{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/22.1-295.1.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/22.1-295.1.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/22.1-295.1.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/22.1-295.1.html"}],"law_id":55436,"edition_id":1,"section_id":55436,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-295.1","catch_line":"Employee personnel files; maintenance of employee records; confidentiality of certain records","history":"1987, c. 506; 2006, c. 191; 2013, c. 291; 2016, c. 390.","full_text":"A\n\nPersonnel files of all school board employees may be produced and maintained in digital or paper format.B\n\nInformation determined to be unfounded after a reasonable administrative review shall not be maintained in any employee personnel file, but may be retained in a separate sealed file by the administration if such information alleges civil or criminal offenses. Any dispute over such unfounded information exclusive of opinions retained in the personnel file, or in a separate sealed file, notwithstanding the provisions of the Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act (&#xA7; 2.2-3800 et seq.), shall be settled through the employee grievance procedure as provided in &#xA7;&#xA7; 22.1-306 and 22.1-308 through 22.1-314.C\n\nTeacher performance indicators or other data collected by or for the Department of Education or the local school board or made available to and able to be used by the local school board to judge the performance or quality of a teacher, maintained in a teacher&#8217;s personnel file or otherwise, shall be confidential but may be disclosed, in a form that does not personally identify any student or other teacher, (i) pursuant to court order, (ii) for the purposes of a grievance proceeding involving the teacher, or (iii) as otherwise required by state or federal law. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit the release or to limit the availability of nonidentifying, aggregate teacher performance indicators or other data.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":203228,"text":"Personnel files of all school board employees may be produced and maintained in digital or paper format.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":203229,"text":"Information determined to be unfounded after a reasonable administrative review shall not be maintained in any employee personnel file, but may be retained in a separate sealed file by the administration if such information alleges civil or criminal offenses. Any dispute over such unfounded information exclusive of opinions retained in the personnel file, or in a separate sealed file, notwithstanding the provisions of the Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act (&#xA7; 2.2-3800 et seq.), shall be settled through the employee grievance procedure as provided in &#xA7;&#xA7; 22.1-306 and 22.1-308 through 22.1-314.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":203230,"text":"Teacher performance indicators or other data collected by or for the Department of Education or the local school board or made available to and able to be used by the local school board to judge the performance or quality of a teacher, maintained in a teacher&#8217;s personnel file or otherwise, shall be confidential but may be disclosed, in a form that does not personally identify any student or other teacher, (i) pursuant to court order, (ii) for the purposes of a grievance proceeding involving the teacher, or (iii) as otherwise required by state or federal law. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit the release or to limit the availability of nonidentifying, aggregate teacher performance indicators or other data.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14223,"edition_id":1,"name":"Terms of Employment Generally","identifier":"2","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12824,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:21","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:21","permalink":{"id":182951,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14223,"identifier":"2","token":"22.1\/15\/2","url":"\/22.1\/15\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12824,"edition_id":1,"name":"Teachers, Officers and Employees","identifier":"15","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12823,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:55","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:55","permalink":{"id":182871,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12824,"identifier":"15","token":"22.1\/15","url":"\/22.1\/15\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12823,"edition_id":1,"name":"Education","identifier":"22.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:55","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:55","permalink":{"id":180949,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12823,"identifier":"22.1","token":"22.1","url":"\/22.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":64907,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-293","catch_line":"School boards authorized to employ principals and assistant principals; license required; powers and duties","url":"\/22.1-293\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-293","metadata":false},{"id":67734,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-294","catch_line":"Probationary terms of service for principals, assistant principals, and supervisors; evaluation; reassigning principal, assistant principal, or supervisor to teaching position","url":"\/22.1-294\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-294","metadata":false},{"id":69191,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-295","catch_line":"Employment of teachers","url":"\/22.1-295\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-295","metadata":false},{"id":55436,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-295.1","catch_line":"Employee personnel files; maintenance of employee records; confidentiality of certain records","url":"\/22.1-295.1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-295.1","metadata":false},{"id":56821,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-295.2","catch_line":"Employment discrimination prohibited","url":"\/22.1-295.2\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-295.2","metadata":false},{"id":75428,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-296","catch_line":"Payment of employees; reimbursement for private transportation; certain sick leave policies","url":"\/22.1-296\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-296","metadata":false},{"id":62723,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-296.1","catch_line":"Data on convictions for certain crimes and child abuse and neglect required; penalty","url":"\/22.1-296.1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-296.1","metadata":false},{"id":74413,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-296.2","catch_line":"Fingerprinting required; reciprocity permitted","url":"\/22.1-296.2\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-296.2","metadata":false},{"id":55924,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-296.3","catch_line":"Certain private school employees subject to fingerprinting and criminal records checks","url":"\/22.1-296.3\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-296.3","metadata":false},{"id":69692,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-296.4","catch_line":"Child abuse and neglect data required","url":"\/22.1-296.4\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-296.4","metadata":false},{"id":59597,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-296.5","catch_line":"Employment verification required","url":"\/22.1-296.5\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-296.5","metadata":false},{"id":65919,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-297","catch_line":"Assignment of teachers, principals and assistant principals by superintendent","url":"\/22.1-297\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-297","metadata":false},{"id":86723,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/22.1-298\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298","metadata":false},{"id":71301,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.1","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2030) Regulations governing licensure","url":"\/22.1-298.1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.1","metadata":false},{"id":59407,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.2","catch_line":"Regulations governing education preparation programs","url":"\/22.1-298.2\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.2","metadata":false},{"id":60838,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.2:1","catch_line":"(Contingent effective date \u2014 see note) Teacher employment data; education preparation programs","url":"\/22.1-298.2_1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.2_1","metadata":false},{"id":78939,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.3","catch_line":"Students with autism spectrum disorders; training required of personnel","url":"\/22.1-298.3\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.3","metadata":false},{"id":66256,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.4","catch_line":"Teacher preparation programs; learning disabilities","url":"\/22.1-298.4\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.4","metadata":false},{"id":56301,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.5","catch_line":"Regulations governing licensure; endorsement in dual language instruction pre-kindergarten through grade six","url":"\/22.1-298.5\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.5","metadata":false},{"id":80956,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.6","catch_line":"Mental health awareness training","url":"\/22.1-298.6\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.6","metadata":false},{"id":65764,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.7","catch_line":"Teachers and other licensed school board employees; cultural competency training","url":"\/22.1-298.7\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.7","metadata":false},{"id":85044,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-298.8","catch_line":"Public elementary and secondary school teachers; certain training activities; requirements and limitations; index","url":"\/22.1-298.8\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-298.8","metadata":false},{"id":71681,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2030) License required of teachers; provisional licenses; exceptions","url":"\/22.1-299\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299","metadata":false},{"id":68324,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.1","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/22.1-299.1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.1","metadata":false},{"id":70249,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.2","catch_line":"National Teacher Certification Incentive Reward Program and Fund","url":"\/22.1-299.2\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.2","metadata":false},{"id":81334,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.3","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/22.1-299.3\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.3","metadata":false},{"id":57049,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.4","catch_line":"Teach For America license","url":"\/22.1-299.4\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.4","metadata":false},{"id":72039,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.5","catch_line":"Waiver of teacher licensure requirements; trade and industrial education programs","url":"\/22.1-299.5\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.5","metadata":false},{"id":87315,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.6","catch_line":"Career and technical education; three-year licenses","url":"\/22.1-299.6\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.6","metadata":false},{"id":79194,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.7","catch_line":"Microcredential program; certain STEM subjects","url":"\/22.1-299.7\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.7","metadata":false},{"id":80524,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.7:1","catch_line":" (For effective date, see Acts 2022, cc. 549, 550, cl. 2) Microcredential program; reading specialists","url":"\/22.1-299.7_1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.7_1","metadata":false},{"id":65219,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-299.8","catch_line":"Technical professional licenses; substitution of certain professional development activities for required coursework","url":"\/22.1-299.8\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-299.8","metadata":false},{"id":61649,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-300","catch_line":"Tuberculosis certificate","url":"\/22.1-300\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-300","metadata":false},{"id":76288,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-301","catch_line":"Costs of medical examinations and of furnishing medical records","url":"\/22.1-301\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-301","metadata":false},{"id":74415,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-302","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2027) Written contracts required; execution of contracts; qualifications of temporarily employed teachers; rules and requirements","url":"\/22.1-302\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-302","metadata":false},{"id":55716,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-303","catch_line":"Probationary terms of service for teachers","url":"\/22.1-303\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-303","metadata":false},{"id":63799,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-303.1","catch_line":"Immunity from civil liability for certain individuals","url":"\/22.1-303.1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-303.1","metadata":false},{"id":83664,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-304","catch_line":"Reemployment of teacher who has not achieved continuing contract status; effect of continuing contract; resignation of teacher; reduction in number of teachers","url":"\/22.1-304\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-304","metadata":false},{"id":64910,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-305","catch_line":"Nonrenewal of contract of probationary teacher","url":"\/22.1-305\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-305","metadata":false},{"id":66269,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-305.1","catch_line":"Mentor teacher programs","url":"\/22.1-305.1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-305.1","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":69191,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-295","catch_line":"Employment of teachers","url":"\/22.1-295\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-295","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":56821,"structure_id":14223,"section_number":"22.1-295.2","catch_line":"Employment discrimination prohibited","url":"\/22.1-295.2\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-295.2","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/22.1-295.1\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 1987. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 506 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1987 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2006, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?061+ful+CHAP0191\">191<\/a>; in 2013, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?131+ful+CHAP0291\">291<\/a>; in 2016, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?161+ful+CHAP0390\">390<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":69409,"section_number":"2.2-3800","catch_line":"Short title; findings; principles of information practice","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-3800\/"},{"id":74295,"section_number":"22.1-306","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/22.1-306\/"},{"id":61195,"section_number":"22.1-308","catch_line":"Grievance procedure","order_by":null,"url":"\/22.1-308\/"}],"permalink":{"id":182965,"object_type":"law","relational_id":55436,"identifier":"22.1-295.1","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-295.1","url":"\/22.1-295.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/22.1-295.1\/","token":"22.1\/15\/2\/22.1-295.1","dublin_core":{"Title":"Employee personnel files; maintenance of employee records; confidentiality of certain records","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 22.1-295.1","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> Personnel files of all <span class=\"dictionary\">school board<\/span> employees may be produced and maintained in digital or paper format. <a id=\"paragraph-203228\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/22.1-295.1\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> Information determined to be unfounded after a reasonable administrative review shall not be maintained in any employee personnel file, but may be retained in a separate <span class=\"dictionary\">sealed<\/span> file by the administration if such information alleges civil or criminal <span class=\"dictionary\">offenses<\/span>. Any dispute over such unfounded information exclusive of <span class=\"dictionary\">opinions<\/span> retained in the personnel file, or in a separate <span class=\"dictionary\">sealed<\/span> file, notwithstanding the provisions of the Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act (&#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Short title; findings; principles of information practice\" href=\"\/2.2-3800\/\">2.2-3800<\/a> et seq.), shall be settled through the employee grievance procedure as provided in &#xA7;&#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Definitions\" href=\"\/22.1-306\/\">22.1-306<\/a> and <a class=\"law\" title=\"Grievance procedure\" href=\"\/22.1-308\/\">22.1-308<\/a> through <a class=\"law\" title=\"Decision of school board; issue of grievability; appeal\" href=\"\/22.1-314\/\">22.1-314<\/a>. <a id=\"paragraph-203229\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/22.1-295.1\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> Teacher performance indicators or other data collected by or for the <span class=\"dictionary\">Department<\/span> of Education or the local <span class=\"dictionary\">school board<\/span> or made available to and able to be used by the local <span class=\"dictionary\">school board<\/span> to <span class=\"dictionary\">judge<\/span> the performance or quality of a teacher, maintained in a teacher&#8217;s personnel file or otherwise, shall be confidential but may be disclosed, in a form that does not personally identify any student or other teacher, (i) pursuant to <span class=\"dictionary\">court order<\/span>, (ii) for the purposes of a grievance proceeding involving the teacher, or (iii) as otherwise required by state or federal <span class=\"dictionary\">law<\/span>. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit the release or to limit the availability of nonidentifying, aggregate teacher performance indicators or other data. <a id=\"paragraph-203230\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/22.1-295.1\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nEMPLOYEE PERSONNEL FILES; MAINTENANCE OF EMPLOYEE RECORDS; CONFIDENTIALITY OF\nCERTAIN RECORDS (\u00a7 22.1-295.1)\n\nA. Personnel files of all school board employees may be produced and maintained\nin digital or paper format.\n\nB. Information determined to be unfounded after a reasonable administrative\nreview shall not be maintained in any employee personnel file, but may be\nretained in a separate sealed file by the administration if such information\nalleges civil or criminal offenses. Any dispute over such unfounded information\nexclusive of opinions retained in the personnel file, or in a separate sealed\nfile, notwithstanding the provisions of the Government Data Collection and\nDissemination Practices Act (&#xA7; 2.2-3800 et seq.), shall be settled through\nthe employee grievance procedure as provided in &#xA7;&#xA7; 22.1-306 and\n22.1-308 through 22.1-314.\n\nC. Teacher performance indicators or other data collected by or for the\nDepartment of Education or the local school board or made available to and able\nto be used by the local school board to judge the performance or quality of a\nteacher, maintained in a teacher&#8217;s personnel file or otherwise, shall be\nconfidential but may be disclosed, in a form that does not personally identify\nany student or other teacher, (i) pursuant to court order, (ii) for the purposes\nof a grievance proceeding involving the teacher, or (iii) as otherwise required\nby state or federal law. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to\nprohibit the release or to limit the availability of nonidentifying, aggregate\nteacher performance indicators or other data.\n\nHISTORY: 1987, c. 506; 2006, c. 191; 2013, c. 291; 2016, c. 390.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}