{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/45.2-501.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/45.2-501.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/45.2-501.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/45.2-501.html"}],"law_id":54795,"edition_id":1,"section_id":54795,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-501","catch_line":" Definitions","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 45-0.2; 1954, c. 191; 1966, c. 594, \u00a7 45.1-2; 1975, c. 520; 1978, cc. 120, 489; 1980, c. 442; 1984, c. 590; 1993, c. 442; 1994, c. 28, \u00a7 45.1-161.8; 1996, c. 774; 1997, c. 390; 1999, c. 256; 2005, c. 3; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 387.","full_text":"As used in the Coal Mine Safety Act, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“Accident” means (i) a death of an individual at a mine; (ii) a serious personal injury; (iii) an entrapment of an individual for more than 30 minutes; (iv) an unplanned inundation of a mine by liquid or gas; (v) an unplanned ignition or explosion of gas or dust; (vi) an unplanned fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery; (vii) an unplanned ignition or explosion of a blasting agent or an explosive; (viii) an unplanned roof fall at or above the anchorage zone in active workings where roof bolts are in use, or an unplanned roof or rib fall in active workings that impairs ventilation or impedes passage; (ix) a coal or rock outburst that causes withdrawal of miners or that disrupts regular mining activity for more than one hour; (x) an unstable condition at an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank that requires emergency action in order to prevent failure or that causes individuals to evacuate an area, or failure of an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank; (xi) damage to hoisting equipment in a shaft or slope that endangers an individual or interferes with use of the equipment for more than 30 minutes; (xii) an event at a mine that causes death or bodily injury to any individual not at a mine at the time the event occurs; and (xiii) the unintentional fall of highwall that entraps equipment for more than 30 minutes.\n\t\t“Active area” means any place in a mine that is ventilated, if underground, and examined regularly.\n\t\t“Active workings” means any place in a mine where miners are normally required to work or travel.\n\t\t“Agent” means any person charged by the operator with responsibility for the operation of all or a part of a mine or the supervision of miners in a mine.\n\t\t“Approved” means, with reference to a device, apparatus, equipment, condition, method, course, or practice, approved in writing by the Chief or the Director.\n\t\t“Authorized person” means a person who is assigned by the operator or agent to perform a specific type of duty or to be at a specific location in the mine and is trained and has demonstrated the ability to perform such duty safely and effectively.\n\t\t“Auxiliary fan” means a supplemental underground fan installed to increase the volume of air to a specified location for the purpose of controlling dust, methane, or air quality.\n\t\t“Board” means the Board of Coal Mining Examiners established pursuant to Article 3 (\u00a7 45.2-515 et seq.).\n\t\t“Cable” means (i) a stranded conductor, known as single-conductor cable, or (ii) a combination of conductors insulated from one another, known as multiple-conductor cable.\n\t\t“Certified person” means a person who holds a valid certificate from the Board of Coal Mining Examiners authorizing him to perform the task to which he is assigned.\n\t\t“Circuit” means a conducting part or a system of conducting parts through which an electric current is intended to flow.\n\t\t“Circuit breaker” means a device for interrupting a circuit between separable contacts under normal or abnormal conditions.\n\t\t“Coal mine” means a surface coal mine or an underground coal mine.\n\t\t“Coal Mine Safety Act” or “the Act” means this chapter and Chapters 7 (\u00a7 45.2-700 et seq.), 8 (\u00a7 45.2-800 et seq.), and 9 (\u00a7 45.2-900 et seq.) and includes any regulations adopted thereunder, where applicable.\n\t\t“Cross entry” means any entry or set of entries, turned from main entries, from which room entries are turned.\n\t\t“Experienced surface miner” means a person with six months or more of experience working at a surface mine or the surface area of an underground coal mine.\n\t\t“Experienced underground miner” means a person with six months or more of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Federal mine safety law” means the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (P.L. 91-173, as amended by 95-164), and regulations adopted thereunder.\n\t\t“Fuse” means an overcurrent protective device with a circuit-opening fusible member directly heated and destroyed by the passage of overcurrent through it.\n\t\t“Ground” means a conducting connection between an electric circuit or electrical equipment and earth or to some conducting body that serves in place of earth.\n\t\t“Grounded” means connected to earth or to some connecting body that serves in place of earth.\n\t\t“Hazardous condition” means a condition that is likely to cause death or serious personal injury to any person exposed to such condition.\n\t\t“Imminent danger” means the existence of any condition or practice in a mine that could reasonably be expected to cause death or serious personal injury before such condition or practice can be abated.\n\t\t“Inactive mine” means a mine (i) at which (a) coal or minerals have not been excavated or processed or (b) work, other than examination by a certified person or emergency work to preserve the mine, has not been performed for a period of 30 days at an underground coal mine or for a period of 60 days at a surface mine; (ii) for which a valid license is in effect; and (iii) at which reclamation activities have not been completed.\n\t\t“Inexperienced underground miner” means a person with less than six months of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Intake air” means air that has not passed through the last active working place of the split of any working section or any worked-out area, whether pillared or nonpillared, and by analysis contains at least 19.5 percent oxygen and not more than 0.5 percent carbon dioxide and does not contain a hazardous quantity of flammable gas or a harmful quantity of poisonous gas.\n\t\t“Interested persons” means members of the mine safety committee and other duly authorized representatives of the employees at a mine, MSHA employees, mine inspectors, and, to the extent required by the Act, any other person.\n\t\t“Main entry” means the principal entry or set of entries driven through the coal bed or mineral deposit and from which cross entries, room entries, or rooms are turned.\n\t\t“Mine” means any underground coal mine or surface coal mine. Mines that are adjacent to each other and under the same management and that are administered as distinct units are considered separate mines. A site is not considered a mine unless the coal extracted or excavated from it is offered for sale or exchange or used for any other commercial purpose. The area in which coal is excavated under an exemption to the permitting requirements of \u00a7 45.2-1009 is not a mine.\n\t\t“Mine fire” means an unplanned fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery.\n\t\t“Mine foreman” means a person who holds a valid certificate of qualification as a foreman duly issued by action of the Board of Coal Mining Examiners.\n\t\t“Mine inspector” means a public employee assigned by the Chief or the Director to make mine inspections as required by the Act and other applicable laws.\n\t\t“Miner” means any individual working in a mine.\n\t\t“Mineral” means clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous and nonmetalliferous ores, and any other solid material or substance of commercial value excavated in solid form from natural deposits on or in the earth, exclusive of coal and any mineral that occurs naturally in liquid or gaseous form.\n\t\t“Monthly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time during the period of the first through the last day of a calendar month.\n\t\t“Mine Safety and Health Administration” or “MSHA” means the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration.\n\t\t“Operator” means any person who operates, controls, or supervises a mine or any independent contractor performing services or construction at a mine.\n\t\t“Panel entry” means a room entry.\n\t\t“Permissible” means a device, process, equipment, or method classified as “permissible” by MSHA, when such classification is adopted by the Chief or the Director, and includes all requirements, restrictions, exceptions, limitations, and conditions attached to such classification by MSHA unless otherwise expressly stated in the Act.\n\t\t“Return air” means air that has passed through (i) the last active working place on each split or (ii) worked-out areas, whether pillared or nonpillared.\n\t\t“Room entry” means any entry or set of entries from which rooms are turned.\n\t\t“Serious personal injury” means any injury that has a reasonable potential to cause death or any injury other than a sprain or strain that requires an admission to a hospital for 24 hours or more for medical treatment.\n\t\t“Substation” means an electrical installation containing generating or power-conversion equipment and associated electric equipment and parts, such as switchboards, switches, wiring, fuses, circuit breakers, compensators, and transformers.\n\t\t“Surface coal mine” means (i) the pit and other active and inactive areas of surface extraction of coal; (ii) on-site preparation plants, shops, tipples, and related facilities appurtenant to the extraction and processing of coal; (iii) surface areas for the transportation and storage of coal extracted at the site; (iv) impoundments, retention dams, tailing ponds, and refuse disposal areas appurtenant to the extraction of coal from the site; (v) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property used in or to be used in the extraction of coal from the site; (vi) private ways and roads appurtenant to such areas; and (vii) the areas used to prepare a site for surface coal extraction activities. A site commences being a surface coal mine upon the beginning of any site preparation activity other than exploratory drilling or other exploration activity that does not disturb the surface and ceases to be a surface coal mine upon completion of initial reclamation activities.\n\t\t“Travel way” means a passage, walk, or way regularly used and designated for persons to go from one place to another.\n\t\t“Underground coal mine” means (i) the working face and other active and inactive areas of underground excavation of coal; (ii) underground travel ways, shafts, slopes, drifts, inclines, and tunnels connected to such areas; (iii) on-site preparation plants, shops, tipples, and related facilities appurtenant to the excavation and processing of coal; (iv) on-site surface areas for the transportation and storage of coal excavated at the site; (v) impoundments, retention dams, and tailing ponds appurtenant to the excavation of coal from the site; (vi) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property, on the surface and underground, used in or to be used in the excavation of coal from the site; (vii) private ways and roads appurtenant to such areas; (viii) the areas used to prepare a site for underground coal excavation activities; and (ix) areas used for the drilling of vertical ventilation holes. A site commences being an underground coal mine upon the beginning of any site preparation activity other than exploratory drilling or other exploration activity and ceases to be an underground coal mine upon completion of initial reclamation activities.\n\t\t“Weekly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time during the period of Sunday through Saturday of a calendar week.\n\t\t“Work area” means an area of a surface coal mine in production or being prepared for production and an area of the mine that may pose a danger to miners at such area.\n\t\t“Worked-out area” means an area where underground coal mining has been completed, whether pillared or nonpillared, excluding developing entries, return air courses, and intake air courses.\n\t\t“Working face” means any place in a mine in which work of extracting coal from its natural deposit in the earth is performed during the mining cycle.\n\t\t“Working place” means the area of an underground coal mine inby the last open crosscut.\n\t\t“Working section” means all areas from the loading point of a section to and including the working faces.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":201087,"text":"As used in the Coal Mine Safety Act, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“Accident” means (i) a death of an individual at a mine; (ii) a serious personal injury; (iii) an entrapment of an individual for more than 30 minutes; (iv) an unplanned inundation of a mine by liquid or gas; (v) an unplanned ignition or explosion of gas or dust; (vi) an unplanned fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery; (vii) an unplanned ignition or explosion of a blasting agent or an explosive; (viii) an unplanned roof fall at or above the anchorage zone in active workings where roof bolts are in use, or an unplanned roof or rib fall in active workings that impairs ventilation or impedes passage; (ix) a coal or rock outburst that causes withdrawal of miners or that disrupts regular mining activity for more than one hour; (x) an unstable condition at an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank that requires emergency action in order to prevent failure or that causes individuals to evacuate an area, or failure of an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank; (xi) damage to hoisting equipment in a shaft or slope that endangers an individual or interferes with use of the equipment for more than 30 minutes; (xii) an event at a mine that causes death or bodily injury to any individual not at a mine at the time the event occurs; and (xiii) the unintentional fall of highwall that entraps equipment for more than 30 minutes.\n\t\t“Active area” means any place in a mine that is ventilated, if underground, and examined regularly.\n\t\t“Active workings” means any place in a mine where miners are normally required to work or travel.\n\t\t“Agent” means any person charged by the operator with responsibility for the operation of all or a part of a mine or the supervision of miners in a mine.\n\t\t“Approved” means, with reference to a device, apparatus, equipment, condition, method, course, or practice, approved in writing by the Chief or the Director.\n\t\t“Authorized person” means a person who is assigned by the operator or agent to perform a specific type of duty or to be at a specific location in the mine and is trained and has demonstrated the ability to perform such duty safely and effectively.\n\t\t“Auxiliary fan” means a supplemental underground fan installed to increase the volume of air to a specified location for the purpose of controlling dust, methane, or air quality.\n\t\t“Board” means the Board of Coal Mining Examiners established pursuant to Article 3 (\u00a7 45.2-515 et seq.).\n\t\t“Cable” means (i) a stranded conductor, known as single-conductor cable, or (ii) a combination of conductors insulated from one another, known as multiple-conductor cable.\n\t\t“Certified person” means a person who holds a valid certificate from the Board of Coal Mining Examiners authorizing him to perform the task to which he is assigned.\n\t\t“Circuit” means a conducting part or a system of conducting parts through which an electric current is intended to flow.\n\t\t“Circuit breaker” means a device for interrupting a circuit between separable contacts under normal or abnormal conditions.\n\t\t“Coal mine” means a surface coal mine or an underground coal mine.\n\t\t“Coal Mine Safety Act” or “the Act” means this chapter and Chapters 7 (\u00a7 45.2-700 et seq.), 8 (\u00a7 45.2-800 et seq.), and 9 (\u00a7 45.2-900 et seq.) and includes any regulations adopted thereunder, where applicable.\n\t\t“Cross entry” means any entry or set of entries, turned from main entries, from which room entries are turned.\n\t\t“Experienced surface miner” means a person with six months or more of experience working at a surface mine or the surface area of an underground coal mine.\n\t\t“Experienced underground miner” means a person with six months or more of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Federal mine safety law” means the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (P.L. 91-173, as amended by 95-164), and regulations adopted thereunder.\n\t\t“Fuse” means an overcurrent protective device with a circuit-opening fusible member directly heated and destroyed by the passage of overcurrent through it.\n\t\t“Ground” means a conducting connection between an electric circuit or electrical equipment and earth or to some conducting body that serves in place of earth.\n\t\t“Grounded” means connected to earth or to some connecting body that serves in place of earth.\n\t\t“Hazardous condition” means a condition that is likely to cause death or serious personal injury to any person exposed to such condition.\n\t\t“Imminent danger” means the existence of any condition or practice in a mine that could reasonably be expected to cause death or serious personal injury before such condition or practice can be abated.\n\t\t“Inactive mine” means a mine (i) at which (a) coal or minerals have not been excavated or processed or (b) work, other than examination by a certified person or emergency work to preserve the mine, has not been performed for a period of 30 days at an underground coal mine or for a period of 60 days at a surface mine; (ii) for which a valid license is in effect; and (iii) at which reclamation activities have not been completed.\n\t\t“Inexperienced underground miner” means a person with less than six months of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Intake air” means air that has not passed through the last active working place of the split of any working section or any worked-out area, whether pillared or nonpillared, and by analysis contains at least 19.5 percent oxygen and not more than 0.5 percent carbon dioxide and does not contain a hazardous quantity of flammable gas or a harmful quantity of poisonous gas.\n\t\t“Interested persons” means members of the mine safety committee and other duly authorized representatives of the employees at a mine, MSHA employees, mine inspectors, and, to the extent required by the Act, any other person.\n\t\t“Main entry” means the principal entry or set of entries driven through the coal bed or mineral deposit and from which cross entries, room entries, or rooms are turned.\n\t\t“Mine” means any underground coal mine or surface coal mine. Mines that are adjacent to each other and under the same management and that are administered as distinct units are considered separate mines. A site is not considered a mine unless the coal extracted or excavated from it is offered for sale or exchange or used for any other commercial purpose. The area in which coal is excavated under an exemption to the permitting requirements of \u00a7 45.2-1009 is not a mine.\n\t\t“Mine fire” means an unplanned fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery.\n\t\t“Mine foreman” means a person who holds a valid certificate of qualification as a foreman duly issued by action of the Board of Coal Mining Examiners.\n\t\t“Mine inspector” means a public employee assigned by the Chief or the Director to make mine inspections as required by the Act and other applicable laws.\n\t\t“Miner” means any individual working in a mine.\n\t\t“Mineral” means clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous and nonmetalliferous ores, and any other solid material or substance of commercial value excavated in solid form from natural deposits on or in the earth, exclusive of coal and any mineral that occurs naturally in liquid or gaseous form.\n\t\t“Monthly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time during the period of the first through the last day of a calendar month.\n\t\t“Mine Safety and Health Administration” or “MSHA” means the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration.\n\t\t“Operator” means any person who operates, controls, or supervises a mine or any independent contractor performing services or construction at a mine.\n\t\t“Panel entry” means a room entry.\n\t\t“Permissible” means a device, process, equipment, or method classified as “permissible” by MSHA, when such classification is adopted by the Chief or the Director, and includes all requirements, restrictions, exceptions, limitations, and conditions attached to such classification by MSHA unless otherwise expressly stated in the Act.\n\t\t“Return air” means air that has passed through (i) the last active working place on each split or (ii) worked-out areas, whether pillared or nonpillared.\n\t\t“Room entry” means any entry or set of entries from which rooms are turned.\n\t\t“Serious personal injury” means any injury that has a reasonable potential to cause death or any injury other than a sprain or strain that requires an admission to a hospital for 24 hours or more for medical treatment.\n\t\t“Substation” means an electrical installation containing generating or power-conversion equipment and associated electric equipment and parts, such as switchboards, switches, wiring, fuses, circuit breakers, compensators, and transformers.\n\t\t“Surface coal mine” means (i) the pit and other active and inactive areas of surface extraction of coal; (ii) on-site preparation plants, shops, tipples, and related facilities appurtenant to the extraction and processing of coal; (iii) surface areas for the transportation and storage of coal extracted at the site; (iv) impoundments, retention dams, tailing ponds, and refuse disposal areas appurtenant to the extraction of coal from the site; (v) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property used in or to be used in the extraction of coal from the site; (vi) private ways and roads appurtenant to such areas; and (vii) the areas used to prepare a site for surface coal extraction activities. A site commences being a surface coal mine upon the beginning of any site preparation activity other than exploratory drilling or other exploration activity that does not disturb the surface and ceases to be a surface coal mine upon completion of initial reclamation activities.\n\t\t“Travel way” means a passage, walk, or way regularly used and designated for persons to go from one place to another.\n\t\t“Underground coal mine” means (i) the working face and other active and inactive areas of underground excavation of coal; (ii) underground travel ways, shafts, slopes, drifts, inclines, and tunnels connected to such areas; (iii) on-site preparation plants, shops, tipples, and related facilities appurtenant to the excavation and processing of coal; (iv) on-site surface areas for the transportation and storage of coal excavated at the site; (v) impoundments, retention dams, and tailing ponds appurtenant to the excavation of coal from the site; (vi) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property, on the surface and underground, used in or to be used in the excavation of coal from the site; (vii) private ways and roads appurtenant to such areas; (viii) the areas used to prepare a site for underground coal excavation activities; and (ix) areas used for the drilling of vertical ventilation holes. A site commences being an underground coal mine upon the beginning of any site preparation activity other than exploratory drilling or other exploration activity and ceases to be an underground coal mine upon completion of initial reclamation activities.\n\t\t“Weekly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time during the period of Sunday through Saturday of a calendar week.\n\t\t“Work area” means an area of a surface coal mine in production or being prepared for production and an area of the mine that may pose a danger to miners at such area.\n\t\t“Worked-out area” means an area where underground coal mining has been completed, whether pillared or nonpillared, excluding developing entries, return air courses, and intake air courses.\n\t\t“Working face” means any place in a mine in which work of extracting coal from its natural deposit in the earth is performed during the mining cycle.\n\t\t“Working place” means the area of an underground coal mine inby the last open crosscut.\n\t\t“Working section” means all areas from the loading point of a section to and including the working faces.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":13786,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":5,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13785,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","permalink":{"id":222653,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13786,"identifier":"1","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1","url":"\/45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13785,"edition_id":1,"name":"Coal Mine Safety Act","identifier":"5","label":"chapter","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13784,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","permalink":{"id":222651,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13785,"identifier":"5","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5","url":"\/45.2\/II\/A\/5\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13784,"edition_id":1,"name":"Coal Mines Generally","identifier":"A","label":"part","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12985,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","permalink":{"id":222649,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13784,"identifier":"A","token":"45.2\/II\/A","url":"\/45.2\/II\/A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12985,"edition_id":1,"name":"Coal Mining","identifier":"II","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12713,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:06","permalink":{"id":222647,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12985,"identifier":"II","token":"45.2\/II","url":"\/45.2\/II\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12713,"edition_id":1,"name":"Mines, Minerals, and Energy","identifier":"45.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","permalink":{"id":222539,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12713,"identifier":"45.2","token":"45.2","url":"\/45.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":58152,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-500","catch_line":" Coal Mine Safety Act","url":"\/45.2-500\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-500","metadata":false},{"id":54795,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-501","catch_line":" Definitions","url":"\/45.2-501\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-501","metadata":false},{"id":63201,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-502","catch_line":" Safety and health","url":"\/45.2-502\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-502","metadata":false},{"id":78735,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-503","catch_line":" Special safety rules","url":"\/45.2-503\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-503","metadata":false},{"id":62359,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-504","catch_line":" Age requirement to work in mines","url":"\/45.2-504\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-504","metadata":false},{"id":77020,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-505","catch_line":" Prohibited acts by miners or other persons; miners to comply with law","url":"\/45.2-505\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-505","metadata":false},{"id":82692,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-506","catch_line":" Safety materials and supplies","url":"\/45.2-506\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-506","metadata":false},{"id":59785,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-507","catch_line":" Notifying miners of violations; compliance with Act","url":"\/45.2-507\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-507","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":58152,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-500","catch_line":" Coal Mine Safety Act","url":"\/45.2-500\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-500","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":63201,"structure_id":13786,"section_number":"45.2-502","catch_line":" Safety and health","url":"\/45.2-502\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-502","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/45.2-501\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 12 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1954, chapter 191; in 1966, chapter 594; in 1975, chapter 520; in 1978, chapters 120 and 489; in 1980, chapter 442; in 1984, chapter 590; in 1993, chapter 442; in 1994, chapter 28<\/a>; in 1996, chapter 774<\/a>; in 1997, chapter 390<\/a>; in 1999, chapter 256<\/a>; in 2005, chapter 3<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":70699,"section_number":"45.2-619","catch_line":" Examination of retaining dam or mine refuse impoundment; potentially hazardous condition; plans to be submitted by operators","order_by":null,"url":"\/45.2-619\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":68698,"section_number":"45.2-1009","catch_line":" Permit required for coal surface mining operation; term; transfer, etc","order_by":null,"url":"\/45.2-1009\/"},{"id":56794,"section_number":"45.2-515","catch_line":" Board of Coal Mining Examiners; purpose","order_by":null,"url":"\/45.2-515\/"},{"id":75312,"section_number":"45.2-700","catch_line":" Scope of chapter","order_by":null,"url":"\/45.2-700\/"},{"id":69469,"section_number":"45.2-800","catch_line":" Face and other equipment","order_by":null,"url":"\/45.2-800\/"},{"id":61284,"section_number":"45.2-900","catch_line":" Scope of chapter","order_by":null,"url":"\/45.2-900\/"}],"permalink":{"id":222659,"object_type":"law","relational_id":54795,"identifier":"45.2-501","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-501","url":"\/45.2-501\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/45.2-501\/","token":"45.2\/II\/A\/5\/1\/45.2-501","dublin_core":{"Title":" Definitions","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 45.2-501","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

As used in the Coal Mine Safety Act<\/span>, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“Accident<\/span>” means (i) a death of an individual at a mine; (ii) a serious personal injury<\/span>; (iii) an entrapment<\/span> of an individual for more than 30 minutes; (iv) an unplanned inundation of a mine by liquid or gas; (v) an unplanned ignition or explosion of gas or dust; (vi) an unplanned fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery<\/span>; (vii) an unplanned ignition or explosion of a blasting agent<\/span> or an explosive; (viii) an unplanned roof fall at or above the anchorage zone in active workings<\/span> where roof bolts are in use, or an unplanned roof or rib fall in active workings<\/span> that impairs ventilation or impedes passage; (ix) a coal or rock outburst that causes withdrawal of miners<\/span> or that disrupts regular mining activity for more than one hour; (x) an unstable condition at an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank that requires emergency action in order<\/span> to prevent failure or that causes individuals to evacuate an area, or failure of an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank; (xi) damage to hoisting equipment in a shaft or slope that endangers an individual or interferes with use of the equipment for more than 30 minutes; (xii) an event at a mine that causes death or bodily injury to any individual not at a mine at the time the event occurs; and (xiii) the unintentional fall of highwall that entraps equipment for more than 30 minutes.\n\t\t“Active area<\/span>” means any place in a mine that is ventilated, if underground, and examined regularly.\n\t\t“Active workings<\/span>” means any place in a mine where miners<\/span> are normally required to work or travel.\n\t\t“Agent<\/span>” means any person charged by the operator<\/span> with responsibility for the operation of all or a part of a mine or the supervision of miners<\/span> in a mine.\n\t\t“Approved” means, with reference to a device, apparatus, equipment, condition, method, course, or practice, approved in writing by the Chief<\/span> or the Director<\/span>.\n\t\t“Authorized person<\/span>” means a person who is assigned by the operator<\/span> or agent<\/span> to perform a specific type of duty or to be at a specific location in the mine and is trained and has demonstrated the ability to perform such duty safely and effectively.\n\t\t“Auxiliary fan<\/span>” means a supplemental underground fan installed to increase the volume of air to a specified location for the purpose of controlling dust, methane, or air quality.\n\t\t“Board<\/span>” means the Board<\/span> of Coal Mining Examiners established pursuant to Article 3 (\u00a7 45.2-515<\/a> et seq.).\n\t\t“Cable<\/span>” means (i) a stranded conductor, known as single-conductor cable<\/span>, or (ii) a combination of conductors insulated from one another, known as multiple-conductor cable<\/span>.\n\t\t“Certified person<\/span>” means a person who holds a valid certificate from the Board<\/span> of Coal Mining Examiners authorizing him to perform the task to which he is assigned.\n\t\t“Circuit” means a conducting part or a system of conducting parts through which an electric current is intended to flow.\n\t\t“Circuit breaker<\/span>” means a device for interrupting a circuit between separable contacts under normal or abnormal conditions.\n\t\t“Coal mine” means a surface coal mine<\/span> or an underground coal mine<\/span>.\n\t\t“Coal Mine Safety Act<\/span>” or “the Act<\/span>” means this chapter and Chapters 7 (\u00a7 45.2-700<\/a> et seq.), 8 (\u00a7 45.2-800<\/a> et seq.), and 9 (\u00a7 45.2-900<\/a> et seq.) and includes any regulations adopted thereunder, where applicable.\n\t\t“Cross entry<\/span>” means any entry or set of entries, turned from main entries, from which room entries are turned.\n\t\t“Experienced surface miner<\/span>” means a person with six months or more of experience working at a surface mine or the surface area of an underground coal mine<\/span>.\n\t\t“Experienced underground miner<\/span>” means a person with six months or more of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Federal mine safety law<\/span>” means the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (P.L. 91-173, as amended by 95-164), and regulations adopted thereunder.\n\t\t“Fuse<\/span>” means an overcurrent protective device with a circuit-opening fusible member directly heated and destroyed by the passage of overcurrent through it.\n\t\t“Ground<\/span>” means a conducting connection between an electric circuit or electrical equipment and earth or to some conducting body that serves in place of earth.\n\t\t“Grounded<\/span>” means connected to earth or to some connecting body that serves in place of earth.\n\t\t“Hazardous condition<\/span>” means a condition that is likely to cause death or serious personal injury<\/span> to any person exposed to such condition.\n\t\t“Imminent danger<\/span>” means the existence of any condition or practice in a mine that could reasonably be expected to cause death or serious personal injury<\/span> before such condition or practice can be abated.\n\t\t“Inactive mine<\/span>” means a mine (i) at which (a) coal or minerals<\/span> have not been excavated or processed or (b) work, other than examination by a certified person<\/span> or emergency work to preserve the mine, has not been performed for a period of 30 days at an underground coal mine<\/span> or for a period of 60 days at a surface mine; (ii) for which a valid license is in effect; and (iii) at which reclamation activities have not been completed.\n\t\t“Inexperienced underground miner<\/span>” means a person with less than six months of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Intake air<\/span>” means air that has not passed through the last active working place<\/span> of the split of any working section<\/span> or any worked-out area<\/span>, whether pillared or nonpillared, and by analysis contains at least 19.5 percent oxygen and not more than 0.5 percent carbon dioxide and does not contain a hazardous quantity of flammable gas or a harmful quantity of poisonous gas.\n\t\t“Interested persons<\/span>” means members of the mine safety committee and other duly authorized representatives of the employees at a mine, MSHA<\/span> employees, mine inspectors<\/span>, and, to the extent required by the Act<\/span>, any other person.\n\t\t“Main entry<\/span>” means the principal entry or set of entries driven through the coal bed or mineral<\/span> deposit and from which cross entries, room entries, or rooms are turned.\n\t\t“Mine” means any underground coal mine<\/span> or surface coal mine<\/span>. Mines<\/span> that are adjacent to each other and under the same management and that are administered as distinct units are considered separate mines<\/span>. A site is not considered a mine unless the coal extracted or excavated from it is offered for sale or exchange or used for any other commercial purpose. The area in which coal is excavated under an exemption to the permitting requirements of \u00a7 45.2-1009<\/a> is not a mine.\n\t\t“Mine fire<\/span>” means an unplanned fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery<\/span>.\n\t\t“Mine foreman<\/span>” means a person who holds a valid certificate of qualification as a foreman duly issued by action of the Board<\/span> of Coal Mining Examiners.\n\t\t“Mine inspector<\/span>” means a public employee assigned by the Chief<\/span> or the Director<\/span> to make mine inspections as required by the Act<\/span> and other applicable laws<\/span>.\n\t\t“Miner” means any individual working in a mine.\n\t\t“Mineral<\/span>” means clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous and nonmetalliferous ores, and any other solid material<\/span> or substance of commercial value excavated in solid form from natural deposits on or in the earth, exclusive of coal and any mineral<\/span> that occurs naturally in liquid or gaseous form.\n\t\t“Monthly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time during the period of the first through the last day of a calendar month.\n\t\t“Mine Safety and Health Administration<\/span>” or “MSHA<\/span>” means the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration<\/span>.\n\t\t“Operator<\/span>” means any person who operates, controls, or supervises a mine or any independent contractor performing services or construction at a mine.\n\t\t“Panel entry<\/span>” means a room entry<\/span>.\n\t\t“Permissible<\/span>” means a device, process, equipment, or method classified as “permissible<\/span>” by MSHA<\/span>, when such classification is adopted by the Chief<\/span> or the Director<\/span>, and includes all requirements, restrictions, exceptions, limitations, and conditions attached to such classification by MSHA<\/span> unless otherwise expressly stated in the Act<\/span>.\n\t\t“Return air<\/span>” means air that has passed through (i) the last active working place<\/span> on each split or (ii) worked-out areas<\/span>, whether pillared or nonpillared.\n\t\t“Room entry<\/span>” means any entry or set of entries from which rooms are turned.\n\t\t“Serious personal injury<\/span>” means any injury that has a reasonable potential to cause death or any injury other than a sprain or strain that requires an admission to a hospital for 24 hours or more for medical treatment.\n\t\t“Substation<\/span>” means an electrical installation containing generating or power-conversion equipment and associated electric equipment and parts, such as switchboards, switches, wiring, fuses<\/span>, circuit breakers<\/span>, compensators, and transformers.\n\t\t“Surface coal mine<\/span>” means (i) the pit and other active and inactive areas of surface extraction of coal; (ii) on-site preparation plants, shops, tipples, and related facilities appurtenant to the extraction and processing of coal; (iii) surface areas for the transportation and storage of coal extracted at the site; (iv) impoundments, retention dams, tailing ponds, and refuse disposal areas appurtenant to the extraction of coal from the site; (v) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property used in or to be used in the extraction of coal from the site; (vi) private ways and roads appurtenant to such areas; and (vii) the areas used to prepare a site for surface coal extraction activities. A site commences being a surface coal mine<\/span> upon the beginning of any site preparation activity other than exploratory drilling or other exploration activity that does not disturb the surface and ceases to be a surface coal mine<\/span> upon completion of initial reclamation activities.\n\t\t“Travel way<\/span>” means a passage, walk, or way regularly used and designated for persons to go from one place to another.\n\t\t“Underground coal mine<\/span>” means (i) the working face<\/span> and other active and inactive areas of underground excavation of coal; (ii) underground travel ways<\/span>, shafts, slopes, drifts, inclines, and tunnels connected to such areas; (iii) on-site preparation plants, shops, tipples, and related facilities appurtenant to the excavation and processing of coal; (iv) on-site surface areas for the transportation and storage of coal excavated at the site; (v) impoundments, retention dams, and tailing ponds appurtenant to the excavation of coal from the site; (vi) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property, on the surface and underground, used in or to be used in the excavation of coal from the site; (vii) private ways and roads appurtenant to such areas; (viii) the areas used to prepare a site for underground coal excavation activities; and (ix) areas used for the drilling of vertical ventilation holes. A site commences being an underground coal mine<\/span> upon the beginning of any site preparation activity other than exploratory drilling or other exploration activity and ceases to be an underground coal mine<\/span> upon completion of initial reclamation activities.\n\t\t“Weekly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time during the period of Sunday through Saturday of a calendar week.\n\t\t“Work area<\/span>” means an area of a surface coal mine<\/span> in production or being prepared for production and an area of the mine that may pose a danger to miners<\/span> at such area.\n\t\t“Worked-out area<\/span>” means an area where underground coal mining has been completed, whether pillared or nonpillared, excluding developing entries, return air<\/span> courses, and intake air<\/span> courses.\n\t\t“Working face<\/span>” means any place in a mine in which work of extracting coal from its natural deposit in the earth is performed during the mining cycle.\n\t\t“Working place<\/span>” means the area of an underground coal mine<\/span> inby the last open crosscut.\n\t\t“Working section<\/span>” means all areas from the loading point of a section to and including the working faces<\/span>.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\n DEFINITIONS (\u00a7 45.2-501)\n\nAs used in the Coal Mine Safety Act, unless the context requires a different\nmeaning:\n\t\t“Accident” means (i) a death of an individual at a mine; (ii) a\nserious personal injury; (iii) an entrapment of an individual for more than 30\nminutes; (iv) an unplanned inundation of a mine by liquid or gas; (v) an\nunplanned ignition or explosion of gas or dust; (vi) an unplanned fire not\nextinguished within 30 minutes of discovery; (vii) an unplanned ignition or\nexplosion of a blasting agent or an explosive; (viii) an unplanned roof fall at\nor above the anchorage zone in active workings where roof bolts are in use, or\nan unplanned roof or rib fall in active workings that impairs ventilation or\nimpedes passage; (ix) a coal or rock outburst that causes withdrawal of miners\nor that disrupts regular mining activity for more than one hour; (x) an unstable\ncondition at an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank that requires emergency\naction in order to prevent failure or that causes individuals to evacuate an\narea, or failure of an impoundment, refuse pile, or culm bank; (xi) damage to\nhoisting equipment in a shaft or slope that endangers an individual or\ninterferes with use of the equipment for more than 30 minutes; (xii) an event at\na mine that causes death or bodily injury to any individual not at a mine at the\ntime the event occurs; and (xiii) the unintentional fall of highwall that\nentraps equipment for more than 30 minutes.\n\t\t“Active area” means any place in a mine that is ventilated, if\nunderground, and examined regularly.\n\t\t“Active workings” means any place in a mine where miners are\nnormally required to work or travel.\n\t\t“Agent” means any person charged by the operator with\nresponsibility for the operation of all or a part of a mine or the supervision\nof miners in a mine.\n\t\t“Approved” means, with reference to a device, apparatus,\nequipment, condition, method, course, or practice, approved in writing by the\nChief or the Director.\n\t\t“Authorized person” means a person who is assigned by the operator\nor agent to perform a specific type of duty or to be at a specific location in\nthe mine and is trained and has demonstrated the ability to perform such duty\nsafely and effectively.\n\t\t“Auxiliary fan” means a supplemental underground fan installed to\nincrease the volume of air to a specified location for the purpose of\ncontrolling dust, methane, or air quality.\n\t\t“Board” means the Board of Coal Mining Examiners established\npursuant to Article 3 (\u00a7 45.2-515 et seq.).\n\t\t“Cable” means (i) a stranded conductor, known as single-conductor\ncable, or (ii) a combination of conductors insulated from one another, known as\nmultiple-conductor cable.\n\t\t“Certified person” means a person who holds a valid certificate\nfrom the Board of Coal Mining Examiners authorizing him to perform the task to\nwhich he is assigned.\n\t\t“Circuit” means a conducting part or a system of conducting parts\nthrough which an electric current is intended to flow.\n\t\t“Circuit breaker” means a device for interrupting a circuit\nbetween separable contacts under normal or abnormal conditions.\n\t\t“Coal mine” means a surface coal mine or an underground coal mine.\n\t\t“Coal Mine Safety Act” or “the Act” means this chapter\nand Chapters 7 (\u00a7 45.2-700 et seq.), 8 (\u00a7 45.2-800 et seq.), and 9 (\u00a7\n45.2-900 et seq.) and includes any regulations adopted thereunder, where\napplicable.\n\t\t“Cross entry” means any entry or set of entries, turned from main\nentries, from which room entries are turned.\n\t\t“Experienced surface miner” means a person with six months or more\nof experience working at a surface mine or the surface area of an underground\ncoal mine.\n\t\t“Experienced underground miner” means a person with six months or\nmore of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Federal mine safety law” means the Federal Mine Safety and Health\nAct of 1977 (P.L. 91-173, as amended by 95-164), and regulations adopted\nthereunder.\n\t\t“Fuse” means an overcurrent protective device with a\ncircuit-opening fusible member directly heated and destroyed by the passage of\novercurrent through it.\n\t\t“Ground” means a conducting connection between an electric circuit\nor electrical equipment and earth or to some conducting body that serves in\nplace of earth.\n\t\t“Grounded” means connected to earth or to some connecting body\nthat serves in place of earth.\n\t\t“Hazardous condition” means a condition that is likely to cause\ndeath or serious personal injury to any person exposed to such condition.\n\t\t“Imminent danger” means the existence of any condition or practice\nin a mine that could reasonably be expected to cause death or serious personal\ninjury before such condition or practice can be abated.\n\t\t“Inactive mine” means a mine (i) at which (a) coal or minerals\nhave not been excavated or processed or (b) work, other than examination by a\ncertified person or emergency work to preserve the mine, has not been performed\nfor a period of 30 days at an underground coal mine or for a period of 60 days\nat a surface mine; (ii) for which a valid license is in effect; and (iii) at\nwhich reclamation activities have not been completed.\n\t\t“Inexperienced underground miner” means a person with less than\nsix months of underground coal mining experience.\n\t\t“Intake air” means air that has not passed through the last active\nworking place of the split of any working section or any worked-out area,\nwhether pillared or nonpillared, and by analysis contains at least 19.5 percent\noxygen and not more than 0.5 percent carbon dioxide and does not contain a\nhazardous quantity of flammable gas or a harmful quantity of poisonous gas.\n\t\t“Interested persons” means members of the mine safety committee\nand other duly authorized representatives of the employees at a mine, MSHA\nemployees, mine inspectors, and, to the extent required by the Act, any other\nperson.\n\t\t“Main entry” means the principal entry or set of entries driven\nthrough the coal bed or mineral deposit and from which cross entries, room\nentries, or rooms are turned.\n\t\t“Mine” means any underground coal mine or surface coal mine. Mines\nthat are adjacent to each other and under the same management and that are\nadministered as distinct units are considered separate mines. A site is not\nconsidered a mine unless the coal extracted or excavated from it is offered for\nsale or exchange or used for any other commercial purpose. The area in which\ncoal is excavated under an exemption to the permitting requirements of \u00a7\n45.2-1009 is not a mine.\n\t\t“Mine fire” means an unplanned fire not extinguished within 30\nminutes of discovery.\n\t\t“Mine foreman” means a person who holds a valid certificate of\nqualification as a foreman duly issued by action of the Board of Coal Mining\nExaminers.\n\t\t“Mine inspector” means a public employee assigned by the Chief or\nthe Director to make mine inspections as required by the Act and other\napplicable laws.\n\t\t“Miner” means any individual working in a mine.\n\t\t“Mineral” means clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous and\nnonmetalliferous ores, and any other solid material or substance of commercial\nvalue excavated in solid form from natural deposits on or in the earth,\nexclusive of coal and any mineral that occurs naturally in liquid or gaseous\nform.\n\t\t“Monthly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time\nduring the period of the first through the last day of a calendar month.\n\t\t“Mine Safety and Health Administration” or “MSHA”\nmeans the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration.\n\t\t“Operator” means any person who operates, controls, or supervises\na mine or any independent contractor performing services or construction at a\nmine.\n\t\t“Panel entry” means a room entry.\n\t\t“Permissible” means a device, process, equipment, or method\nclassified as “permissible” by MSHA, when such classification is\nadopted by the Chief or the Director, and includes all requirements,\nrestrictions, exceptions, limitations, and conditions attached to such\nclassification by MSHA unless otherwise expressly stated in the Act.\n\t\t“Return air” means air that has passed through (i) the last active\nworking place on each split or (ii) worked-out areas, whether pillared or\nnonpillared.\n\t\t“Room entry” means any entry or set of entries from which rooms\nare turned.\n\t\t“Serious personal injury” means any injury that has a reasonable\npotential to cause death or any injury other than a sprain or strain that\nrequires an admission to a hospital for 24 hours or more for medical treatment.\n\t\t“Substation” means an electrical installation containing\ngenerating or power-conversion equipment and associated electric equipment and\nparts, such as switchboards, switches, wiring, fuses, circuit breakers,\ncompensators, and transformers.\n\t\t“Surface coal mine” means (i) the pit and other active and\ninactive areas of surface extraction of coal; (ii) on-site preparation plants,\nshops, tipples, and related facilities appurtenant to the extraction and\nprocessing of coal; (iii) surface areas for the transportation and storage of\ncoal extracted at the site; (iv) impoundments, retention dams, tailing ponds,\nand refuse disposal areas appurtenant to the extraction of coal from the site;\n(v) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property used in or to be used in the\nextraction of coal from the site; (vi) private ways and roads appurtenant to\nsuch areas; and (vii) the areas used to prepare a site for surface coal\nextraction activities. A site commences being a surface coal mine upon the\nbeginning of any site preparation activity other than exploratory drilling or\nother exploration activity that does not disturb the surface and ceases to be a\nsurface coal mine upon completion of initial reclamation activities.\n\t\t“Travel way” means a passage, walk, or way regularly used and\ndesignated for persons to go from one place to another.\n\t\t“Underground coal mine” means (i) the working face and other\nactive and inactive areas of underground excavation of coal; (ii) underground\ntravel ways, shafts, slopes, drifts, inclines, and tunnels connected to such\nareas; (iii) on-site preparation plants, shops, tipples, and related facilities\nappurtenant to the excavation and processing of coal; (iv) on-site surface areas\nfor the transportation and storage of coal excavated at the site; (v)\nimpoundments, retention dams, and tailing ponds appurtenant to the excavation of\ncoal from the site; (vi) equipment, machinery, tools, and other property, on the\nsurface and underground, used in or to be used in the excavation of coal from\nthe site; (vii) private ways and roads appurtenant to such areas; (viii) the\nareas used to prepare a site for underground coal excavation activities; and\n(ix) areas used for the drilling of vertical ventilation holes. A site commences\nbeing an underground coal mine upon the beginning of any site preparation\nactivity other than exploratory drilling or other exploration activity and\nceases to be an underground coal mine upon completion of initial reclamation\nactivities.\n\t\t“Weekly” means, unless otherwise stated, occurring any time during\nthe period of Sunday through Saturday of a calendar week.\n\t\t“Work area” means an area of a surface coal mine in production or\nbeing prepared for production and an area of the mine that may pose a danger to\nminers at such area.\n\t\t“Worked-out area” means an area where underground coal mining has\nbeen completed, whether pillared or nonpillared, excluding developing entries,\nreturn air courses, and intake air courses.\n\t\t“Working face” means any place in a mine in which work of\nextracting coal from its natural deposit in the earth is performed during the\nmining cycle.\n\t\t“Working place” means the area of an underground coal mine inby\nthe last open crosscut.\n\t\t“Working section” means all areas from the loading point of a\nsection to and including the working faces.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 45-0.2; 1954, c. 191; 1966, c. 594, \u00a7 45.1-2; 1975, c.\n520; 1978, cc. 120, 489; 1980, c. 442; 1984, c. 590; 1993, c. 442; 1994, c. 28,\n\u00a7 45.1-161.8; 1996, c. 774; 1997, c. 390; 1999, c. 256; 2005, c. 3; 2021, Sp.\nSess. I, c. 387.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}