{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/23.1-401.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/23.1-401.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/23.1-401.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/23.1-401.html"}],"law_id":84653,"edition_id":1,"section_id":84653,"structure_id":13517,"section_number":"23.1-401","catch_line":"Restrictions on student speech; limitations","history":"2014, c. 559, \u00a7 23-9.2:13; 2016, c. 588.","full_text":"No public institution of higher education shall impose restrictions on the time, place, and manner of student speech that (i) occurs in the outdoor areas of the institution’s campus and (ii) is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution unless the restrictions (a) are reasonable, (b) are justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech, (c) are narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and (d) leave open ample alternative channels for communication of the information.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":303420,"text":"No public institution of higher education shall impose restrictions on the time, place, and manner of student speech that (i) occurs in the outdoor areas of the institution’s campus and (ii) is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution unless the restrictions (a) are reasonable, (b) are justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech, (c) are narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and (d) leave open ample alternative channels for communication of the information.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":13517,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"4","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13112,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:07","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:07","permalink":{"id":184849,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13517,"identifier":"4","token":"23.1\/II\/4","url":"\/23.1\/II\/4\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13112,"edition_id":1,"name":"Students and Campus","identifier":"II","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13111,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:18","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:18","permalink":{"id":184847,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13112,"identifier":"II","token":"23.1\/II","url":"\/23.1\/II\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13111,"edition_id":1,"name":"Institutions of Higher Education; 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This law was first created in 2014. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 559<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 2016, chapter 588<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":184855,"object_type":"law","relational_id":84653,"identifier":"23.1-401","token":"23.1\/II\/4\/23.1-401","url":"\/23.1-401\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/23.1-401\/","token":"23.1\/II\/4\/23.1-401","dublin_core":{"Title":"Restrictions on student speech; limitations","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 23.1-401","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

No public institution of higher education<\/span> shall impose restrictions on the time, place, and manner of student speech that (i) occurs in the outdoor areas of the institution’s campus and (ii) is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution unless the restrictions (a) are reasonable, (b) are justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech, (c) are narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and (d) leave open ample alternative channels for communication of the information.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nRESTRICTIONS ON STUDENT SPEECH; LIMITATIONS (\u00a7 23.1-401)\n\nNo public institution of higher education shall impose restrictions on the time,\nplace, and manner of student speech that (i) occurs in the outdoor areas of the\ninstitution’s campus and (ii) is protected by the First Amendment to the\nUnited States Constitution unless the restrictions (a) are reasonable, (b) are\njustified without reference to the content of the regulated speech, (c) are\nnarrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and (d) leave\nopen ample alternative channels for communication of the information.\n\nHISTORY: 2014, c. 559, \u00a7 23-9.2:13; 2016, c. 588.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}