{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/23.1-307.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/23.1-307.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/23.1-307.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/23.1-307.html"}],"law_id":73297,"edition_id":1,"section_id":73297,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-307","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; tuition and fees","history":"2011, cc. 828, 869, \u00a7 23-38.87:18; 2016, c. 588; 2017, c. 523; 2019, cc. 583, 584, 588; 2020, c. 435.","full_text":"A\n\nThe governing board of each public institution of higher education shall continue to fix, revise, charge, and collect tuition, fees, rates, rentals, and other charges for the services, goods, or facilities furnished by or on behalf of such institution and may adopt policies regarding any such service rendered or the use, occupancy, or operation of any such facility.B\n\nExcept to the extent included in the institution’s six-year plan as provided in subsection C, if the total of an institution’s tuition and educational and general fees for any fiscal year for Virginia students exceeds the difference for such fiscal year between (i) the institution’s cost of education for all students, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303 and (ii) the sum of the tuition and educational and general fees for non-Virginia students, the state general funds appropriated for its basic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A of § 23.1-303, and its per student funding provided pursuant to § 23.1-304, the institution shall forgo new state funding at a level above the general funds received by the institution during the 2011-2012 fiscal year, at the discretion of the General Assembly, and shall be obligated to provide increased financial aid to maintain affordability for students from low-income and middle-income families. This limitation shall not apply to any portion of tuition and educational and general fees for Virginia students allocated to student financial aid, an institution’s share of state-mandated salary or fringe benefit increases, increases in funds other than state general funds for the improvement of faculty salary competitiveness above the level included in the calculation in clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303, the institution’s progress towards achieving any financial incentive pursuant to § 23.1-305, unavoidable cost increases such as operation and maintenance for new facilities and utility rate increases, or other items directly attributable to an institution’s unique mission and contributions.C\n\nNothing in subsection B shall prohibit an institution from including in its six-year plan required by § 23.1-306 (i) new programs or initiatives including quality improvements or (ii) institution-specific funding based on particular state policies or institution-specific programs, or both, that will cause the total of the institution’s tuition and educational and general fees for any fiscal year for Virginia students to exceed the difference for such fiscal year between (a) the institution’s cost of education for all students, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303, and (b) the sum of the tuition and educational and general fees for the institution’s non-Virginia students, the state general funds appropriated for its basic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A of § 23.1-303, and its per student funding provided pursuant to § 23.1-304.D\n\nNo governing board of any public institution of higher education shall approve an increase in undergraduate tuition or mandatory fees without providing students and the public a projected range of the planned increase, an explanation of the need for the increase, and notice of (i) the date, time, and location of the meeting at which public comment is permitted pursuant to subsection E on the institution’s website and through any other standard means of communication utilized by the institution with students at least 10 days prior to such meeting and (ii) the date and location of any vote on such increase at least 30 days prior to such vote.E\n\nPrior to any vote referenced in subsection D, the governing board of each public institution of higher education shall permit public comment on the proposed increase at a meeting, as that term is defined in § 2.2-3701, of the governing board. Each such governing board shall establish policies for such public comment, which may include reasonable time limitations.F\n\nAt any meeting at which the governing board of a public institution of higher education approves an increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees, the governing board shall provide an explanation of any deviation from the projected range provided pursuant to subsection D.G\n\nNo later than August 1 of each year, the Council shall provide to the Governor and the Chairmen of the House Committee on Appropriations, the House Committee on Education, the Senate Committee on Education and Health, and the Senate Committee on Finance and Appropriations a report on any increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees at a public institution of higher education, the public comment relating to such increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees, and any deviation in the increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees from the increase projected in the institutional six-year plan provided pursuant to § 23.1-306.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":263766,"text":"The governing board of each public institution of higher education shall continue to fix, revise, charge, and collect tuition, fees, rates, rentals, and other charges for the services, goods, or facilities furnished by or on behalf of such institution and may adopt policies regarding any such service rendered or the use, occupancy, or operation of any such facility.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":263767,"text":"Except to the extent included in the institution’s six-year plan as provided in subsection C, if the total of an institution’s tuition and educational and general fees for any fiscal year for Virginia students exceeds the difference for such fiscal year between (i) the institution’s cost of education for all students, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303 and (ii) the sum of the tuition and educational and general fees for non-Virginia students, the state general funds appropriated for its basic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A of § 23.1-303, and its per student funding provided pursuant to § 23.1-304, the institution shall forgo new state funding at a level above the general funds received by the institution during the 2011-2012 fiscal year, at the discretion of the General Assembly, and shall be obligated to provide increased financial aid to maintain affordability for students from low-income and middle-income families. This limitation shall not apply to any portion of tuition and educational and general fees for Virginia students allocated to student financial aid, an institution’s share of state-mandated salary or fringe benefit increases, increases in funds other than state general funds for the improvement of faculty salary competitiveness above the level included in the calculation in clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303, the institution’s progress towards achieving any financial incentive pursuant to § 23.1-305, unavoidable cost increases such as operation and maintenance for new facilities and utility rate increases, or other items directly attributable to an institution’s unique mission and contributions.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":263768,"text":"Nothing in subsection B shall prohibit an institution from including in its six-year plan required by § 23.1-306 (i) new programs or initiatives including quality improvements or (ii) institution-specific funding based on particular state policies or institution-specific programs, or both, that will cause the total of the institution’s tuition and educational and general fees for any fiscal year for Virginia students to exceed the difference for such fiscal year between (a) the institution’s cost of education for all students, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303, and (b) the sum of the tuition and educational and general fees for the institution’s non-Virginia students, the state general funds appropriated for its basic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A of § 23.1-303, and its per student funding provided pursuant to § 23.1-304.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":263769,"text":"No governing board of any public institution of higher education shall approve an increase in undergraduate tuition or mandatory fees without providing students and the public a projected range of the planned increase, an explanation of the need for the increase, and notice of (i) the date, time, and location of the meeting at which public comment is permitted pursuant to subsection E on the institution’s website and through any other standard means of communication utilized by the institution with students at least 10 days prior to such meeting and (ii) the date and location of any vote on such increase at least 30 days prior to such vote.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"4":{"id":263770,"text":"Prior to any vote referenced in subsection D, the governing board of each public institution of higher education shall permit public comment on the proposed increase at a meeting, as that term is defined in § 2.2-3701, of the governing board. Each such governing board shall establish policies for such public comment, which may include reasonable time limitations.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"5":{"id":263771,"text":"At any meeting at which the governing board of a public institution of higher education approves an increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees, the governing board shall provide an explanation of any deviation from the projected range provided pursuant to subsection D.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"G"},"6":{"id":263772,"text":"No later than August 1 of each year, the Council shall provide to the Governor and the Chairmen of the House Committee on Appropriations, the House Committee on Education, the Senate Committee on Education and Health, and the Senate Committee on Finance and Appropriations a report on any increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees at a public institution of higher education, the public comment relating to such increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees, and any deviation in the increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees from the increase projected in the institutional six-year plan provided pursuant to § 23.1-306.","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14172,"edition_id":1,"name":"The Virginia Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2011","identifier":"3","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13393,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:08","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:08","permalink":{"id":184801,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14172,"identifier":"3","token":"23.1\/I\/3","url":"\/23.1\/I\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13393,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"I","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13111,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:47","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:47","permalink":{"id":184583,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13393,"identifier":"I","token":"23.1\/I","url":"\/23.1\/I\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13111,"edition_id":1,"name":"Institutions of Higher Education; Other Educational and Cultural Institutions","identifier":"23.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:18","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:18","permalink":{"id":184581,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13111,"identifier":"23.1","token":"23.1","url":"\/23.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":55344,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-300","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/23.1-300\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-300","metadata":false},{"id":55357,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-301","catch_line":"Short title; objective; purposes","url":"\/23.1-301\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-301","metadata":false},{"id":57437,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-302","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; funding","url":"\/23.1-302\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-302","metadata":false},{"id":77331,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-303","catch_line":"Calculation of state general fund share of an institution's basic operations and instruction funding need; cost of education","url":"\/23.1-303\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-303","metadata":false},{"id":55707,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-304","catch_line":"Per student enrollment-based funding at public institutions of higher education","url":"\/23.1-304\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-304","metadata":false},{"id":64815,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-305","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; targeted economic and innovation incentives","url":"\/23.1-305\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-305","metadata":false},{"id":68012,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-306","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; six-year plans; institutional partnership performance agreements","url":"\/23.1-306\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-306","metadata":false},{"id":73297,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-307","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; tuition and fees","url":"\/23.1-307\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-307","metadata":false},{"id":59471,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-308","catch_line":"STEM public-private partnership established; duties","url":"\/23.1-308\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-308","metadata":false},{"id":70221,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-309","catch_line":"Higher Education Advisory Committee established; duties","url":"\/23.1-309\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-309","metadata":false},{"id":70567,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-310","catch_line":"Assessment and certification of institutions by the Council","url":"\/23.1-310\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-310","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":68012,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-306","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; six-year plans; institutional partnership performance agreements","url":"\/23.1-306\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-306","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":59471,"structure_id":14172,"section_number":"23.1-308","catch_line":"STEM public-private partnership established; duties","url":"\/23.1-308\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-308","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/23.1-307\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2011. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 828<\/a> and 869<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 4 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2016, chapter 588<\/a>; in 2017, chapter 523<\/a>; in 2019, chapters 583<\/a>, 584<\/a>, and 588<\/a>; in 2020, chapter 435<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":68012,"section_number":"23.1-306","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; six-year plans; institutional partnership performance agreements","order_by":null,"url":"\/23.1-306\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":62411,"section_number":"2.2-3701","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-3701\/"},{"id":77331,"section_number":"23.1-303","catch_line":"Calculation of state general fund share of an institution's basic operations and instruction funding need; cost of education","order_by":null,"url":"\/23.1-303\/"},{"id":55707,"section_number":"23.1-304","catch_line":"Per student enrollment-based funding at public institutions of higher education","order_by":null,"url":"\/23.1-304\/"},{"id":64815,"section_number":"23.1-305","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; targeted economic and innovation incentives","order_by":null,"url":"\/23.1-305\/"},{"id":68012,"section_number":"23.1-306","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; six-year plans; institutional partnership performance agreements","order_by":null,"url":"\/23.1-306\/"}],"permalink":{"id":184831,"object_type":"law","relational_id":73297,"identifier":"23.1-307","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-307","url":"\/23.1-307\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/23.1-307\/","token":"23.1\/I\/3\/23.1-307","dublin_core":{"Title":"Public institutions of higher education; tuition and fees","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 23.1-307","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> The governing board<\/span> of each public institution of higher education<\/span> shall continue to fix, revise, charge, and collect tuition, fees, rates, rentals, and other charges for the services, goods, or facilities furnished by or on behalf of such institution and may adopt policies regarding any such service rendered or the use, occupancy, or operation of any such facility. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Except to the extent included in the institution’s six-year plan as provided in subsection C, if the total of an institution’s tuition and educational and general fees<\/span> for any fiscal year<\/span> for Virginia students<\/span> exceeds the difference for such fiscal year<\/span> between (i) the institution’s cost of education<\/span> for all students, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303<\/a> and (ii) the sum of the tuition and educational and general fees<\/span> for non-Virginia students<\/span><\/span>, the state general funds appropriated for its basic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A of § 23.1-303<\/a>, and its per student<\/span> funding provided pursuant to § 23.1-304<\/a>, the institution shall forgo new state funding at a level above the general funds received by the institution during the 2011-2012 fiscal year<\/span>, at the discretion of the General Assembly, and shall be obligated to provide increased financial aid to maintain affordability for students from low-income and middle-income families. This limitation shall not apply to any portion of tuition and educational and general fees<\/span> for Virginia students<\/span> allocated to student<\/span> financial aid, an institution’s share of state-mandated salary or fringe benefit increases, increases in funds other than state general funds for the improvement of faculty salary competitiveness above the level included in the calculation in clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303<\/a>, the institution’s progress towards achieving any financial incentive pursuant to § 23.1-305<\/a>, unavoidable cost increases such as operation and maintenance for new facilities and utility rate increases, or other items directly attributable to an institution’s unique mission and contributions. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> Nothing in subsection B shall prohibit an institution from including in its six-year plan required by § 23.1-306<\/a> (i) new programs or initiatives including quality improvements or (ii) institution-specific funding based on particular state policies or institution-specific programs, or both, that will cause the total of the institution’s tuition and educational and general fees<\/span> for any fiscal year<\/span> for Virginia students<\/span> to exceed the difference for such fiscal year<\/span> between (a) the institution’s cost of education<\/span> for all students, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303<\/a>, and (b) the sum of the tuition and educational and general fees<\/span> for the institution’s non-Virginia students<\/span><\/span>, the state general funds appropriated for its basic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A of § 23.1-303<\/a>, and its per student<\/span> funding provided pursuant to § 23.1-304<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> No governing board<\/span> of any public institution of higher education<\/span> shall approve an increase in undergraduate tuition or mandatory fees without providing students and the public a projected range of the planned increase, an explanation of the need for the increase, and notice of (i) the date, time, and location of the meeting at which public comment is permitted pursuant to subsection E on the institution’s website and through any other standard means of communication utilized by the institution with students at least 10 days prior to such meeting and (ii) the date and location of any vote on such increase at least 30 days prior to such vote. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> Prior to any vote referenced in subsection D, the governing board<\/span> of each public institution of higher education<\/span> shall permit public comment on the proposed increase at a meeting, as that term is defined in § 2.2-3701<\/a>, of the governing board<\/span>. Each such governing board<\/span> shall establish policies for such public comment, which may include reasonable time limitations. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> At any meeting at which the governing board<\/span> of a public institution of higher education<\/span> approves an increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees, the governing board<\/span> shall provide an explanation of any deviation from the projected range provided pursuant to subsection D. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> No later than August 1 of each year, the Council<\/span> shall provide to the Governor and the Chairmen of the House Committee on Appropriations, the House Committee on Education, the Senate Committee on Education and Health, and the Senate Committee on Finance and Appropriations a report on any increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees at a public institution of higher education<\/span>, the public comment relating to such increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees, and any deviation in the increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees from the increase projected in the institutional six-year plan provided pursuant to § 23.1-306<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION; TUITION AND FEES (\u00a7 23.1-307)\n\nA. The governing board of each public institution of higher education shall\ncontinue to fix, revise, charge, and collect tuition, fees, rates, rentals, and\nother charges for the services, goods, or facilities furnished by or on behalf\nof such institution and may adopt policies regarding any such service rendered\nor the use, occupancy, or operation of any such facility.\n\nB. Except to the extent included in the institution’s six-year plan as\nprovided in subsection C, if the total of an institution’s tuition and\neducational and general fees for any fiscal year for Virginia students exceeds\nthe difference for such fiscal year between (i) the institution’s cost of\neducation for all students, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B\nof § 23.1-303 and (ii) the sum of the tuition and educational and general\nfees for non-Virginia students, the state general funds appropriated for its\nbasic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A of § 23.1-303,\nand its per student funding provided pursuant to § 23.1-304, the\ninstitution shall forgo new state funding at a level above the general funds\nreceived by the institution during the 2011-2012 fiscal year, at the discretion\nof the General Assembly, and shall be obligated to provide increased financial\naid to maintain affordability for students from low-income and middle-income\nfamilies. This limitation shall not apply to any portion of tuition and\neducational and general fees for Virginia students allocated to student\nfinancial aid, an institution’s share of state-mandated salary or fringe\nbenefit increases, increases in funds other than state general funds for the\nimprovement of faculty salary competitiveness above the level included in the\ncalculation in clause (i) of subsection B of § 23.1-303, the\ninstitution’s progress towards achieving any financial incentive pursuant\nto § 23.1-305, unavoidable cost increases such as operation and maintenance\nfor new facilities and utility rate increases, or other items directly\nattributable to an institution’s unique mission and contributions.\n\nC. Nothing in subsection B shall prohibit an institution from including in its\nsix-year plan required by § 23.1-306 (i) new programs or initiatives\nincluding quality improvements or (ii) institution-specific funding based on\nparticular state policies or institution-specific programs, or both, that will\ncause the total of the institution’s tuition and educational and general\nfees for any fiscal year for Virginia students to exceed the difference for such\nfiscal year between (a) the institution’s cost of education for all\nstudents, as calculated pursuant to clause (i) of subsection B of §\n23.1-303, and (b) the sum of the tuition and educational and general fees for\nthe institution’s non-Virginia students, the state general funds\nappropriated for its basic operations and instruction pursuant to subsection A\nof § 23.1-303, and its per student funding provided pursuant to §\n23.1-304.\n\nD. No governing board of any public institution of higher education shall\napprove an increase in undergraduate tuition or mandatory fees without providing\nstudents and the public a projected range of the planned increase, an\nexplanation of the need for the increase, and notice of (i) the date, time, and\nlocation of the meeting at which public comment is permitted pursuant to\nsubsection E on the institution’s website and through any other standard\nmeans of communication utilized by the institution with students at least 10\ndays prior to such meeting and (ii) the date and location of any vote on such\nincrease at least 30 days prior to such vote.\n\nE. Prior to any vote referenced in subsection D, the governing board of each\npublic institution of higher education shall permit public comment on the\nproposed increase at a meeting, as that term is defined in § 2.2-3701, of\nthe governing board. Each such governing board shall establish policies for such\npublic comment, which may include reasonable time limitations.\n\nF. At any meeting at which the governing board of a public institution of higher\neducation approves an increase in undergraduate tuition and mandatory fees, the\ngoverning board shall provide an explanation of any deviation from the projected\nrange provided pursuant to subsection D.\n\nG. No later than August 1 of each year, the Council shall provide to the\nGovernor and the Chairmen of the House Committee on Appropriations, the House\nCommittee on Education, the Senate Committee on Education and Health, and the\nSenate Committee on Finance and Appropriations a report on any increase in\nundergraduate tuition and mandatory fees at a public institution of higher\neducation, the public comment relating to such increase in undergraduate tuition\nand mandatory fees, and any deviation in the increase in undergraduate tuition\nand mandatory fees from the increase projected in the institutional six-year\nplan provided pursuant to § 23.1-306.\n\nHISTORY: 2011, cc. 828, 869, \u00a7 23-38.87:18; 2016, c. 588; 2017, c. 523; 2019,\ncc. 583, 584, 588; 2020, c. 435.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}