{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/38.2-3407.13.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/38.2-3407.13.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/38.2-3407.13.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/38.2-3407.13.html"}],"law_id":81634,"edition_id":1,"section_id":81634,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.13","catch_line":"Refusal to accept assignments prohibited; dentists and oral surgeons","history":"1999, cc. 643, 649.","full_text":"A\n\nNo insurer proposing to issue individual or group accident and sickness insurance policies providing hospital, medical and surgical or major medical coverage on an expense-incurred basis, no corporation providing individual or group accident and sickness subscription contracts, and no dental services plan offering or administering prepaid dental services shall refuse to accept or make reimbursement pursuant to an assignment of benefits made to a dentist or oral surgeon by an insured, subscriber or plan enrollee.B\n\nFor the purpose of this section, &#8220;assignment of benefits&#8221; means the transfer of dental care coverage reimbursement benefits or other rights under an insurance policy, subscription contract or dental services plan by an insured, subscriber or plan enrollee to a dentist or oral surgeon. The assignment of benefits shall not be effective until the insured, subscriber or enrollee notifies the insurer, corporation or plan in writing of the assignment.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":292392,"text":"No insurer proposing to issue individual or group accident and sickness insurance policies providing hospital, medical and surgical or major medical coverage on an expense-incurred basis, no corporation providing individual or group accident and sickness subscription contracts, and no dental services plan offering or administering prepaid dental services shall refuse to accept or make reimbursement pursuant to an assignment of benefits made to a dentist or oral surgeon by an insured, subscriber or plan enrollee.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":292393,"text":"For the purpose of this section, &#8220;assignment of benefits&#8221; means the transfer of dental care coverage reimbursement benefits or other rights under an insurance policy, subscription contract or dental services plan by an insured, subscriber or plan enrollee to a dentist or oral surgeon. The assignment of benefits shall not be effective until the insured, subscriber or enrollee notifies the insurer, corporation or plan in writing of the assignment.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A"}},"ancestry":[{"id":12994,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12993,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:07","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:07","permalink":{"id":214889,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12994,"identifier":"1","token":"38.2\/34\/1","url":"\/38.2\/34\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12993,"edition_id":1,"name":"Provisions Relating to Accident and Sickness Insurance","identifier":"34","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12698,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:07","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:07","permalink":{"id":214887,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12993,"identifier":"34","token":"38.2\/34","url":"\/38.2\/34\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12698,"edition_id":1,"name":"Insurance","identifier":"38.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","permalink":{"id":210661,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12698,"identifier":"38.2","token":"38.2","url":"\/38.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":57593,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3400","catch_line":"Application of chapter","url":"\/38.2-3400\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3400","metadata":false},{"id":72072,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3401","catch_line":"Forms of insurance authorized","url":"\/38.2-3401\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3401","metadata":false},{"id":65240,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3402","catch_line":"Certification to accompany application","url":"\/38.2-3402\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3402","metadata":false},{"id":83988,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3403","catch_line":"Fraudulent procurement of policy","url":"\/38.2-3403\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3403","metadata":false},{"id":65279,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3404","catch_line":"Commission may establish rules and regulations for simplified and readable accident and sickness insurance policies","url":"\/38.2-3404\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3404","metadata":false},{"id":62539,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3405","catch_line":"Certain subrogation provisions and limitations upon recovery in hospital, medical, etc., policies forbidden; limitations on disclosure of medical treatment options prohibited","url":"\/38.2-3405\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3405","metadata":false},{"id":84136,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3405.1","catch_line":"Commonwealth's right to certain accident and sickness benefits","url":"\/38.2-3405.1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3405.1","metadata":false},{"id":70730,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3406","catch_line":"Accident and sickness benefits not subject to legal process","url":"\/38.2-3406\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3406","metadata":false},{"id":84333,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3406.1","catch_line":"Application of requirements that policies offered by small employers include state-mandated health benefits","url":"\/38.2-3406.1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3406.1","metadata":false},{"id":67972,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3406.2","catch_line":"Capped benefits under insurance policies and contracts","url":"\/38.2-3406.2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3406.2","metadata":false},{"id":76321,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407","catch_line":"Health benefit programs","url":"\/38.2-3407\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407","metadata":false},{"id":66921,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.1","catch_line":"Interest on accident and sickness claim proceeds","url":"\/38.2-3407.1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.1","metadata":false},{"id":58079,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.10","catch_line":"Health care provider panels","url":"\/38.2-3407.10\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.10","metadata":false},{"id":66411,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.10:1","catch_line":"Processing of new provider applications and reimbursement for services rendered during pendency of a participating provider's credentialing application","url":"\/38.2-3407.10_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.10_1","metadata":false},{"id":56463,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.10:2","catch_line":"Credentialing of private mental health agencies","url":"\/38.2-3407.10_2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.10_2","metadata":false},{"id":82372,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.11","catch_line":"Access to obstetrician-gynecologists","url":"\/38.2-3407.11\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.11","metadata":false},{"id":70024,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.11:1","catch_line":"Access to specialists; standing referrals","url":"\/38.2-3407.11_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.11_1","metadata":false},{"id":71393,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.11:2","catch_line":"Standing referral for cancer patients","url":"\/38.2-3407.11_2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.11_2","metadata":false},{"id":72434,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.11:3","catch_line":"Breast cancer underwriting and preexisting condition restrictions","url":"\/38.2-3407.11_3\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.11_3","metadata":false},{"id":64402,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.11:4","catch_line":"Disability arising out of childbirth; minimum benefit","url":"\/38.2-3407.11_4\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.11_4","metadata":false},{"id":66706,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.11:5","catch_line":"Interhospital transfer for newborn or mother; prior authorization prohibited","url":"\/38.2-3407.11_5\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.11_5","metadata":false},{"id":68442,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.12","catch_line":"Patient optional point-of-service benefit","url":"\/38.2-3407.12\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.12","metadata":false},{"id":81634,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.13","catch_line":"Refusal to accept assignments prohibited; dentists and oral surgeons","url":"\/38.2-3407.13\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.13","metadata":false},{"id":79541,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.13:1","catch_line":"Coordination of benefits; notice of priority of coverage","url":"\/38.2-3407.13_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.13_1","metadata":false},{"id":87429,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.13:2","catch_line":"Claims paid to insureds for services from nonparticipating physicians","url":"\/38.2-3407.13_2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.13_2","metadata":false},{"id":60288,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.14","catch_line":"Notice of premium or deductible increases","url":"\/38.2-3407.14\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.14","metadata":false},{"id":82945,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.14:1","catch_line":"Standard of clinical evidence for decisions on coverage for proton radiation therapy","url":"\/38.2-3407.14_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.14_1","metadata":false},{"id":71060,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15","catch_line":"Ethics and fairness in carrier business practices","url":"\/38.2-3407.15\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15","metadata":false},{"id":79973,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:1","catch_line":"Carrier contracts with pharmacy providers; required provisions; limit on termination or nonrenewal","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_1","metadata":false},{"id":81930,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:2","catch_line":"(Effective January 1, 2027) Carrier contracts; required provisions regarding prior authorization for drug benefits","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_2","metadata":false},{"id":77493,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:3","catch_line":"Carrier and intermediary contracts with pharmacy providers; disclosure and updating of maximum allowable cost of drugs; limit on termination or nonrenewal","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_3\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_3","metadata":false},{"id":73491,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:4","catch_line":"Limit on copayment for prescription drugs; permitted disclosures","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_4\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_4","metadata":false},{"id":57527,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:5","catch_line":"Limit on cost-sharing payments for prescription insulin drugs","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_5\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_5","metadata":false},{"id":80337,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:6","catch_line":"Prescription drug price transparency","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_6\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_6","metadata":false},{"id":87317,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:7","catch_line":"Carrier provision of certain information","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_7\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_7","metadata":false},{"id":82040,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.15:8","catch_line":"(Effective January 1, 2027) Carrier contracts; required provisions regarding prior authorization for health care services","url":"\/38.2-3407.15_8\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.15_8","metadata":false},{"id":76440,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.16","catch_line":"Requirements for obstetrical care","url":"\/38.2-3407.16\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.16","metadata":false},{"id":64799,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.17","catch_line":"Payment for services by dentists and oral surgeons","url":"\/38.2-3407.17\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.17","metadata":false},{"id":55530,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.17:1","catch_line":"Payment and reimbursement practices for dental services; network access","url":"\/38.2-3407.17_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.17_1","metadata":false},{"id":81770,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.18","catch_line":"Requirements for orally administered cancer chemotherapy drugs","url":"\/38.2-3407.18\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.18","metadata":false},{"id":83502,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.19","catch_line":"Payment for services by optometrists and ophthalmologists","url":"\/38.2-3407.19\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.19","metadata":false},{"id":77646,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.2","catch_line":"Coverage for medical child support","url":"\/38.2-3407.2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.2","metadata":false},{"id":73127,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.20","catch_line":"Calculation of enrollee's contribution to out-of-pocket maximum or cost-sharing requirement","url":"\/38.2-3407.20\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.20","metadata":false},{"id":57407,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.21","catch_line":"Short-term limited-duration medical plans","url":"\/38.2-3407.21\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.21","metadata":false},{"id":85964,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.22","catch_line":"Option for rebates to enrollees; protected information","url":"\/38.2-3407.22\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.22","metadata":false},{"id":81846,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.3","catch_line":"Calculation of cost-sharing provisions","url":"\/38.2-3407.3\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.3","metadata":false},{"id":62583,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.3:1","catch_line":"Premium payment arrearages; order of crediting payments","url":"\/38.2-3407.3_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.3_1","metadata":false},{"id":78457,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.4","catch_line":"Explanation of benefits","url":"\/38.2-3407.4\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.4","metadata":false},{"id":72294,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.4:1","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/38.2-3407.4_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.4_1","metadata":false},{"id":57129,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.4:2","catch_line":"Requirements for prescription benefit cards","url":"\/38.2-3407.4_2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.4_2","metadata":false},{"id":62057,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.5","catch_line":"Denial of benefits for certain prescription drugs prohibited","url":"\/38.2-3407.5\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.5","metadata":false},{"id":54072,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.5:1","catch_line":"Coverage for prescription contraceptives","url":"\/38.2-3407.5_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.5_1","metadata":false},{"id":79611,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.5:2","catch_line":"Reimbursements for dispensing hormonal contraceptives","url":"\/38.2-3407.5_2\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.5_2","metadata":false},{"id":83778,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.6","catch_line":"Exclusion of podiatrist not permitted under certain circumstances","url":"\/38.2-3407.6\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.6","metadata":false},{"id":74649,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.6:1","catch_line":"Denial of benefits for certain prescription drugs prohibited","url":"\/38.2-3407.6_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.6_1","metadata":false},{"id":72641,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.7","catch_line":"Pharmacies; freedom of choice","url":"\/38.2-3407.7\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.7","metadata":false},{"id":73400,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.8","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/38.2-3407.8\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.8","metadata":false},{"id":72540,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.9","catch_line":"Reimbursement for emergency medical services vehicle transportation services","url":"\/38.2-3407.9\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.9","metadata":false},{"id":62232,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.9:01","catch_line":"Prescription drug formularies","url":"\/38.2-3407.9_01\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.9_01","metadata":false},{"id":62074,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.9:02","catch_line":"Requirement for prescription drug coverage","url":"\/38.2-3407.9_02\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.9_02","metadata":false},{"id":68601,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.9:03","catch_line":"Payment of clean claims to administrators of pharmacy benefits","url":"\/38.2-3407.9_03\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.9_03","metadata":false},{"id":56568,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.9:04","catch_line":"Medication synchronization","url":"\/38.2-3407.9_04\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.9_04","metadata":false},{"id":71499,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.9:05","catch_line":"Step therapy protocols","url":"\/38.2-3407.9_05\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.9_05","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":68442,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.12","catch_line":"Patient optional point-of-service benefit","url":"\/38.2-3407.12\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.12","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":79541,"structure_id":12994,"section_number":"38.2-3407.13:1","catch_line":"Coordination of benefits; notice of priority of coverage","url":"\/38.2-3407.13_1\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.13_1","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/38.2-3407.13\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 1999. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?991+ful+CHAP0643\">643<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?991+ful+CHAP0649\">649<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":[{"id":67952,"section_number":"38.2-4319","catch_line":"Statutory construction and relationship to other laws","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-4319\/"},{"id":62548,"section_number":"38.2-4509","catch_line":"Application of certain laws","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-4509\/"},{"id":80352,"section_number":"38.2-6108","catch_line":"Plan dentist contracts; preferred providers; assignment of benefits","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-6108\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":214979,"object_type":"law","relational_id":81634,"identifier":"38.2-3407.13","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.13","url":"\/38.2-3407.13\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/38.2-3407.13\/","token":"38.2\/34\/1\/38.2-3407.13","dublin_core":{"Title":"Refusal to accept assignments prohibited; dentists and oral surgeons","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 38.2-3407.13","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> No <span class=\"dictionary\">insurer<\/span> proposing to <span class=\"dictionary\">issue<\/span> individual or group accident and sickness <span class=\"dictionary\">insurance policies<\/span> providing hospital, medical and surgical or major medical coverage on an expense-incurred basis, no corporation providing individual or group accident and sickness subscription <span class=\"dictionary\">contracts<\/span>, and no dental services plan offering or administering prepaid dental services shall refuse to accept or make reimbursement pursuant to an <span class=\"dictionary\">assignment of benefits<\/span> made to a dentist or oral surgeon by an insured, subscriber or plan enrollee. <a id=\"paragraph-292392\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-3407.13\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> For the purpose of this section, &#8220;<span class=\"dictionary\">assignment of benefits<\/span>&#8221; means the transfer of dental care coverage reimbursement benefits or other rights under an insurance policy, subscription <span class=\"dictionary\">contract<\/span> or dental services plan by an insured, subscriber or plan enrollee to a dentist or oral surgeon. The <span class=\"dictionary\">assignment of benefits<\/span> shall not be effective until the insured, subscriber or enrollee notifies the <span class=\"dictionary\">insurer<\/span>, corporation or plan in writing of the assignment. <a id=\"paragraph-292393\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-3407.13\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nREFUSAL TO ACCEPT ASSIGNMENTS PROHIBITED; DENTISTS AND ORAL SURGEONS (\u00a7\n38.2-3407.13)\n\nA. No insurer proposing to issue individual or group accident and sickness\ninsurance policies providing hospital, medical and surgical or major medical\ncoverage on an expense-incurred basis, no corporation providing individual or\ngroup accident and sickness subscription contracts, and no dental services plan\noffering or administering prepaid dental services shall refuse to accept or make\nreimbursement pursuant to an assignment of benefits made to a dentist or oral\nsurgeon by an insured, subscriber or plan enrollee.\n\nB. For the purpose of this section, &#8220;assignment of benefits&#8221; means\nthe transfer of dental care coverage reimbursement benefits or other rights\nunder an insurance policy, subscription contract or dental services plan by an\ninsured, subscriber or plan enrollee to a dentist or oral surgeon. The\nassignment of benefits shall not be effective until the insured, subscriber or\nenrollee notifies the insurer, corporation or plan in writing of the assignment.\n\nHISTORY: 1999, cc. 643, 649.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}