{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/33.2-244.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/33.2-244.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/33.2-244.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/33.2-244.html"}],"law_id":78327,"edition_id":1,"section_id":78327,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-244","catch_line":"Removal of snow and ice from public highways by private entities","history":"1996, c. 714, \u00a7 33.1-200.2; 2014, c. 805.","full_text":"Upon request by a person, the Commissioner of Highways may authorize such person to hire private persons, firms, contractors, or entities to remove snow and ice from any public highway in Planning District 8, provided that there will be no costs to the Commonwealth or its political subdivisions for work pursuant to this section. No private person, firm, contractor, or entity employed to remove snow and ice from any public highway shall be afforded sovereign immunity or immunity in any form whatsoever. Private persons, firms, contractors, or entities so employed shall be liable for civil damages, including damages for death, injury, or property damage resulting from any act or omission relating to the removal of snow and ice from public highways. Nothing contained in this section shall limit the authority of the Commissioner of Highways granted under other provisions of law to authorize or contract for the removal of snow and ice from public highways.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":280756,"text":"Upon request by a person, the Commissioner of Highways may authorize such person to hire private persons, firms, contractors, or entities to remove snow and ice from any public highway in Planning District 8, provided that there will be no costs to the Commonwealth or its political subdivisions for work pursuant to this section. No private person, firm, contractor, or entity employed to remove snow and ice from any public highway shall be afforded sovereign immunity or immunity in any form whatsoever. Private persons, firms, contractors, or entities so employed shall be liable for civil damages, including damages for death, injury, or property damage resulting from any act or omission relating to the removal of snow and ice from public highways. Nothing contained in this section shall limit the authority of the Commissioner of Highways granted under other provisions of law to authorize or contract for the removal of snow and ice from public highways.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":13137,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commissioner of Highways","identifier":"3","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13136,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:20","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:20","permalink":{"id":204989,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13137,"identifier":"3","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3","url":"\/33.2\/I\/2\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13136,"edition_id":1,"name":"Transportation Entities","identifier":"2","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13135,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:20","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:20","permalink":{"id":204875,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13136,"identifier":"2","token":"33.2\/I\/2","url":"\/33.2\/I\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13135,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions and Transportation Entities","identifier":"I","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12806,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:20","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:20","permalink":{"id":204787,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13135,"identifier":"I","token":"33.2\/I","url":"\/33.2\/I\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12806,"edition_id":1,"name":"Highways and Other Surface Transportation Systems","identifier":"33.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":204785,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12806,"identifier":"33.2","token":"33.2","url":"\/33.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":70893,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-222","catch_line":"Commissioner of Highways","url":"\/33.2-222\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-222","metadata":false},{"id":61222,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-223","catch_line":"General powers of Commissioner of Highways","url":"\/33.2-223\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-223","metadata":false},{"id":63338,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-224","catch_line":"Employees; delegation of responsibilities","url":"\/33.2-224\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-224","metadata":false},{"id":86590,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-225","catch_line":"Liaison duties with other organizations","url":"\/33.2-225\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-225","metadata":false},{"id":83170,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-226","catch_line":"Authority to lease or convey airspace","url":"\/33.2-226\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-226","metadata":false},{"id":62391,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-227","catch_line":"Defense of employees","url":"\/33.2-227\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-227","metadata":false},{"id":81611,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-228","catch_line":"Agreements between Commissioner of Highways and certain localities","url":"\/33.2-228\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-228","metadata":false},{"id":85565,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-229","catch_line":"Furnishing information regarding right-of-way transactions","url":"\/33.2-229\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-229","metadata":false},{"id":65625,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-230","catch_line":"Written notice of decision to dispose of real property","url":"\/33.2-230\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-230","metadata":false},{"id":74466,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-231","catch_line":"Establish community service landscaping program","url":"\/33.2-231\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-231","metadata":false},{"id":70228,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-232","catch_line":"Biennial reports by Commissioner of Highways and the Office of Intermodal Planning and Investment","url":"\/33.2-232\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-232","metadata":false},{"id":76784,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-233","catch_line":"Gathering and reporting of information and statistics","url":"\/33.2-233\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-233","metadata":false},{"id":81809,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-234","catch_line":"Construction by state or local employees","url":"\/33.2-234\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-234","metadata":false},{"id":66754,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-235","catch_line":"Procurement","url":"\/33.2-235\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-235","metadata":false},{"id":68789,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-236","catch_line":" Maps or plats prepared at request and expense of local governing bodies and other groups; Department of Energy to seek other existing sources","url":"\/33.2-236\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-236","metadata":false},{"id":64042,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-237","catch_line":"Directional signs for certain educational institutions","url":"\/33.2-237\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-237","metadata":false},{"id":82461,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-238","catch_line":"Closing highways for safety of public or proper completion of construction; injury to barriers, signs, etc","url":"\/33.2-238\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-238","metadata":false},{"id":60812,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-239","catch_line":"Providing highway detours","url":"\/33.2-239\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-239","metadata":false},{"id":73007,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-240","catch_line":"Connections over shoulders of highways for intersecting private roads","url":"\/33.2-240\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-240","metadata":false},{"id":71363,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-241","catch_line":"Connections over shoulders of highways for intersecting commercial establishment entrances; penalty","url":"\/33.2-241\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-241","metadata":false},{"id":59722,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-242","catch_line":"Replacing entrances destroyed in the repair or construction of highways","url":"\/33.2-242\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-242","metadata":false},{"id":61612,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-243","catch_line":"Paying for damages sustained to personal property by reason of work projects, etc","url":"\/33.2-243\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-243","metadata":false},{"id":78327,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-244","catch_line":"Removal of snow and ice from public highways by private entities","url":"\/33.2-244\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-244","metadata":false},{"id":72332,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-245","catch_line":"Comprehensive highway access management standards","url":"\/33.2-245\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-245","metadata":false},{"id":81160,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-246","catch_line":"Recreational waysides; regulations; penalties","url":"\/33.2-246\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-246","metadata":false},{"id":75411,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-247","catch_line":"Wetlands mitigation banking","url":"\/33.2-247\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-247","metadata":false},{"id":81124,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-248","catch_line":"Expenditure of funds for interstate bridges and approaches","url":"\/33.2-248\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-248","metadata":false},{"id":61311,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-249","catch_line":"Maintenance and operation of bridges or tunnels on the city and state line","url":"\/33.2-249\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-249","metadata":false},{"id":63896,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-250","catch_line":"Improving certain private roads and certain town streets and roads","url":"\/33.2-250\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-250","metadata":false},{"id":74888,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-251","catch_line":"Installation and maintenance of \"children at play\" signs in counties and towns","url":"\/33.2-251\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-251","metadata":false},{"id":61825,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-252","catch_line":"Tramways and railways along or across public highways; appeals","url":"\/33.2-252\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-252","metadata":false},{"id":73157,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-253","catch_line":"Highway safety corridor program","url":"\/33.2-253\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-253","metadata":false},{"id":54165,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-254","catch_line":"Erection and maintenance of newspaper route boxes","url":"\/33.2-254\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-254","metadata":false},{"id":60527,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-255","catch_line":"Sale or lease of properties acquired for highway construction","url":"\/33.2-255\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-255","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":61612,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-243","catch_line":"Paying for damages sustained to personal property by reason of work projects, etc","url":"\/33.2-243\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-243","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":72332,"structure_id":13137,"section_number":"33.2-245","catch_line":"Comprehensive highway access management standards","url":"\/33.2-245\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-245","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/33.2-244\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 1996. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?961+ful+CHAP0714\">714<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 2014, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?141+ful+CHAP0805\">805<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":205079,"object_type":"law","relational_id":78327,"identifier":"33.2-244","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-244","url":"\/33.2-244\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/33.2-244\/","token":"33.2\/I\/2\/3\/33.2-244","dublin_core":{"Title":"Removal of snow and ice from public highways by private entities","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 33.2-244","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>Upon request by a person, the <span class=\"dictionary\">Commissioner of Highways<\/span> may authorize such person to hire private persons, firms, contractors, or entities to remove snow and ice from any public <span class=\"dictionary\">highway<\/span> in Planning District 8, provided that there will be no costs to the Commonwealth or its political subdivisions for work pursuant to this section. No private person, firm, contractor, or entity employed to remove snow and ice from any public <span class=\"dictionary\">highway<\/span> shall be afforded sovereign immunity or immunity in any form whatsoever. Private persons, firms, contractors, or entities so employed shall be liable for civil <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span>, including <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> for death, injury, or property damage resulting from any act or omission relating to the removal of snow and ice from public highways. Nothing contained in this section shall limit the authority of the <span class=\"dictionary\">Commissioner of Highways<\/span> granted under other provisions of <span class=\"dictionary\">law<\/span> to authorize or <span class=\"dictionary\">contract<\/span> for the removal of snow and ice from public highways.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nREMOVAL OF SNOW AND ICE FROM PUBLIC HIGHWAYS BY PRIVATE ENTITIES (\u00a7 33.2-244)\n\nUpon request by a person, the Commissioner of Highways may authorize such person\nto hire private persons, firms, contractors, or entities to remove snow and ice\nfrom any public highway in Planning District 8, provided that there will be no\ncosts to the Commonwealth or its political subdivisions for work pursuant to\nthis section. No private person, firm, contractor, or entity employed to remove\nsnow and ice from any public highway shall be afforded sovereign immunity or\nimmunity in any form whatsoever. Private persons, firms, contractors, or\nentities so employed shall be liable for civil damages, including damages for\ndeath, injury, or property damage resulting from any act or omission relating to\nthe removal of snow and ice from public highways. Nothing contained in this\nsection shall limit the authority of the Commissioner of Highways granted under\nother provisions of law to authorize or contract for the removal of snow and ice\nfrom public highways.\n\nHISTORY: 1996, c. 714, \u00a7 33.1-200.2; 2014, c. 805.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}