{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/38.2-617.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/38.2-617.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/38.2-617.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/38.2-617.html"}],"law_id":73310,"edition_id":1,"section_id":73310,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-617","catch_line":"Individual remedies","history":"1981, c. 389, \u00a7 38.1-57.24; 1986, c. 562; 2020, c. 264.","full_text":"A\n\nIf any insurance institution, agent, or insurance-support organization fails to comply with &#xA7;&#xA7; 38.2-608, 38.2-609, or &#xA7; 38.2-610, any person whose rights granted under those sections are violated may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction for appropriate equitable relief.B\n\nAn insurance institution, agent, or insurance-support organization that discloses information in violation of &#xA7; 38.2-613 shall be liable for damages sustained by the individual to whom the information relates. No individual, however, shall be entitled to a monetary award that exceeds the actual damages sustained by the individual as a result of a violation of &#xA7; 38.2-613.C\n\nIn any action brought pursuant to this section, the court may award the cost of the action and reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees to the prevailing party.D\n\nAn action under this section must be brought within two years from the date the alleged violation is or should have been discovered.E\n\nExcept as specifically provided in this section, there shall be no remedy or recovery available to individuals, in law or in equity, for occurrences constituting a violation of any provision of this article.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":263842,"text":"If any insurance institution, agent, or insurance-support organization fails to comply with &#xA7;&#xA7; 38.2-608, 38.2-609, or &#xA7; 38.2-610, any person whose rights granted under those sections are violated may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction for appropriate equitable relief.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":263843,"text":"An insurance institution, agent, or insurance-support organization that discloses information in violation of &#xA7; 38.2-613 shall be liable for damages sustained by the individual to whom the information relates. No individual, however, shall be entitled to a monetary award that exceeds the actual damages sustained by the individual as a result of a violation of &#xA7; 38.2-613.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":263844,"text":"In any action brought pursuant to this section, the court may award the cost of the action and reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees to the prevailing party.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":263845,"text":"An action under this section must be brought within two years from the date the alleged violation is or should have been discovered.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"4":{"id":263846,"text":"Except as specifically provided in this section, there shall be no remedy or recovery available to individuals, in law or in equity, for occurrences constituting a violation of any provision of this article.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14255,"edition_id":1,"name":"Collection, Use, and Dissemination of Information","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12922,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:28","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:28","permalink":{"id":218015,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14255,"identifier":"1","token":"38.2\/6\/1","url":"\/38.2\/6\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12922,"edition_id":1,"name":"Insurance Information and Privacy Protection","identifier":"6","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12698,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:01","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:01","permalink":{"id":218013,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12922,"identifier":"6","token":"38.2\/6","url":"\/38.2\/6\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12698,"edition_id":1,"name":"Insurance","identifier":"38.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","permalink":{"id":210661,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12698,"identifier":"38.2","token":"38.2","url":"\/38.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":64742,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-600","catch_line":"Purposes","url":"\/38.2-600\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-600","metadata":false},{"id":61470,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-601","catch_line":"Application of article","url":"\/38.2-601\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-601","metadata":false},{"id":73837,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-602","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/38.2-602\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-602","metadata":false},{"id":63985,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-603","catch_line":"Pretext interviews","url":"\/38.2-603\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-603","metadata":false},{"id":85852,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-604","catch_line":"Notice of information collection and disclosure practices","url":"\/38.2-604\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-604","metadata":false},{"id":64388,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-604.1","catch_line":"Notice of financial information collection and disclosure practices","url":"\/38.2-604.1\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-604.1","metadata":false},{"id":79870,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-605","catch_line":"Marketing and research surveys","url":"\/38.2-605\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-605","metadata":false},{"id":64763,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-606","catch_line":"Content of disclosure authorization forms","url":"\/38.2-606\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-606","metadata":false},{"id":69670,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-607","catch_line":"Investigative consumer reports","url":"\/38.2-607\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-607","metadata":false},{"id":81752,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-608","catch_line":"Access to recorded personal information","url":"\/38.2-608\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-608","metadata":false},{"id":56196,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-609","catch_line":"Correction, amendment, or deletion of recorded personal information","url":"\/38.2-609\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-609","metadata":false},{"id":83133,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-610","catch_line":"Notice of adverse underwriting decision; furnishing reasons for decisions and sources of information","url":"\/38.2-610\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-610","metadata":false},{"id":77789,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-611","catch_line":"Information concerning previous adverse underwriting decisions","url":"\/38.2-611\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-611","metadata":false},{"id":60819,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-612","catch_line":"Bases for adverse underwriting decisions","url":"\/38.2-612\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-612","metadata":false},{"id":64433,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-612.1","catch_line":"Special requirements for providing financial information to nonaffiliated third parties","url":"\/38.2-612.1\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-612.1","metadata":false},{"id":56355,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-612.2","catch_line":"Protection of the Fair Credit Reporting Act","url":"\/38.2-612.2\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-612.2","metadata":false},{"id":55493,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-613","catch_line":"Disclosure limitations and conditions","url":"\/38.2-613\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-613","metadata":false},{"id":85509,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-613.01","catch_line":"Commission to promulgate regulations on disclosure of certain medical test results to insurance applicants","url":"\/38.2-613.01\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-613.01","metadata":false},{"id":58399,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-613.1","catch_line":"Disclosure of agent's moratorium required","url":"\/38.2-613.1\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-613.1","metadata":false},{"id":73940,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-613.2","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/38.2-613.2\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-613.2","metadata":false},{"id":78057,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-614","catch_line":"Powers of Commission","url":"\/38.2-614\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-614","metadata":false},{"id":84055,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-615","catch_line":"Hearings and procedures","url":"\/38.2-615\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-615","metadata":false},{"id":68943,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-616","catch_line":"Service of process on insurance-support organizations","url":"\/38.2-616\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-616","metadata":false},{"id":73310,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-617","catch_line":"Individual remedies","url":"\/38.2-617\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-617","metadata":false},{"id":67050,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-618","catch_line":"Immunity of persons disclosing information","url":"\/38.2-618\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-618","metadata":false},{"id":79983,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-619","catch_line":"Obtaining information under false pretenses","url":"\/38.2-619\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-619","metadata":false},{"id":78715,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-620","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/38.2-620\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-620","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":68943,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-616","catch_line":"Service of process on insurance-support organizations","url":"\/38.2-616\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-616","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":67050,"structure_id":14255,"section_number":"38.2-618","catch_line":"Immunity of persons disclosing information","url":"\/38.2-618\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-618","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/38.2-617\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 1981. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 389 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1981 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 2 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1986, chapter 562; in 2020, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?201+ful+CHAP0264\">264<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":81752,"section_number":"38.2-608","catch_line":"Access to recorded personal information","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-608\/"},{"id":56196,"section_number":"38.2-609","catch_line":"Correction, amendment, or deletion of recorded personal information","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-609\/"},{"id":83133,"section_number":"38.2-610","catch_line":"Notice of adverse underwriting decision; furnishing reasons for decisions and sources of information","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-610\/"},{"id":55493,"section_number":"38.2-613","catch_line":"Disclosure limitations and conditions","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-613\/"}],"permalink":{"id":218109,"object_type":"law","relational_id":73310,"identifier":"38.2-617","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-617","url":"\/38.2-617\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/38.2-617\/","token":"38.2\/6\/1\/38.2-617","dublin_core":{"Title":"Individual remedies","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 38.2-617","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> If any <span class=\"dictionary\">insurance institution<\/span>, <span class=\"dictionary\">agent<\/span>, or <span class=\"dictionary\">insurance-support organization<\/span> fails to comply with &#xA7;&#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Access to recorded personal information\" href=\"\/38.2-608\/\">38.2-608<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Correction, amendment, or deletion of recorded personal information\" href=\"\/38.2-609\/\">38.2-609<\/a>, or &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Notice of adverse underwriting decision; furnishing reasons for decisions and sources of information\" href=\"\/38.2-610\/\">38.2-610<\/a>, any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> whose rights granted under those sections are violated may apply to a <span class=\"dictionary\">court<\/span> of competent <span class=\"dictionary\">jurisdiction<\/span> for appropriate <span class=\"dictionary\">equitable<\/span> relief. <a id=\"paragraph-263842\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-617\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> An <span class=\"dictionary\">insurance institution<\/span>, <span class=\"dictionary\">agent<\/span>, or <span class=\"dictionary\">insurance-support organization<\/span> that discloses information in violation of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Disclosure limitations and conditions\" href=\"\/38.2-613\/\">38.2-613<\/a> shall be liable for <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> sustained by the <span class=\"dictionary\">individual<\/span> to whom the information relates. No <span class=\"dictionary\">individual<\/span>, however, shall be entitled to a monetary award that exceeds the actual <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> sustained by the <span class=\"dictionary\">individual<\/span> as a result of a violation of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Disclosure limitations and conditions\" href=\"\/38.2-613\/\">38.2-613<\/a>. <a id=\"paragraph-263843\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-617\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> In any action brought pursuant to this section, the <span class=\"dictionary\">court<\/span> may award the cost of the action and reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees to the prevailing <span class=\"dictionary\">party<\/span>. <a id=\"paragraph-263844\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-617\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"D\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">D.<\/span> An action under this section must be brought within two years from the date the alleged violation is or should have been discovered. <a id=\"paragraph-263845\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-617\/#D\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"E\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">E.<\/span> Except as specifically provided in this section, there shall be no remedy or recovery available to <span class=\"dictionary\">individuals<\/span>, in <span class=\"dictionary\">law<\/span> or in <span class=\"dictionary\">equity<\/span>, for occurrences constituting a violation of any provision of this article. <a id=\"paragraph-263846\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/38.2-617\/#E\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nINDIVIDUAL REMEDIES (\u00a7 38.2-617)\n\nA. If any insurance institution, agent, or insurance-support organization fails\nto comply with &#xA7;&#xA7; 38.2-608, 38.2-609, or &#xA7; 38.2-610, any person\nwhose rights granted under those sections are violated may apply to a court of\ncompetent jurisdiction for appropriate equitable relief.\n\nB. An insurance institution, agent, or insurance-support organization that\ndiscloses information in violation of &#xA7; 38.2-613 shall be liable for\ndamages sustained by the individual to whom the information relates. No\nindividual, however, shall be entitled to a monetary award that exceeds the\nactual damages sustained by the individual as a result of a violation of &#xA7;\n38.2-613.\n\nC. In any action brought pursuant to this section, the court may award the cost\nof the action and reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees to the prevailing party.\n\nD. An action under this section must be brought within two years from the date\nthe alleged violation is or should have been discovered.\n\nE. Except as specifically provided in this section, there shall be no remedy or\nrecovery available to individuals, in law or in equity, for occurrences\nconstituting a violation of any provision of this article.\n\nHISTORY: 1981, c. 389, \u00a7 38.1-57.24; 1986, c. 562; 2020, c. 264.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}