{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/40.1-28.7_4.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/40.1-28.7_4.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/40.1-28.7_4.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/40.1-28.7_4.html"}],"law_id":54612,"edition_id":1,"section_id":54612,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:4","catch_line":"Release of employee&#8217;s personal identifying information","history":"2013, c. 495.","full_text":"A\n\nAs used in this section, &#8220;personal identifying information&#8221; means any of the following items of information about a current or former employee: home telephone number, mobile telephone number, email address, shift times, or work schedule.B\n\nAn employer shall not, unless an exemption described in subsection C applies, be required to release, communicate, or distribute to a third party any current or former employee&#8217;s personal identifying information.C\n\nThe provisions of subsection B shall not apply to a release, communication, or distribution of personal identifying information that is:1\n\nRequired pursuant to any applicable provision of federal law that preempts the provisions of this section or of state law that requires an employer to release, communicate, or distribute personal identifying information;2\n\nOrdered by a court of competent jurisdiction;3\n\nRequired pursuant to a warrant issued by a judicial officer; or4\n\nRequired by a subpoena issued in a pending civil or criminal case, or by discovery in a civil case.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":200565,"text":"As used in this section, &#8220;personal identifying information&#8221; means any of the following items of information about a current or former employee: home telephone number, mobile telephone number, email address, shift times, or work schedule.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":200566,"text":"An employer shall not, unless an exemption described in subsection C applies, be required to release, communicate, or distribute to a third party any current or former employee&#8217;s personal identifying information.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":200567,"text":"The provisions of subsection B shall not apply to a release, communication, or distribution of personal identifying information that is:","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"C1"},"3":{"id":200568,"text":"Required pursuant to any applicable provision of federal law that preempts the provisions of this section or of state law that requires an employer to release, communicate, or distribute personal identifying information;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"C1","prefix_anchor":"C1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"C2"},"4":{"id":200569,"text":"Ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"C2","prefix_anchor":"C2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C1","next_prefix":"C3"},"5":{"id":200570,"text":"Required pursuant to a warrant issued by a judicial officer; or","type":"section","prefixes":["C","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"C3","prefix_anchor":"C3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C2","next_prefix":"C4"},"6":{"id":200571,"text":"Required by a subpoena issued in a pending civil or criminal case, or by discovery in a civil case.","type":"section","prefixes":["C","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"C4","prefix_anchor":"C4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C3"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13640,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12777,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:27","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:27","permalink":{"id":219807,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13640,"identifier":"1","token":"40.1\/3\/1","url":"\/40.1\/3\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12777,"edition_id":1,"name":"Protection of Employees","identifier":"3","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12776,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","permalink":{"id":219805,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12777,"identifier":"3","token":"40.1\/3","url":"\/40.1\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12776,"edition_id":1,"name":"Labor and Employment","identifier":"40.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","permalink":{"id":219723,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12776,"identifier":"40.1","token":"40.1","url":"\/40.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":77584,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-22","catch_line":"Safety and Health Codes Commission continued as Safety and Health Codes Board","url":"\/40.1-22\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-22","metadata":false},{"id":67414,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-22.1","catch_line":"Governor authorized to enter certain agreements","url":"\/40.1-22.1\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-22.1","metadata":false},{"id":64288,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-23","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-23\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-23","metadata":false},{"id":66063,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-26","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-26\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-26","metadata":false},{"id":56917,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-27","catch_line":"Preventing employment by others of former employee","url":"\/40.1-27\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-27","metadata":false},{"id":54740,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-27.1","catch_line":"Discharge of employee for absence due to work-related injury prohibited","url":"\/40.1-27.1\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-27.1","metadata":false},{"id":74658,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-27.2","catch_line":"Preference for veterans and spouses","url":"\/40.1-27.2\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-27.2","metadata":false},{"id":82455,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-27.3","catch_line":"Retaliatory action against employee prohibited","url":"\/40.1-27.3\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-27.3","metadata":false},{"id":78662,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-27.4","catch_line":"Discipline for employee's medicinal use of cannabis oil prohibited","url":"\/40.1-27.4\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-27.4","metadata":false},{"id":70077,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28","catch_line":"Unlawful to require payment for medical examination as condition of employment","url":"\/40.1-28\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28","metadata":false},{"id":68891,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.01","catch_line":"Nondisclosure or confidentiality agreement; provisions regarding sexual assault or sexual harassment; condition of employment","url":"\/40.1-28.01\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.01","metadata":false},{"id":60284,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.1","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-28.1\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.1","metadata":false},{"id":63131,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.5","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-28.5\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.5","metadata":false},{"id":79328,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.6","catch_line":"Equal pay irrespective of sex","url":"\/40.1-28.6\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.6","metadata":false},{"id":68884,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-28.7\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7","metadata":false},{"id":64716,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:1","catch_line":"Genetic testing or genetic characteristics as a condition of employment","url":"\/40.1-28.7_1\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_1","metadata":false},{"id":74612,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:10","catch_line":"Prohibited use of employee's social security number; civil penalty","url":"\/40.1-28.7_10\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_10","metadata":false},{"id":63600,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:11","catch_line":"Veterans benefits and services poster","url":"\/40.1-28.7_11\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_11","metadata":false},{"id":81572,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:2","catch_line":"Employers to allow crime victims leave to attend criminal proceedings","url":"\/40.1-28.7_2\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_2","metadata":false},{"id":55131,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:3","catch_line":"Earned income tax credit; employer notice to employee","url":"\/40.1-28.7_3\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_3","metadata":false},{"id":54612,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:4","catch_line":"Release of employee's personal identifying information","url":"\/40.1-28.7_4\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_4","metadata":false},{"id":79093,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:5","catch_line":"Social media accounts of current and prospective employees","url":"\/40.1-28.7_5\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_5","metadata":false},{"id":80547,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:6","catch_line":"Employers to allow leave for volunteer members of Civil Air Patrol; civil remedy","url":"\/40.1-28.7_6\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_6","metadata":false},{"id":81771,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:7","catch_line":"Misclassification of workers","url":"\/40.1-28.7_7\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_7","metadata":false},{"id":64853,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:8","catch_line":"Covenants not to compete prohibited; exceptions; civil penalty","url":"\/40.1-28.7_8\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_8","metadata":false},{"id":58507,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:9","catch_line":"Limiting employees' sharing wage information with other persons prohibited; civil penalty","url":"\/40.1-28.7_9\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":55131,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:3","catch_line":"Earned income tax credit; employer notice to employee","url":"\/40.1-28.7_3\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_3","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":79093,"structure_id":13640,"section_number":"40.1-28.7:5","catch_line":"Social media accounts of current and prospective employees","url":"\/40.1-28.7_5\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_5","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/40.1-28.7:4\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 2013. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?131+ful+CHAP0495\">495<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":219889,"object_type":"law","relational_id":54612,"identifier":"40.1-28.7:4","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_4","url":"\/40.1-28.7_4\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/40.1-28.7_4\/","token":"40.1\/3\/1\/40.1-28.7_4","dublin_core":{"Title":"Release of employee&#8217;s personal identifying information","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 40.1-28.7:4","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> As used in this section, &#8220;<span class=\"dictionary\">personal identifying information<\/span>&#8221; means any of the following items of information about a current or former <span class=\"dictionary\">employee<\/span>: home telephone number, mobile telephone number, email address, shift times, or work schedule. <a id=\"paragraph-200565\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-28.7_4\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> An <span class=\"dictionary\">employer<\/span> shall not, unless an exemption described in subsection C applies, be required to release, communicate, or distribute to a third <span class=\"dictionary\">party<\/span> any current or former <span class=\"dictionary\">employee<\/span>&#8217;s <span class=\"dictionary\">personal identifying information<\/span>. <a id=\"paragraph-200566\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-28.7_4\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> The provisions of subsection B shall not apply to a release, communication, or distribution of <span class=\"dictionary\">personal identifying information<\/span> that is: <a id=\"paragraph-200567\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-28.7_4\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C1\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">1.<\/span> Required pursuant to any applicable provision of federal <span class=\"dictionary\">law<\/span> that preempts the provisions of this section or of state <span class=\"dictionary\">law<\/span> that requires an <span class=\"dictionary\">employer<\/span> to release, communicate, or distribute <span class=\"dictionary\">personal identifying information<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-200568\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-28.7_4\/#C1\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C2\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">2.<\/span> Ordered by a <span class=\"dictionary\">court<\/span> of competent <span class=\"dictionary\">jurisdiction<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-200569\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-28.7_4\/#C2\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C3\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">3.<\/span> Required pursuant to a warrant issued by a judicial officer; or <a id=\"paragraph-200570\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-28.7_4\/#C3\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C4\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">4.<\/span> Required by a <span class=\"dictionary\">subpoena<\/span> issued in a pending civil or criminal case, or by <span class=\"dictionary\">discovery<\/span> in a civil case. <a id=\"paragraph-200571\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-28.7_4\/#C4\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nRELEASE OF EMPLOYEE&#8217;S PERSONAL IDENTIFYING INFORMATION (\u00a7 40.1-28.7:4)\n\nA. As used in this section, &#8220;personal identifying information&#8221; means\nany of the following items of information about a current or former employee:\nhome telephone number, mobile telephone number, email address, shift times, or\nwork schedule.\n\nB. An employer shall not, unless an exemption described in subsection C applies,\nbe required to release, communicate, or distribute to a third party any current\nor former employee&#8217;s personal identifying information.\n\nC. The provisions of subsection B shall not apply to a release, communication,\nor distribution of personal identifying information that is:\n\n   1. Required pursuant to any applicable provision of federal law that preempts\n   the provisions of this section or of state law that requires an employer to\n   release, communicate, or distribute personal identifying information;\n\n   2. Ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction;\n\n   3. Required pursuant to a warrant issued by a judicial officer; or\n\n   4. Required by a subpoena issued in a pending civil or criminal case, or by\n   discovery in a civil case.\n\nHISTORY: 2013, c. 495.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}