{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/3.2-5206.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/3.2-5206.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/3.2-5206.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/3.2-5206.html"}],"law_id":81091,"edition_id":1,"section_id":81091,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5206","catch_line":"Board authorized to establish standards and adopt regulations; guidance of State Health Commissioner","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 3-345; 1966, c. 702, \u00a7 3.1-424; 1970, c. 49, \u00a7 3.1-530.1; 2001, c. 523; 2008, c. 860.","full_text":"A\n\nThe Board is authorized to establish definitions, standards of quality and identity, and to adopt and enforce regulations dealing with the issuance of permits, production, importation, processing, grading, labeling, and sanitary standards for milk, milk products, market milk, market milk products, and those products manufactured or sold in semblance to or as substitutes for milk, milk products, market milk, market milk products. Regulations concerning the processing and distributing of Grade A market milk and Grade A market milk products shall be adopted with the advice and guidance of the State Health Commissioner. The Board shall adopt regulations for the issuance of the permits referred to in § 3.2-5208. The Board may require permits in addition to those prescribed by the terms of this article, and shall adopt regulations concerning the conditions under which any additional permits shall be issued.B\n\nIn adopting any regulation pursuant to this section, the Board may adopt by reference:1\n\nAny regulation or part thereof under federal law that pertains to milk or milk products, amending the federal regulation as necessary for intrastate application.2\n\nAny model ordinance or regulation issued under federal law, including the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (Public Health Service\/Food and Drug Administration Publication Number 229) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Milk for Manufacturing Purposes and its Production and Processing Recommended Requirements (hereafter the USDA Recommended Requirements), amending it as necessary for intrastate application and to: (i) require milk on each dairy farm to be cooled and stored at a temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit or less, but not frozen; (ii) require the use of recording thermometers and interval timers on every milk storage tank installed on a permitted Grade A milk dairy farm; (iii) specify the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and record keeping necessary for the proper use of such thermometers and timers; (iv) establish a definition for small-scale processors of cheese under the dairy plant processing requirements contained in the USDA Recommended Requirements; and (v) create exemptions for small-scale processors of cheese from the USDA Recommended Requirements regarding processing requirements for dairy plants, provided such exemptions do not compromise food safety.3\n\nAny reference, standard, or part thereof relating to milk, milk products, or milk production published by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the American Public Health Association, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or the International Association of Food Protection.4\n\nAny method of analysis relating to milk or milk products including any method of analysis published by the United States Public Health Service, the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, or the American Public Health Association.C\n\nAny regulation adopted pursuant to this section shall, unless a later effective date is specified in the regulation, be effective upon filing with the Registrar of Regulations, who shall publish the regulation as a final regulation in the Virginia Register of Regulations. Neither the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.) nor public participation guidelines adopted pursuant thereto shall apply to the adoption of any regulation pursuant to this section. Prior to adopting any regulation pursuant to this section, the Board shall publish a notice of opportunity to comment in the Virginia Register of Regulations. The notice of opportunity to comment shall contain: (i) a summary of the proposed regulation; (ii) instructions on how to obtain the complete text of the proposed regulation; and (iii) the name, address, and telephone number of the agency contact person responsible for receiving public comments. The notice of opportunity to comment shall be made at least 90 days in advance of the last date prescribed in the notice for submittals of public comment. The legislative review provisions of § 2.2-4014 shall apply to the promulgation or final adoption process of regulations under this section. The Board shall consider and keep on file all public comments received for any regulation adopted pursuant to this section.D\n\nNotwithstanding the provisions of subsections B and C, any permits that may be issued or regulations that may be adopted for the sale or manufacture of cheese from milk from any species not required to be permitted or regulated in intrastate commerce prior to July 1, 2001, under this article, shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.) if such regulations or permits apply to persons who manufacture less than 1,000 pounds of such cheese annually.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":290694,"text":"The Board is authorized to establish definitions, standards of quality and identity, and to adopt and enforce regulations dealing with the issuance of permits, production, importation, processing, grading, labeling, and sanitary standards for milk, milk products, market milk, market milk products, and those products manufactured or sold in semblance to or as substitutes for milk, milk products, market milk, market milk products. Regulations concerning the processing and distributing of Grade A market milk and Grade A market milk products shall be adopted with the advice and guidance of the State Health Commissioner. The Board shall adopt regulations for the issuance of the permits referred to in § 3.2-5208. The Board may require permits in addition to those prescribed by the terms of this article, and shall adopt regulations concerning the conditions under which any additional permits shall be issued.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":290695,"text":"In adopting any regulation pursuant to this section, the Board may adopt by reference:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"B1"},"2":{"id":290696,"text":"Any regulation or part thereof under federal law that pertains to milk or milk products, amending the federal regulation as necessary for intrastate application.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"3":{"id":290697,"text":"Any model ordinance or regulation issued under federal law, including the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (Public Health Service\/Food and Drug Administration Publication Number 229) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Milk for Manufacturing Purposes and its Production and Processing Recommended Requirements (hereafter the USDA Recommended Requirements), amending it as necessary for intrastate application and to: (i) require milk on each dairy farm to be cooled and stored at a temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit or less, but not frozen; (ii) require the use of recording thermometers and interval timers on every milk storage tank installed on a permitted Grade A milk dairy farm; (iii) specify the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and record keeping necessary for the proper use of such thermometers and timers; (iv) establish a definition for small-scale processors of cheese under the dairy plant processing requirements contained in the USDA Recommended Requirements; and (v) create exemptions for small-scale processors of cheese from the USDA Recommended Requirements regarding processing requirements for dairy plants, provided such exemptions do not compromise food safety.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"B3"},"4":{"id":290698,"text":"Any reference, standard, or part thereof relating to milk, milk products, or milk production published by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the American Public Health Association, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or the International Association of Food Protection.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"B3","prefix_anchor":"B3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B2","next_prefix":"B4"},"5":{"id":290699,"text":"Any method of analysis relating to milk or milk products including any method of analysis published by the United States Public Health Service, the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, or the American Public Health Association.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"B4","prefix_anchor":"B4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B3","next_prefix":"C"},"6":{"id":290700,"text":"Any regulation adopted pursuant to this section shall, unless a later effective date is specified in the regulation, be effective upon filing with the Registrar of Regulations, who shall publish the regulation as a final regulation in the Virginia Register of Regulations. Neither the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.) nor public participation guidelines adopted pursuant thereto shall apply to the adoption of any regulation pursuant to this section. Prior to adopting any regulation pursuant to this section, the Board shall publish a notice of opportunity to comment in the Virginia Register of Regulations. The notice of opportunity to comment shall contain: (i) a summary of the proposed regulation; (ii) instructions on how to obtain the complete text of the proposed regulation; and (iii) the name, address, and telephone number of the agency contact person responsible for receiving public comments. The notice of opportunity to comment shall be made at least 90 days in advance of the last date prescribed in the notice for submittals of public comment. The legislative review provisions of § 2.2-4014 shall apply to the promulgation or final adoption process of regulations under this section. The Board shall consider and keep on file all public comments received for any regulation adopted pursuant to this section.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B4","next_prefix":"D"},"7":{"id":290701,"text":"Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections B and C, any permits that may be issued or regulations that may be adopted for the sale or manufacture of cheese from milk from any species not required to be permitted or regulated in intrastate commerce prior to July 1, 2001, under this article, shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.) if such regulations or permits apply to persons who manufacture less than 1,000 pounds of such cheese annually.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13999,"edition_id":1,"name":"Standards of Quality, Grading, and Sanitary Standards","identifier":"2","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13998,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:33","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:33","permalink":{"id":197429,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13999,"identifier":"2","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2","url":"\/3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13998,"edition_id":1,"name":"Milk, Milk Products, and Dairies","identifier":"52","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12965,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:33","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:33","permalink":{"id":197401,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13998,"identifier":"52","token":"3.2\/IV\/52","url":"\/3.2\/IV\/52\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12965,"edition_id":1,"name":"Food and Drink; Weights and Measures","identifier":"IV","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12793,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:05","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:05","permalink":{"id":197125,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12965,"identifier":"IV","token":"3.2\/IV","url":"\/3.2\/IV\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12793,"edition_id":1,"name":"Agriculture, Animal Care, and Food","identifier":"3.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:53","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:53","permalink":{"id":193939,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12793,"identifier":"3.2","token":"3.2","url":"\/3.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":81091,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5206","catch_line":"Board authorized to establish standards and adopt regulations; guidance of State Health Commissioner","url":"\/3.2-5206\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5206","metadata":false},{"id":55079,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5207","catch_line":"Powers and duties of Commissioner; obstruction unlawful","url":"\/3.2-5207\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5207","metadata":false},{"id":82629,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5208","catch_line":"Powers and duties of State Health Commissioner; obstruction unlawful","url":"\/3.2-5208\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5208","metadata":false},{"id":70246,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5209","catch_line":"Penalties","url":"\/3.2-5209\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5209","metadata":false},{"id":55473,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5210","catch_line":"Civil penalties","url":"\/3.2-5210\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5210","metadata":false},{"id":64114,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5211","catch_line":"Excessive drug residue; penalty","url":"\/3.2-5211\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5211","metadata":false}],"next_section":{"id":55079,"structure_id":13999,"section_number":"3.2-5207","catch_line":"Powers and duties of Commissioner; obstruction unlawful","url":"\/3.2-5207\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5207","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/3.2-5206\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 4 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1966, chapter 702; in 1970, chapter 49; in 2001, chapter 523<\/a>; in 2008, chapter 860<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":69625,"section_number":"2.2-4002","catch_line":"Exemptions from chapter generally","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-4002\/"},{"id":55079,"section_number":"3.2-5207","catch_line":"Powers and duties of Commissioner; obstruction unlawful","order_by":null,"url":"\/3.2-5207\/"},{"id":82629,"section_number":"3.2-5208","catch_line":"Powers and duties of State Health Commissioner; obstruction unlawful","order_by":null,"url":"\/3.2-5208\/"},{"id":55473,"section_number":"3.2-5210","catch_line":"Civil penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/3.2-5210\/"},{"id":64114,"section_number":"3.2-5211","catch_line":"Excessive drug residue; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/3.2-5211\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":86911,"section_number":"2.2-4000","catch_line":"Short title; purpose","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-4000\/"},{"id":73052,"section_number":"2.2-4014","catch_line":"Legislative review of proposed and final regulations","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-4014\/"},{"id":82629,"section_number":"3.2-5208","catch_line":"Powers and duties of State Health Commissioner; obstruction unlawful","order_by":null,"url":"\/3.2-5208\/"}],"permalink":{"id":197431,"object_type":"law","relational_id":81091,"identifier":"3.2-5206","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5206","url":"\/3.2-5206\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/3.2-5206\/","token":"3.2\/IV\/52\/2\/3.2-5206","dublin_core":{"Title":"Board authorized to establish standards and adopt regulations; guidance of State Health Commissioner","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 3.2-5206","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> The Board<\/span> is authorized to establish definitions, standards of quality and identity, and to adopt and enforce regulations dealing with the issuance of permits, production, importation, processing, grading, labeling, and sanitary standards for milk, milk products, market milk, market milk products, and those products manufactured or sold in semblance to or as substitutes for milk, milk products, market milk, market milk products. Regulations concerning the processing and distributing of Grade A market milk and Grade A market milk products shall be adopted with the advice and guidance of the State Health Commissioner<\/span>. The Board<\/span> shall adopt regulations for the issuance of the permits referred to in § 3.2-5208<\/a>. The Board<\/span> may require permits in addition to those prescribed by the terms of this article, and shall adopt regulations concerning the conditions under which any additional permits shall be issued. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> In adopting any regulation pursuant to this section, the Board<\/span> may adopt by reference: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Any regulation or part thereof under federal law<\/span> that pertains to milk or milk products, amending the federal regulation as necessary for intrastate application. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Any model ordinance<\/span> or regulation issued under federal law<\/span>, including the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance<\/span> (Public Health Service\/Food and Drug Administration Publication Number 229) and the U.S. Department<\/span> of Agriculture’s Milk for Manufacturing Purposes and its Production and Processing Recommended Requirements (hereafter the USDA Recommended Requirements), amending it as necessary for intrastate application and to: (i) require milk on each dairy farm to be cooled and stored at a temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit or less, but not frozen; (ii) require the use of recording thermometers and interval timers on every milk storage tank installed on a permitted Grade A milk dairy farm; (iii) specify the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and record keeping necessary for the proper use of such thermometers and timers; (iv) establish a definition for small-scale processors of cheese under the dairy plant processing requirements contained in the USDA Recommended Requirements; and (v) create exemptions for small-scale processors of cheese from the USDA Recommended Requirements regarding processing requirements for dairy plants, provided such exemptions do not compromise food safety. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Any reference, standard, or part thereof relating to milk, milk products, or milk production published by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the American Public Health Association, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or the International Association of Food Protection. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Any method of analysis relating to milk or milk products including any method of analysis published by the United States Public Health Service, the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, or the American Public Health Association. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> Any regulation adopted pursuant to this section shall, unless a later effective date is specified in the regulation, be effective upon filing with the Registrar of Regulations, who shall publish the regulation as a final regulation in the Virginia Register of Regulations. Neither the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000<\/a> et seq.) nor public participation guidelines adopted pursuant thereto shall apply to the adoption of any regulation pursuant to this section. Prior to adopting any regulation pursuant to this section, the Board<\/span> shall publish a notice of opportunity to comment in the Virginia Register of Regulations. The notice of opportunity to comment shall contain: (i) a summary of the proposed regulation; (ii) instructions on how to obtain the complete text of the proposed regulation; and (iii) the name, address, and telephone number of the agency contact person responsible for receiving public comments. The notice of opportunity to comment shall be made at least 90 days in advance of the last date prescribed in the notice for submittals of public comment. The legislative review provisions of § 2.2-4014<\/a> shall apply to the promulgation or final adoption process of regulations under this section. The Board<\/span> shall consider and keep on file all public comments received for any regulation adopted pursuant to this section. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections B and C, any permits that may be issued or regulations that may be adopted for the sale or manufacture of cheese from milk from any species not required to be permitted or regulated in intrastate commerce prior to July 1, 2001, under this article, shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000<\/a> et seq.) if such regulations or permits apply to persons who manufacture less than 1,000 pounds of such cheese annually. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nBOARD AUTHORIZED TO ESTABLISH STANDARDS AND ADOPT REGULATIONS; GUIDANCE OF STATE\nHEALTH COMMISSIONER (\u00a7 3.2-5206)\n\nA. The Board is authorized to establish definitions, standards of quality and\nidentity, and to adopt and enforce regulations dealing with the issuance of\npermits, production, importation, processing, grading, labeling, and sanitary\nstandards for milk, milk products, market milk, market milk products, and those\nproducts manufactured or sold in semblance to or as substitutes for milk, milk\nproducts, market milk, market milk products. Regulations concerning the\nprocessing and distributing of Grade A market milk and Grade A market milk\nproducts shall be adopted with the advice and guidance of the State Health\nCommissioner. The Board shall adopt regulations for the issuance of the permits\nreferred to in § 3.2-5208. The Board may require permits in addition to\nthose prescribed by the terms of this article, and shall adopt regulations\nconcerning the conditions under which any additional permits shall be issued.\n\nB. In adopting any regulation pursuant to this section, the Board may adopt by\nreference:\n\n 1. Any regulation or part thereof under federal law that pertains to milk or\n milk products, amending the federal regulation as necessary for intrastate\n application.\n\n 2. Any model ordinance or regulation issued under federal law, including the\n Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (Public Health Service\/Food and Drug Administration\n Publication Number 229) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Milk\n for Manufacturing Purposes and its Production and Processing Recommended\n Requirements (hereafter the USDA Recommended Requirements), amending it as\n necessary for intrastate application and to: (i) require milk on each dairy\n farm to be cooled and stored at a temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit or\n less, but not frozen; (ii) require the use of recording thermometers and\n interval timers on every milk storage tank installed on a permitted Grade A\n milk dairy farm; (iii) specify the design, fabrication, installation,\n inspection, and record keeping necessary for the proper use of such\n thermometers and timers; (iv) establish a definition for small-scale\n processors of cheese under the dairy plant processing requirements contained\n in the USDA Recommended Requirements; and (v) create exemptions for\n small-scale processors of cheese from the USDA Recommended Requirements\n regarding processing requirements for dairy plants, provided such exemptions\n do not compromise food safety.\n\n 3. Any reference, standard, or part thereof relating to milk, milk products,\n or milk production published by the American Society of Agricultural\n Engineers, the American Public Health Association, the American Society of\n Mechanical Engineers, or the International Association of Food Protection.\n\n 4. Any method of analysis relating to milk or milk products including any\n method of analysis published by the United States Public Health Service, the\n Association of Official Analytical Chemists, or the American Public Health\n Association.\n\nC. Any regulation adopted pursuant to this section shall, unless a later\neffective date is specified in the regulation, be effective upon filing with the\nRegistrar of Regulations, who shall publish the regulation as a final regulation\nin the Virginia Register of Regulations. Neither the provisions of the\nAdministrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.) nor public participation\nguidelines adopted pursuant thereto shall apply to the adoption of any\nregulation pursuant to this section. Prior to adopting any regulation pursuant\nto this section, the Board shall publish a notice of opportunity to comment in\nthe Virginia Register of Regulations. The notice of opportunity to comment shall\ncontain: (i) a summary of the proposed regulation; (ii) instructions on how to\nobtain the complete text of the proposed regulation; and (iii) the name,\naddress, and telephone number of the agency contact person responsible for\nreceiving public comments. The notice of opportunity to comment shall be made at\nleast 90 days in advance of the last date prescribed in the notice for\nsubmittals of public comment. The legislative review provisions of §\n2.2-4014 shall apply to the promulgation or final adoption process of\nregulations under this section. The Board shall consider and keep on file all\npublic comments received for any regulation adopted pursuant to this section.\n\nD. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections B and C, any permits that may\nbe issued or regulations that may be adopted for the sale or manufacture of\ncheese from milk from any species not required to be permitted or regulated in\nintrastate commerce prior to July 1, 2001, under this article, shall be in\naccordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§\n2.2-4000 et seq.) if such regulations or permits apply to persons who\nmanufacture less than 1,000 pounds of such cheese annually.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 3-345; 1966, c. 702, \u00a7 3.1-424; 1970, c. 49, \u00a7\n3.1-530.1; 2001, c. 523; 2008, c. 860.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}