot or unlawful assembly or to arrest those who failed or refused to disperse.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":237927,"text":"No liability, criminal or civil, shall be imposed upon any person authorized to disperse or assist in dispersing a riot or unlawful assembly for any action of such person which was taken after those rioting or unlawfully assembled had been commanded to disperse, and which action was reasonably necessary under all the circumstances to disperse such riot or unlawful assembly or to arrest those who failed or refused to disperse.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":15343,"edition_id":1,"name":"Riot and Unlawful Assembly","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":14570,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:54:05","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:54:05","permalink":{"id":167997,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15343,"identifier":"1","token":"18.2\/9\/1","url":"\/18.2\/9\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":14570,"edition_id":1,"name":"Crimes Against Peace and Order","identifier":"9","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12972,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:48:42","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:48:42","permalink":{"id":167995,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14570,"identifier":"9","token":"18.2\/9","url":"\/18.2\/9\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12972,"edition_id":1,"name":"Crimes and Offenses Generally","identifier":"18.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:05","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:05","permalink":{"id":164139,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12972,"identifier":"18.2","token":"18.2","url":"\/18.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":58390,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-404","catch_line":"Obstructing free passage of others","url":"\/18.2-404\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-404","metadata":false},{"id":66562,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-405","catch_line":"What constitutes a riot; punishment","url":"\/18.2-405\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-405","metadata":false},{"id":83452,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-406","catch_line":"What constitutes an unlawful assembly; punishment","url":"\/18.2-406\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-406","metadata":false},{"id":60408,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-407","catch_line":"Remaining at place of riot or unlawful assembly after warning to disperse","url":"\/18.2-407\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-407","metadata":false},{"id":79023,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-408","catch_line":"Conspiracy; incitement, etc., to riot","url":"\/18.2-408\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-408","metadata":false},{"id":67634,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-409","catch_line":"Resisting or obstructing execution of legal process","url":"\/18.2-409\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-409","metadata":false},{"id":83908,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-410","catch_line":"Power of Governor to summon law-enforcement agencies, national guard, etc., to execute process or preserve the peace","url":"\/18.2-410\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-410","metadata":false},{"id":62952,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-411","catch_line":"Dispersal of unlawful or riotous assemblies; duties of officers","url":"\/18.2-411\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-411","metadata":false},{"id":65439,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-412","catch_line":"Immunity of officers and others in quelling a riot or unlawful assembly","url":"\/18.2-412\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-412","metadata":false},{"id":86638,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-413","catch_line":"Commission of certain offenses in county, city or town declared by Governor to be in state of riot or insurrection","url":"\/18.2-413\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-413","metadata":false},{"id":82336,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-414","catch_line":"Injury to property or persons by persons unlawfully or riotously assembled","url":"\/18.2-414\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-414","metadata":false},{"id":61232,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-414.1","catch_line":"Obstructing emergency medical services agency personnel in performance of mission; penalty","url":"\/18.2-414.1\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-414.1","metadata":false},{"id":71247,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-414.2","catch_line":"Crossing established police lines, perimeters or barricades","url":"\/18.2-414.2\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-414.2","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":62952,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-411","catch_line":"Dispersal of unlawful or riotous assemblies; duties of officers","url":"\/18.2-411\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-411","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":86638,"structure_id":15343,"section_number":"18.2-413","catch_line":"Commission of certain offenses in county, city or town declared by Governor to be in state of riot or insurrection","url":"\/18.2-413\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-413","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/18.2-412\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 2 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1968, chapter 460; in 1975, chapters 14 and 15.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":168031,"object_type":"law","relational_id":65439,"identifier":"18.2-412","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-412","url":"\/18.2-412\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/18.2-412\/","token":"18.2\/9\/1\/18.2-412","dublin_core":{"Title":"Immunity of officers and others in quelling a riot or unlawful assembly","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 18.2-412","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>No liability, criminal or civil, shall be imposed upon any person authorized to disperse or assist in dispersing a riot or unlawful assembly for any action of such person which was taken after those rioting or unlawfully assembled had been commanded to disperse, and which action was reasonably necessary under all the circumstances to disperse such riot or unlawful assembly or to <span class=\"dictionary\">arrest<\/span> those who failed or refused to disperse.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nIMMUNITY OF OFFICERS AND OTHERS IN QUELLING A RIOT OR UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY (\u00a7\n18.2-412)\n\nNo liability, criminal or civil, shall be imposed upon any person authorized to\ndisperse or assist in dispersing a riot or unlawful assembly for any action of\nsuch person which was taken after those rioting or unlawfully assembled had been\ncommanded to disperse, and which action was reasonably necessary under all the\ncircumstances to disperse such riot or unlawful assembly or to arrest those who\nfailed or refused to disperse.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 18.1-254.8, 18.1-254.9; 1968, c. 460; 1975, cc. 14, 15.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}