{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/18.2-423.1.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/18.2-423.1.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/18.2-423.1.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/18.2-423.1.html"}],"law_id":86316,"edition_id":1,"section_id":86316,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-423.1","catch_line":"Placing Nazi symbol or emblem on certain property with intent to intimidate; penalty; prima facie evidence of intent","history":"1983, c. 337; 2025, c. 673.","full_text":"A\n\nIt is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating another person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, on (i) any church, synagogue, or other building or place used for religious worship; (ii) any school, educational facility, or community center owned or operated by a church or religious body; or (iii) the private property of another without permission.B\n\nIt is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating another person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, on a highway or other public place in a manner having a direct tendency to place another person in reasonable fear or apprehension of death or bodily injury.C\n\nA violation of this section is punishable as a Class 6 felony.D\n\nFor the purposes of this section, any such placing of a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate another person or group of persons. However, these terms do not include and are distinct from the sacred swastika word and symbol of peace and prosperity used by Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, or Native American religions.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":309133,"text":"It is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating another person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, on (i) any church, synagogue, or other building or place used for religious worship; (ii) any school, educational facility, or community center owned or operated by a church or religious body; or (iii) the private property of another without permission.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":309134,"text":"It is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating another person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, on a highway or other public place in a manner having a direct tendency to place another person in reasonable fear or apprehension of death or bodily injury.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":309135,"text":"A violation of this section is punishable as a Class 6 felony.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":309136,"text":"For the purposes of this section, any such placing of a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate another person or group of persons. However, these terms do not include and are distinct from the sacred swastika word and symbol of peace and prosperity used by Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, or Native American religions.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C"}},"ancestry":[{"id":15300,"edition_id":1,"name":"Activities Tending to Cause Violence","identifier":"5","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":14570,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:53:46","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:53:46","permalink":{"id":168077,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15300,"identifier":"5","token":"18.2\/9\/5","url":"\/18.2\/9\/5\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":14570,"edition_id":1,"name":"Crimes Against Peace and Order","identifier":"9","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12972,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:48:42","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:48:42","permalink":{"id":167995,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14570,"identifier":"9","token":"18.2\/9","url":"\/18.2\/9\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12972,"edition_id":1,"name":"Crimes and Offenses Generally","identifier":"18.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:05","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:05","permalink":{"id":164139,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12972,"identifier":"18.2","token":"18.2","url":"\/18.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":63218,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-420","catch_line":"\"Clandestine organization\" defined","url":"\/18.2-420\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-420","metadata":false},{"id":58258,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-421","catch_line":"Information to be filed by clandestine organization with State Corporation Commission","url":"\/18.2-421\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-421","metadata":false},{"id":82096,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-422","catch_line":"Prohibition of wearing of masks in certain places; exceptions","url":"\/18.2-422\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-422","metadata":false},{"id":72550,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-423","catch_line":"Burning cross on property of another or public place with intent to intimidate; penalty; prima facie evidence of intent","url":"\/18.2-423\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423","metadata":false},{"id":77995,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-423.01","catch_line":"Burning object on property of another or a highway or other public place with intent to intimidate; penalty","url":"\/18.2-423.01\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.01","metadata":false},{"id":86316,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-423.1","catch_line":"Placing Nazi symbol or emblem on certain property with intent to intimidate; penalty; prima facie evidence of intent","url":"\/18.2-423.1\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.1","metadata":false},{"id":78205,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-423.2","catch_line":"Displaying noose on property of another or a highway or other public place with intent to intimidate; penalty","url":"\/18.2-423.2\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.2","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":77995,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-423.01","catch_line":"Burning object on property of another or a highway or other public place with intent to intimidate; penalty","url":"\/18.2-423.01\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.01","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":78205,"structure_id":15300,"section_number":"18.2-423.2","catch_line":"Displaying noose on property of another or a highway or other public place with intent to intimidate; penalty","url":"\/18.2-423.2\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.2","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/18.2-423.1\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1983. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 337 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1983 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 2025, chapter 673<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":80246,"section_number":"17.1-805","catch_line":"Adoption of initial discretionary sentencing guideline midpoints","order_by":null,"url":"\/17.1-805\/"},{"id":61280,"section_number":"19.2-392.02","catch_line":"National criminal background checks by businesses and organizations regarding employees or volunteers providing care to children or the elderly or disabled","order_by":null,"url":"\/19.2-392.02\/"},{"id":63586,"section_number":"53.1-202.3","catch_line":"Rate at which sentence credits may be earned; prerequisites","order_by":null,"url":"\/53.1-202.3\/"},{"id":58640,"section_number":"53.1-40.02","catch_line":"Conditional release of terminally ill prisoners","order_by":null,"url":"\/53.1-40.02\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":168099,"object_type":"law","relational_id":86316,"identifier":"18.2-423.1","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.1","url":"\/18.2-423.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/18.2-423.1\/","token":"18.2\/9\/5\/18.2-423.1","dublin_core":{"Title":"Placing Nazi symbol or emblem on certain property with intent to intimidate; penalty; prima facie evidence of intent","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 18.2-423.1","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> It is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent<\/span> of intimidating another person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, on (i) any church, synagogue, or other building or place used for religious worship; (ii) any school, educational facility, or community center owned or operated by a church or religious body; or (iii) the private property of another without permission. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> It is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent<\/span> of intimidating another person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, on a highway or other public place in a manner having a direct tendency to place another person in reasonable fear or apprehension of death or bodily injury. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> A violation of this section is punishable as a Class 6 felony<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> For the purposes of this section, any such placing of a Hakenkreuz, hooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika, shall be prima facie evidence<\/span> of an intent<\/span> to intimidate another person or group of persons. However, these terms do not include and are distinct from the sacred swastika word and symbol of peace and prosperity used by Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, or Native American religions. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPLACING NAZI SYMBOL OR EMBLEM ON CERTAIN PROPERTY WITH INTENT TO INTIMIDATE;\nPENALTY; PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF INTENT (\u00a7 18.2-423.1)\n\nA. It is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating\nanother person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz,\nhooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi\nswastika, on (i) any church, synagogue, or other building or place used for\nreligious worship; (ii) any school, educational facility, or community center\nowned or operated by a church or religious body; or (iii) the private property\nof another without permission.\n\nB. It is unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating\nanother person or group of persons, to place or cause to be placed a Hakenkreuz,\nhooked cross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi\nswastika, on a highway or other public place in a manner having a direct\ntendency to place another person in reasonable fear or apprehension of death or\nbodily injury.\n\nC. A violation of this section is punishable as a Class 6 felony.\n\nD. For the purposes of this section, any such placing of a Hakenkreuz, hooked\ncross, or Nazi symbol or emblem, sometimes referred to as the Nazi swastika,\nshall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate another person or group\nof persons. However, these terms do not include and are distinct from the sacred\nswastika word and symbol of peace and prosperity used by Hinduism, Buddhism,\nJainism, Zoroastrianism, or Native American religions.\n\nHISTORY: 1983, c. 337; 2025, c. 673.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}