{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/38.2-1916.2.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/38.2-1916.2.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/38.2-1916.2.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/38.2-1916.2.html"}],"law_id":54431,"edition_id":1,"section_id":54431,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1916.2","catch_line":"Penalties; injunctive relief; restitution","history":"1990, c. 596.","full_text":"A\n\nNotwithstanding the provisions of &#xA7; 38.2-218, any insurer, rate service organization or other person who knowingly or willfully violates any provision of &#xA7; 38.2-1916 shall be punished for each such violation by a penalty of not more than $100,000 and may be subject to suspension or revocation of any license issued by the Commission.B\n\nAny person threatened with injury or damage to his business or property by reason of a violation of &#xA7; 38.2-1916 may petition the Commission for injunctive relief pursuant to &#xA7; 38.2-220.C\n\nThe Commission may require an insurer, rate service organization, or other person to make restitution in the amount of the direct actual financial loss, including any costs associated with bringing such a matter before the Commission and reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees, to (i) the Commonwealth, a political subdivision thereof, or any public agency injured in its business or property or (ii) any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of &#xA7; 38.2-1916. If the Commission finds that the violation is willful or flagrant, it may increase the restitution payment to an amount not in excess of three times the actual damages sustained.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":199764,"text":"Notwithstanding the provisions of &#xA7; 38.2-218, any insurer, rate service organization or other person who knowingly or willfully violates any provision of &#xA7; 38.2-1916 shall be punished for each such violation by a penalty of not more than $100,000 and may be subject to suspension or revocation of any license issued by the Commission.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":199765,"text":"Any person threatened with injury or damage to his business or property by reason of a violation of &#xA7; 38.2-1916 may petition the Commission for injunctive relief pursuant to &#xA7; 38.2-220.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":199766,"text":"The Commission may require an insurer, rate service organization, or other person to make restitution in the amount of the direct actual financial loss, including any costs associated with bringing such a matter before the Commission and reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees, to (i) the Commonwealth, a political subdivision thereof, or any public agency injured in its business or property or (ii) any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of &#xA7; 38.2-1916. If the Commission finds that the violation is willful or flagrant, it may increase the restitution payment to an amount not in excess of three times the actual damages sustained.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13456,"edition_id":1,"name":"Regulation of Rates Generally","identifier":"19","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12698,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:55","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:55","permalink":{"id":212945,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13456,"identifier":"19","token":"38.2\/19","url":"\/38.2\/19\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12698,"edition_id":1,"name":"Insurance","identifier":"38.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","permalink":{"id":210661,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12698,"identifier":"38.2","token":"38.2","url":"\/38.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":66229,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1900","catch_line":"Purposes of chapter","url":"\/38.2-1900\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1900","metadata":false},{"id":57539,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1901","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/38.2-1901\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1901","metadata":false},{"id":74191,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1902","catch_line":"Scope of chapter","url":"\/38.2-1902\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1902","metadata":false},{"id":70651,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1903","catch_line":"Exemptions","url":"\/38.2-1903\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1903","metadata":false},{"id":86657,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1903.1","catch_line":"Exemptions of large commercial risks","url":"\/38.2-1903.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1903.1","metadata":false},{"id":68129,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1904","catch_line":"Rate standards","url":"\/38.2-1904\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1904","metadata":false},{"id":57802,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1905","catch_line":"Motor vehicle insurer not to charge points or increase premiums in certain instances","url":"\/38.2-1905\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1905","metadata":false},{"id":80697,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1905.1","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/38.2-1905.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1905.1","metadata":false},{"id":70804,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1906","catch_line":"Filing and use of rates","url":"\/38.2-1906\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1906","metadata":false},{"id":54809,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1906.1","catch_line":"Misquote of premium","url":"\/38.2-1906.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1906.1","metadata":false},{"id":67605,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1907","catch_line":"Filings open to inspection","url":"\/38.2-1907\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1907","metadata":false},{"id":61334,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1908","catch_line":"Rate making and delegation of filing obligation","url":"\/38.2-1908\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1908","metadata":false},{"id":76329,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1909","catch_line":"Review of rates by Commission","url":"\/38.2-1909\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1909","metadata":false},{"id":64325,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1910","catch_line":"Disapproval of rates","url":"\/38.2-1910\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1910","metadata":false},{"id":63878,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1911","catch_line":"Special restrictions on individual insurers","url":"\/38.2-1911\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1911","metadata":false},{"id":77322,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1912","catch_line":"Delayed effect of rates; certification of reinsurance with affiliated company","url":"\/38.2-1912\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1912","metadata":false},{"id":76016,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1912.1","catch_line":"Approval of prospective loss costs and supplementary rate information; \u00a7 38.2-119 rate filings","url":"\/38.2-1912.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1912.1","metadata":false},{"id":73514,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1913","catch_line":"Operation and control of rate service organizations","url":"\/38.2-1913\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1913","metadata":false},{"id":68776,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1914","catch_line":"Licensing of rate service organizations","url":"\/38.2-1914\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1914","metadata":false},{"id":77780,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1915","catch_line":"Joint underwriting or joint reinsurance organizations","url":"\/38.2-1915\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1915","metadata":false},{"id":82148,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1916","catch_line":"Certain conduct by insurers and rate service organizations prohibited","url":"\/38.2-1916\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1916","metadata":false},{"id":75759,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1916.1","catch_line":"Investigation by Attorney General of suspected violations; investigative demand to witnesses; access to business records, etc.; penalties","url":"\/38.2-1916.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1916.1","metadata":false},{"id":54431,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1916.2","catch_line":"Penalties; injunctive relief; restitution","url":"\/38.2-1916.2\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1916.2","metadata":false},{"id":64311,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1917","catch_line":"Injunctive relief","url":"\/38.2-1917\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1917","metadata":false},{"id":64825,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1918","catch_line":"Agreements for equitable apportionment of insurance","url":"\/38.2-1918\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1918","metadata":false},{"id":62231,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1919","catch_line":"Collection of experience data; uniformity; compilations available to insurers and rate service organizations","url":"\/38.2-1919\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1919","metadata":false},{"id":72323,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1919.1","catch_line":"Interchange of rating data and information","url":"\/38.2-1919.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1919.1","metadata":false},{"id":60173,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1920","catch_line":"Excess rate for a specific risk","url":"\/38.2-1920\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1920","metadata":false},{"id":81510,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1921","catch_line":"Combination policies","url":"\/38.2-1921\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1921","metadata":false},{"id":61464,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1921.1","catch_line":"Professional employer organization workers' compensation rating","url":"\/38.2-1921.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1921.1","metadata":false},{"id":54416,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1922","catch_line":"No rule prohibiting or regulating payment of dividends, etc., to be adopted","url":"\/38.2-1922\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1922","metadata":false},{"id":73419,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1923","catch_line":"Person aggrieved by application of rating system to be heard; appeal to Commission","url":"\/38.2-1923\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1923","metadata":false},{"id":56103,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1924","catch_line":"Cooperation among rate service organizations, or among rate service organizations and insurers, authorized; review by Commission","url":"\/38.2-1924\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1924","metadata":false},{"id":77979,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1925","catch_line":"Examination of rate service organizations and joint underwriting and joint reinsurance organizations","url":"\/38.2-1925\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1925","metadata":false},{"id":67284,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1926","catch_line":"Action of Commission upon request for hearing on order or decision made without a hearing","url":"\/38.2-1926\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1926","metadata":false},{"id":62597,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1927","catch_line":"Withholding information; giving false or misleading information","url":"\/38.2-1927\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1927","metadata":false},{"id":73884,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1928","catch_line":"Violations of chapter","url":"\/38.2-1928\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1928","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":75759,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1916.1","catch_line":"Investigation by Attorney General of suspected violations; investigative demand to witnesses; access to business records, etc.; penalties","url":"\/38.2-1916.1\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1916.1","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":64311,"structure_id":13456,"section_number":"38.2-1917","catch_line":"Injunctive relief","url":"\/38.2-1917\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1917","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/38.2-1916.2\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 1990. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 596 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1990 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":82148,"section_number":"38.2-1916","catch_line":"Certain conduct by insurers and rate service organizations prohibited","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-1916\/"},{"id":64490,"section_number":"38.2-218","catch_line":"Penalties and restitution payments","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-218\/"}],"permalink":{"id":213035,"object_type":"law","relational_id":54431,"identifier":"38.2-1916.2","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1916.2","url":"\/38.2-1916.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/38.2-1916.2\/","token":"38.2\/19\/38.2-1916.2","dublin_core":{"Title":"Penalties; injunctive relief; restitution","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 38.2-1916.2","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> Notwithstanding the provisions of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Penalties and restitution payments\" href=\"\/38.2-218\/\">38.2-218<\/a>, any <span class=\"dictionary\">insurer<\/span>, <span class=\"dictionary\">rate service organization<\/span> or other <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> who knowingly or willfully violates any provision of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Certain conduct by insurers and rate service organizations prohibited\" href=\"\/38.2-1916\/\">38.2-1916<\/a> shall be punished for each such violation by a <span class=\"dictionary\">penalty<\/span> of not more than $100,000 and may be subject to suspension or <span class=\"dictionary\">revocation<\/span> of any license issued by the <span class=\"dictionary\">Commission<\/span>. <a id=\"paragraph-199764\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-1916.2\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> Any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> threatened with injury or damage to his business or property by reason of a violation of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Certain conduct by insurers and rate service organizations prohibited\" href=\"\/38.2-1916\/\">38.2-1916<\/a> may <span class=\"dictionary\">petition<\/span> the <span class=\"dictionary\">Commission<\/span> for injunctive relief pursuant to &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Injunctions\" href=\"\/38.2-220\/\">38.2-220<\/a>. <a id=\"paragraph-199765\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-1916.2\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> The <span class=\"dictionary\">Commission<\/span> may require an <span class=\"dictionary\">insurer<\/span>, <span class=\"dictionary\">rate service organization<\/span>, or other <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> to make <span class=\"dictionary\">restitution<\/span> in the amount of the direct actual financial loss, including any costs associated with bringing such a matter before the <span class=\"dictionary\">Commission<\/span> and reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees, to (i) the Commonwealth, a political subdivision thereof, or any public agency injured in its business or property or (ii) any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Certain conduct by insurers and rate service organizations prohibited\" href=\"\/38.2-1916\/\">38.2-1916<\/a>. If the <span class=\"dictionary\">Commission<\/span> finds that the violation is willful or flagrant, it may increase the <span class=\"dictionary\">restitution<\/span> payment to an amount not in excess of three times the actual <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> sustained. <a id=\"paragraph-199766\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-1916.2\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPENALTIES; INJUNCTIVE RELIEF; RESTITUTION (\u00a7 38.2-1916.2)\n\nA. Notwithstanding the provisions of &#xA7; 38.2-218, any insurer, rate service\norganization or other person who knowingly or willfully violates any provision\nof &#xA7; 38.2-1916 shall be punished for each such violation by a penalty of\nnot more than $100,000 and may be subject to suspension or revocation of any\nlicense issued by the Commission.\n\nB. Any person threatened with injury or damage to his business or property by\nreason of a violation of &#xA7; 38.2-1916 may petition the Commission for\ninjunctive relief pursuant to &#xA7; 38.2-220.\n\nC. The Commission may require an insurer, rate service organization, or other\nperson to make restitution in the amount of the direct actual financial loss,\nincluding any costs associated with bringing such a matter before the Commission\nand reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees, to (i) the Commonwealth, a political\nsubdivision thereof, or any public agency injured in its business or property or\n(ii) any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of\n&#xA7; 38.2-1916. If the Commission finds that the violation is willful or\nflagrant, it may increase the restitution payment to an amount not in excess of\nthree times the actual damages sustained.\n\nHISTORY: 1990, c. 596.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}