{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/40.1-78.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/40.1-78.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/40.1-78.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/40.1-78.html"}],"law_id":60283,"edition_id":1,"section_id":60283,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-78","catch_line":"Employment of children under fourteen and sixteen","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 40-96; 1956, c. 567; 1960, c. 434; 1968, c. 264; 1970, c. 321; 1991, c. 511.","full_text":"A\n\nNo child under fourteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation except as specified in this chapter.B\n\nNo child under sixteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation during school hours unless he has reached the age of fourteen and is enrolled in a regular school work-training program and a work-training certificate has been issued for his employment as provided in &#xA7; 40.1-88.C\n\nNothing in this section shall affect the provisions of &#xA7;&#xA7; 40.1-100 A, 40.1-100.1, 40.1-100.2, 40.1-101 and 40.1-102.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":220439,"text":"No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation except as specified in this chapter.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":220440,"text":"No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation during school hours unless he has reached the age of fourteen and is enrolled in a regular school work-training program and a work-training certificate has been issued for his employment as provided in &#xA7; 40.1-88.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":220441,"text":"Nothing in this section shall affect the provisions of &#xA7;&#xA7; 40.1-100 A, 40.1-100.1, 40.1-100.2, 40.1-101 and 40.1-102.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14416,"edition_id":1,"name":"Child Labor","identifier":"5","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12776,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:48:04","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:48:04","permalink":{"id":220519,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14416,"identifier":"5","token":"40.1\/5","url":"\/40.1\/5\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12776,"edition_id":1,"name":"Labor and Employment","identifier":"40.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","permalink":{"id":219723,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12776,"identifier":"40.1","token":"40.1","url":"\/40.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":65234,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-100","catch_line":"Certain employment prohibited or limited","url":"\/40.1-100\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-100","metadata":false},{"id":74950,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-100.1","catch_line":"Employment where hazard capable of causing serious physical harm or death","url":"\/40.1-100.1\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-100.1","metadata":false},{"id":71062,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-100.2","catch_line":"Employment involving sexually explicit visual material prohibited","url":"\/40.1-100.2\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-100.2","metadata":false},{"id":71215,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-101","catch_line":"Qualifications as to theaters","url":"\/40.1-101\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-101","metadata":false},{"id":61085,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-102","catch_line":"Issuance of theatrical permit","url":"\/40.1-102\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-102","metadata":false},{"id":63705,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-103","catch_line":"Cruelty and injuries to children; penalty; abandoned infant","url":"\/40.1-103\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-103","metadata":false},{"id":80111,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-104","catch_line":"Age certificates","url":"\/40.1-104\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-104","metadata":false},{"id":85420,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-105","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-105\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-105","metadata":false},{"id":57443,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-106","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-106\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-106","metadata":false},{"id":57728,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-109","catch_line":"Newspaper carriers on regular routes; hours","url":"\/40.1-109\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-109","metadata":false},{"id":63994,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-109.1","catch_line":"Child engaged in the work of content creation; criteria","url":"\/40.1-109.1\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-109.1","metadata":false},{"id":73698,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-109.2","catch_line":"Child engaged in the work of content creation; trust account","url":"\/40.1-109.2\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-109.2","metadata":false},{"id":56362,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-110","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-110\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-110","metadata":false},{"id":82909,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-111","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-111\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-111","metadata":false},{"id":86064,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-112","catch_line":"Solicitation generally","url":"\/40.1-112\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-112","metadata":false},{"id":76735,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-113","catch_line":"Child labor offenses; civil penalties","url":"\/40.1-113\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-113","metadata":false},{"id":83103,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-114","catch_line":"Enforcement of child labor law","url":"\/40.1-114\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-114","metadata":false},{"id":87321,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-115","catch_line":"School attendance","url":"\/40.1-115\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-115","metadata":false},{"id":81561,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-116","catch_line":"Curfew ordinances not affected","url":"\/40.1-116\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-116","metadata":false},{"id":60283,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-78","catch_line":"Employment of children under fourteen and sixteen","url":"\/40.1-78\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-78","metadata":false},{"id":70180,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-79","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-79\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-79","metadata":false},{"id":68360,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-79.01","catch_line":"Exemptions from chapter generally","url":"\/40.1-79.01\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-79.01","metadata":false},{"id":68751,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-79.1","catch_line":"Exemptions from chapter generally; participation in volunteer fire company activities","url":"\/40.1-79.1\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-79.1","metadata":false},{"id":74532,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-80","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-80\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-80","metadata":false},{"id":65788,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-80.1","catch_line":"Employment of children","url":"\/40.1-80.1\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-80.1","metadata":false},{"id":65467,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-81","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-81\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-81","metadata":false},{"id":76519,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-81.1","catch_line":"Records to be kept by employers","url":"\/40.1-81.1\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-81.1","metadata":false},{"id":78098,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-82","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-82\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-82","metadata":false},{"id":55764,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-83","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-83\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-83","metadata":false},{"id":62901,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-84","catch_line":"Employment certificate required","url":"\/40.1-84\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-84","metadata":false},{"id":56276,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-85","catch_line":"Kinds of employment certificates","url":"\/40.1-85\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-85","metadata":false},{"id":70943,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-86","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-86\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-86","metadata":false},{"id":60906,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-87","catch_line":"Vacation or part-time employment certificate","url":"\/40.1-87\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-87","metadata":false},{"id":85038,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-88","catch_line":"Work-training certificate","url":"\/40.1-88\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-88","metadata":false},{"id":56651,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-89","catch_line":"Same; employment not allowed; revocation of certificate","url":"\/40.1-89\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-89","metadata":false},{"id":68366,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-90","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-90\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-90","metadata":false},{"id":78116,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-92","catch_line":"Issuance of certificates","url":"\/40.1-92\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-92","metadata":false},{"id":68585,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-93","catch_line":"Proof required for employment certificate","url":"\/40.1-93\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-93","metadata":false},{"id":56070,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-94","catch_line":"Proofs of age","url":"\/40.1-94\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-94","metadata":false},{"id":79690,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-95","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-95\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-95","metadata":false},{"id":71829,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-96","catch_line":"Contents of employment certificates","url":"\/40.1-96\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-96","metadata":false},{"id":66317,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-97","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-97\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-97","metadata":false},{"id":76754,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-98","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-98\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-98","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":81561,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-116","catch_line":"Curfew ordinances not affected","url":"\/40.1-116\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-116","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":70180,"structure_id":14416,"section_number":"40.1-79","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/40.1-79\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-79","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/40.1-78\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 5 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1956, chapter 567; in 1960, chapter 434; in 1968, chapter 264; in 1970, chapter 321; in 1991, chapter 511.<\/p>","references":[{"id":74431,"section_number":"58.1-4007","catch_line":"Powers of the Board","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-4007\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":65234,"section_number":"40.1-100","catch_line":"Certain employment prohibited or limited","order_by":null,"url":"\/40.1-100\/"},{"id":74950,"section_number":"40.1-100.1","catch_line":"Employment where hazard capable of causing serious physical harm or death","order_by":null,"url":"\/40.1-100.1\/"},{"id":71062,"section_number":"40.1-100.2","catch_line":"Employment involving sexually explicit visual material prohibited","order_by":null,"url":"\/40.1-100.2\/"},{"id":71215,"section_number":"40.1-101","catch_line":"Qualifications as to theaters","order_by":null,"url":"\/40.1-101\/"},{"id":61085,"section_number":"40.1-102","catch_line":"Issuance of theatrical permit","order_by":null,"url":"\/40.1-102\/"}],"permalink":{"id":220597,"object_type":"law","relational_id":60283,"identifier":"40.1-78","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-78","url":"\/40.1-78\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/40.1-78\/","token":"40.1\/5\/40.1-78","dublin_core":{"Title":"Employment of children under fourteen and sixteen","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 40.1-78","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation except as specified in this chapter. <a id=\"paragraph-220439\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-78\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation during school hours unless he has reached the age of fourteen and is enrolled in a regular school work-training program and a work-training certificate has been issued for his employment as provided in &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Work-training certificate\" href=\"\/40.1-88\/\">40.1-88<\/a>. <a id=\"paragraph-220440\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-78\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> Nothing in this section shall affect the provisions of &#xA7;&#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Certain employment prohibited or limited\" href=\"\/40.1-100\/\">40.1-100<\/a> A, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Employment where hazard capable of causing serious physical harm or death\" href=\"\/40.1-100.1\/\">40.1-100.1<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Employment involving sexually explicit visual material prohibited\" href=\"\/40.1-100.2\/\">40.1-100.2<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Qualifications as to theaters\" href=\"\/40.1-101\/\">40.1-101<\/a> and <a class=\"law\" title=\"Issuance of theatrical permit\" href=\"\/40.1-102\/\">40.1-102<\/a>. <a id=\"paragraph-220441\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/40.1-78\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nEMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN UNDER FOURTEEN AND SIXTEEN (\u00a7 40.1-78)\n\nA. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered\nto work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation except as\nspecified in this chapter.\n\nB. No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered\nto work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation during school\nhours unless he has reached the age of fourteen and is enrolled in a regular\nschool work-training program and a work-training certificate has been issued for\nhis employment as provided in &#xA7; 40.1-88.\n\nC. Nothing in this section shall affect the provisions of &#xA7;&#xA7; 40.1-100\nA, 40.1-100.1, 40.1-100.2, 40.1-101 and 40.1-102.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 40-96; 1956, c. 567; 1960, c. 434; 1968, c. 264; 1970, c.\n321; 1991, c. 511.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}