{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/46.2-100.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/46.2-100.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/46.2-100.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/46.2-100.html"}],"law_id":82691,"edition_id":1,"section_id":82691,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-100","catch_line":"Definitions","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 46-1, 46-169, 46-185, 46-186, 46-343; 1954, c. 59; 1958, cc. 501, 541, \u00a7\u00a7 46.1-1, 46.1-161; 1964, c. 618; 1966, c. 643; 1968, cc. 285, 641, 653, 685; 1972, cc. 433, 609; 1974, c. 347; 1975, cc. 382, 426; 1976, c. 372; 1977, cc. 252, 585; 1978, cc. 36, 550, 605; 1979, c. 100; 1980, c. 51; 1981, c. 585; 1983, c. 386; 1984, cc. 404, 780; 1985, c. 447; 1986, cc. 72, 613; 1987, c. 151; 1988, cc. 107, 452, 865; 1989, cc. 645, 705, 727; 1990, cc. 45, 418; 1992, c. 98; 1993, c. 133; 1994, c. 866; 1996, cc. 943, 994; 1997, cc. 9, 186, 486, 783, 904; 1998, c. 888; 1999, cc. 67, 77; 2001, c. 834; 2002, cc. 214, 234, 254; 2003, cc. 29, 46; 2004, cc. 746, 796; 2005, cc. 310, 928; 2006, cc. 529, 538, 540, 874, 891, 896; 2007, cc. 209, 325, 366, 393; 2010, c. 135; 2011, c. 128; 2012, c. 177; 2013, cc. 128, 400, 783; 2014, cc. 53, 256; 2016, cc. 428, 500, 764; 2017, cc. 251, 370, 554, 788; 2018, c. 555; 2019, c. 780; 2020, cc. 59, 260, 1269; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 421; 2023, cc. 148, 149; 2025, cc. 163, 177.","full_text":"As used in this title, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“All-terrain vehicle” means a motor vehicle having three or more wheels that is powered by a motor and is manufactured for off-highway use. “All-terrain vehicle” does not include four-wheeled vehicles commonly known as “go-carts” that have low centers of gravity and are typically used in racing on relatively level surfaces, nor does the term include any riding lawn mower.\n\t\t“Antique motor vehicle” means every motor vehicle, as defined in this section, which was actually manufactured or designated by the manufacturer as a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years prior to January 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a collector’s item.\n\t\t“Antique trailer” means every trailer or semitrailer, as defined in this section, that was actually manufactured or designated by the manufacturer as a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years prior to January 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a collector’s item.\n\t\t“Autocycle” means a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for motorcycles. Except as otherwise provided, an autocycle shall not be deemed to be a motorcycle.\n\t\t“Automobile transporter” means any tractor truck, lowboy, vehicle, or combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport motor vehicles on their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the transportation of motor vehicles or used to transport cargo or general freight on a backhaul pursuant to the provisions of 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 31111(a)(1).\n\t\t“Bicycle” means a device propelled solely by human power, upon which a person may ride either on or astride a regular seat attached thereto, having two or more wheels in tandem, including children’s bicycles, except a toy vehicle intended for use by young children. For purposes of Chapter 8 (\u00a7 46.2-800 et seq.), a bicycle shall be a vehicle while operated on the highway.\n\t\t“Bicycle lane” means that portion of a roadway designated by signs and\/or pavement markings for the preferential use of bicycles, electric power-assisted bicycles, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds.\n\t\t“Business district” means the territory contiguous to a highway where 75 percent or more of the property contiguous to a highway, on either side of the highway, for a distance of 300 feet or more along the highway, is occupied by land and buildings actually in use for business purposes.\n\t\t“Camping trailer” means every vehicle that has collapsible sides and contains sleeping quarters but may or may not contain bathing and cooking facilities and is designed to be drawn by a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Cancel” or “cancellation” means that the document or privilege cancelled has been annulled or terminated because of some error, defect, or ineligibility, but the cancellation is without prejudice and reapplication may be made at any time after cancellation.\n\t\t“Chauffeur” means every person employed for the principal purpose of driving a motor vehicle and every person who drives a motor vehicle while in use as a public or common carrier of persons or property.\n\t\t“Circular intersection” means an intersection that has an island, generally circular in design, located in the center of the intersection, where all vehicles pass to the right of the island. Circular intersections include roundabouts, rotaries, and traffic circles.\n\t\t“Commission” means the State Corporation Commission.\n\t\t“Commissioner” means the Commissioner of the Department of Motor Vehicles of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t“Converted electric vehicle” means any motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle or autocycle, that has been modified subsequent to its manufacture to replace an internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. Such vehicles shall retain their original vehicle identification number, line-make, and model year. A converted electric vehicle shall not be deemed a “reconstructed vehicle” as defined in this section unless it has been materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition, or substitution of new or used essential parts other than those required for the conversion to electric propulsion.\n\t\t“Crosswalk” means that part of a roadway at an intersection included within the connections of the lateral lines of the sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs or, in the absence of curbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway; or any portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface.\n\t\t“Decal” means a device to be attached to a license plate that validates the license plate for a predetermined registration period.\n\t\t“Department” means the Department of Motor Vehicles of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t“Disabled parking license plate” means a license plate that displays the international symbol of access in the same size as the numbers and letters on the plate and in a color that contrasts with the background.\n\t\t“Disabled veteran” means a veteran who (i) has either lost, or lost the use of, a leg, arm, or hand; (ii) is blind; or (iii) is permanently and totally disabled as certified by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. A veteran shall be considered blind if he has a permanent impairment of both eyes to the following extent: central visual acuity of 20\/200 or less in the better eye, with corrective lenses, or central visual acuity of more than 20\/200, if there is a field defect in which the peripheral field has contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye.\n\t\t“Driver’s license” means any license, including a commercial driver’s license as defined in the Virginia Commercial Driver’s License Act (\u00a7 46.2-341.1 et seq.) and a driver privilege card issued pursuant to \u00a7 46.2-328.3, issued under the laws of the Commonwealth authorizing the operation of a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Electric personal assistive mobility device” means a self-balancing two-nontandem-wheeled device that is designed to transport only one person and powered by an electric propulsion system that limits the device’s maximum speed to 15 miles per hour or less. For purposes of Chapter 8 (\u00a7 46.2-800 et seq.), an electric personal assistive mobility device shall be a vehicle when operated on a highway.\n\t\t“Electric power-assisted bicycle” means a vehicle that travels on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground and is equipped with (i) pedals that allow propulsion by human power, (ii) a seat for the use of the rider, and (iii) an electric motor with an input of no more than 750 watts. Electric power-assisted bicycles shall be classified as follows:\n\n1\n\n“Class one” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches a speed of 20 miles per hour;2\n\n“Class two” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped with a motor that may be used exclusively to propel the bicycle and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour; and3\n\n“Class three” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 28 miles per hour.\n\t\t\tFor the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), an electric power-assisted bicycle shall be a vehicle when operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Essential parts” means all integral parts and body parts, the removal, alteration, or substitution of which will tend to conceal the identity of a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Farm tractor” means every motor vehicle designed and used as a farm, agricultural, or horticultural implement for drawing plows, mowing machines, and other farm, agricultural, or horticultural machinery and implements, including self-propelled mowers designed and used for mowing lawns.\n\t\t\t“Farm utility vehicle” means a vehicle that is powered by a motor and is designed for off-road use and is used as a farm, agricultural, or horticultural service vehicle, generally having four or more wheels, bench seating for the operator and a passenger, a steering wheel for control, and a cargo bed. “Farm utility vehicle” does not include pickup or panel trucks, golf carts, low-speed vehicles, or riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Federal safety requirements” means applicable provisions of 49 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and all administrative regulations and policies adopted pursuant thereto.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility” means the ability to respond in damages for liability thereafter incurred arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle, in the amounts provided for in § 46.2-472.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility in the future” means the future ability to respond to damages for liability incurred arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle in the amounts provided for in §§ 46.2-316 and 46.2-472.\n\t\t\t“Foreign market vehicle” means any motor vehicle originally manufactured outside the United States, which was not manufactured in accordance with 49 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and the policies and regulations adopted pursuant to that Act, and for which a Virginia title or registration is sought.\n\t\t\t“Foreign vehicle” means every motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer that is brought into the Commonwealth otherwise than in the ordinary course of business by or through a manufacturer or dealer and that has not been registered in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Golf cart” means a self-propelled vehicle that is designed to transport persons playing golf and their equipment on a golf course.\n\t\t\t“Governing body” means the board of supervisors of a county, council of a city, or council of a town, as context may require.\n\t\t\t“Gross weight” means the aggregate weight of a vehicle or combination of vehicles and the load thereon.\n\t\t\t“Highway” means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel in the Commonwealth, including the streets and alleys, and, for law-enforcement purposes, (i) the entire width between the boundary lines of all private roads or private streets that have been specifically designated “highways” by an ordinance adopted by the governing body of the county, city, or town in which such private roads or streets are located and (ii) the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place used for purposes of vehicular travel on any property owned, leased, or controlled by the United States government and located in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Intersection” means (i) the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curblines or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two highways that join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling on different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict; (ii) where a highway includes two roadways 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be regarded as a separate intersection, in the event such intersecting highway also includes two roadways 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of two roadways of such highways shall be regarded as a separate intersection; or (iii) for purposes only of authorizing installation of traffic-control devices, every crossing of a highway or street at grade by a pedestrian crosswalk.\n\t\t\t“Lane-use control signal” means a signal face displaying indications to permit or prohibit the use of specific lanes of a roadway or to indicate the impending prohibition of such use.\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement officer” means any officer authorized to direct or regulate traffic or to make arrests for violations of this title or local ordinances authorized by law. For the purposes of access to law-enforcement databases regarding motor vehicle registration and ownership only, “law-enforcement officer” also includes city and county commissioners of the revenue and treasurers, together with their duly designated deputies and employees, when such officials are actually engaged in the enforcement of §§ 46.2-752, 46.2-753, and 46.2-754 and local ordinances enacted thereunder.\n\t\t\t“License plate” means a device containing letters, numerals, or a combination of both, attached to a motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer to indicate that the vehicle is properly registered with the Department.\n\t\t\t“Light” means a device for producing illumination or the illumination produced by the device.\n\t\t\t“Low-speed vehicle” means any four-wheeled electrically powered or gas-powered vehicle, except a motor vehicle or low-speed vehicle that is used exclusively for agricultural or horticultural purposes or a golf cart, whose maximum speed is greater than 20 miles per hour but not greater than 25 miles per hour and is manufactured to comply with safety standards contained in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, § 571.500.\n\t\t\t“Manufactured home” means a structure subject to federal regulation, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode is eight body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length, or, when erected on site, is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein. “Manufactured home” does not include a park model recreational vehicle, which is a vehicle that is (i) designed and marketed as temporary living quarters for recreational, camping, travel, or seasonal use; (ii) not permanently affixed to real property for use as a permanent dwelling; (iii) built on a single chassis mounted on wheels; and (iv) certified by the manufacturer as complying with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A119.5 Park Model Recreational Vehicle Standard.\n\t\t\t“Military surplus motor vehicle” means a multipurpose or tactical vehicle that was manufactured by or under the direction of the United States Armed Forces for off-road use and subsequently authorized for sale to civilians. “Military surplus motor vehicle” does not include specialized mobile equipment as defined in § 46.2-700, trailers, or semitrailers.\n\t\t\t“Moped” means every vehicle that travels on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground that (i) has a seat that is no less than 24 inches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to the ground; (ii) has a gasoline, electric, or hybrid motor that (a) displaces 50 cubic centimeters or less or (b) has an input of 1500 watts or less; (iii) is power-driven, with or without pedals that allow propulsion by human power; and (iv) is not operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. “Moped” does not include an electric power-assisted bicycle or a motorized skateboard or scooter. For purposes of this title, a moped shall be a motorcycle when operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. For purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), a moped shall be a vehicle while operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Motor-driven cycle” means every motorcycle that has a gasoline engine that (i) displaces less than 150 cubic centimeters; (ii) has a seat less than 24 inches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to the ground; and (iii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number.\n\t\t\t“Motor home” means every private motor vehicle with a normal seating capacity of not more than 10 persons, including the driver, designed primarily for use as living quarters for human beings.\n\t\t\t“Motor vehicle” means every vehicle as defined in this section that is self-propelled or designed for self-propulsion except as otherwise provided in this title. Any structure designed, used, or maintained primarily to be loaded on or affixed to a motor vehicle to provide a mobile dwelling, sleeping place, office, or commercial space shall be considered a part of a motor vehicle. Except as otherwise provided, for the purposes of this title, any device herein defined as a bicycle, electric personal assistive mobility device, electric power-assisted bicycle, motorized skateboard or scooter, moped, or personal delivery device shall be deemed not to be a motor vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Motorcycle” means every motor vehicle designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground and is capable of traveling at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. “Motorcycle” does not include any “autocycle,” “electric personal assistive mobility device,” “electric power-assisted bicycle,” “farm tractor,” “golf cart,” “moped,” “motorized skateboard or scooter,” “utility vehicle,” or “wheelchair or wheelchair conveyance” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Motorized skateboard or scooter” means every vehicle, regardless of the number of its wheels in contact with the ground, that (i) is designed to allow an operator to sit or stand, (ii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number, (iii) is powered in whole or in part by an electric motor, (iv) weighs less than 100 pounds, and (v) has a speed of no more than 20 miles per hour on a paved level surface when powered solely by the electric motor. “Motorized skateboard or scooter” includes vehicles with or without handlebars but does not include electric personal assistive mobility devices or electric power-assisted bicycles.\n\t\t\t“Nonresident” means every person who is not domiciled in the Commonwealth, except: (i) any foreign corporation that is authorized to do business in the Commonwealth by the State Corporation Commission shall be a resident of the Commonwealth for the purpose of this title; in the case of corporations incorporated in the Commonwealth but doing business outside the Commonwealth, only such principal place of business or branches located within the Commonwealth shall be dealt with as residents of the Commonwealth; (ii) a person who becomes engaged in a gainful occupation in the Commonwealth for a period exceeding 60 days shall be a resident for the purposes of this title except for the purposes of Chapter 3 (§ 46.2-300 et seq.); (iii) a person, other than (a) a nonresident student as defined in this section or (b) a person who is serving a full-time church service or proselyting mission of not more than 36 months and who is not gainfully employed, who has actually resided in the Commonwealth for a period of six months, whether employed or not, or who has registered a motor vehicle, listing an address in the Commonwealth in the application for registration, shall be deemed a resident for the purposes of this title, except for the purposes of the Virginia Commercial Driver’s License Act (§ 46.2-341.1 et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Nonresident student” means every nonresident person who is enrolled as a full-time student in an accredited institution of learning in the Commonwealth and who is not gainfully employed.\n\t\t\t“Off-road motorcycle” means every motorcycle designed exclusively for off-road use by an individual rider with not more than two wheels in contact with the ground. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, for the purposes of this chapter off-road motorcycles shall be deemed to be “motorcycles.”\n\t\t\t“Operation or use for rent or for hire, for the transportation of passengers, or as a property carrier for compensation,” and “business of transporting persons or property” mean any owner or operator of any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer operating over the highways in the Commonwealth who accepts or receives compensation for the service, directly or indirectly; but these terms do not mean a “truck lessor” as defined in this section and do not include persons or businesses that receive compensation for delivering a product that they themselves sell or produce, where a separate charge is made for delivery of the product or the cost of delivery is included in the sale price of the product, but where the person or business does not derive all or a substantial portion of its income from the transportation of persons or property except as part of a sales transaction.\n\t\t\t“Operator” or “driver” means every person who either (i) drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle on a highway or (ii) is exercising control over or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Owner” means a person who holds the legal title to a vehicle; however, if a vehicle is the subject of an agreement for its conditional sale or lease with the right of purchase on performance of the conditions stated in the agreement and with an immediate right of possession vested in the conditional vendee or lessee or if a mortgagor of a vehicle is entitled to possession, then the conditional vendee or lessee or mortgagor shall be the owner for the purpose of this title. In all such instances when the rent paid by the lessee includes charges for services of any nature or when the lease does not provide that title shall pass to the lessee on payment of the rent stipulated, the lessor shall be regarded as the owner of the vehicle, and the vehicle shall be subject to such requirements of this title as are applicable to vehicles operated for compensation. A “truck lessor” as defined in this section shall be regarded as the owner, and his vehicles shall be subject to such requirements of this title as are applicable to vehicles of private carriers.\n\t\t\t“Passenger car” means every motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or autocycle designed and used primarily for the transportation of no more than 10 persons, including the driver.\n\t\t\t“Payment device” means any credit card as defined in 15 U.S.C. § 1602 (k) or any “accepted card or other means of access” set forth in 15 U.S.C. § 1693a (1). For the purposes of this title, this definition shall also include a card that enables a person to pay for transactions through the use of value stored on the card itself.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device” means a powered device operated primarily on sidewalks and crosswalks and intended primarily for the transport of property on public rights-of-way that does not exceed 500 pounds, excluding cargo, and is capable of navigating with or without the active control or monitoring of a natural person. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a personal delivery device shall not be considered a motor vehicle or a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device operator” means an entity or its agent that exercises direct physical control or monitoring over the navigation system and operation of a personal delivery device. For the purposes of this definition, “agent” means a person not less than 16 years of age charged by an entity with the responsibility of navigating and operating a personal delivery device. “Personal delivery device operator” does not include (i) an entity or person who requests the services of a personal delivery device to transport property or (ii) an entity or person who only arranges for and dispatches the requested services of a personal delivery device.\n\t\t\t“Pickup or panel truck” means (i) every motor vehicle designed for the transportation of property and having a registered gross weight of 7,500 pounds or less or (ii) every motor vehicle registered for personal use, designed to transport property on its own structure independent of any other vehicle, and having a registered gross weight in excess of 7,500 pounds but not in excess of 10,000 pounds.\n\t\t\t“Private road or driveway” means every way in private ownership and used for vehicular travel by the owner and those having express or implied permission from the owner, but not by other persons.\n\t\t\t“Reconstructed vehicle” means every vehicle of a type required to be registered under this title materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition, or substitution of new or used essential parts. Such vehicles, at the discretion of the Department, shall retain their original vehicle identification number, line-make, and model year. Except as otherwise provided in this title, this definition shall not include a “converted electric vehicle” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Replica vehicle” means every vehicle of a type required to be registered under this title not fully constructed by a licensed manufacturer but either constructed or assembled from components. Such components may be from a single vehicle, multiple vehicles, a kit, parts, or fabricated components. The kit may be made up of “major components” as defined in § 46.2-1600, a full body, or a full chassis, or a combination of these parts. The vehicle shall resemble a vehicle of distinctive name, line-make, model, or type as produced by a licensed manufacturer or manufacturer no longer in business and is not a reconstructed or specially constructed vehicle as herein defined.\n\t\t\t“Residence district” means the territory contiguous to a highway, not comprising a business district, where 75 percent or more of the property abutting such highway, on either side of the highway, for a distance of 300 feet or more along the highway consists of land improved for dwelling purposes, or is occupied by dwellings, or consists of land or buildings in use for business purposes, or consists of territory zoned residential or territory in residential subdivisions created under Chapter 22 (§ 15.2-2200 et seq.) of Title 15.2.\n\t\t\t“Revoke” or “revocation” means that the document or privilege revoked is not subject to renewal or restoration except through reapplication after the expiration of the period of revocation.\n\t\t\t“Roadway” means that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder. A highway may include two or more roadways if divided by a physical barrier or barriers or an unpaved area.\n\t\t\t“Safety zone” means the area officially set apart within a roadway for the exclusive use of pedestrians and that is protected or is so marked or indicated by plainly visible signs.\n\t\t\t“School bus” means any motor vehicle, other than a station wagon, automobile, truck, or commercial bus, which is: (i) designed and used primarily for the transportation of pupils to and from public, private or religious schools, or used for the transportation of individuals with mental or physical disabilities to and from a sheltered workshop; (ii) painted yellow and bears the words “School Bus” in black letters of a specified size on front and rear; and (iii) is equipped with warning devices prescribed in § 46.2-1090. A yellow school bus may have a white roof provided such vehicle is painted in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Department of Education.\n\t\t\t“Semitrailer” means every vehicle of the trailer type so designed and used in conjunction with a motor vehicle that some part of its own weight and that of its own load rests on or is carried by another vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Shared-use path” means a bikeway that is physically separated from motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or barrier and is located either within the highway right-of-way or within a separate right-of-way. Shared-use paths may also be used by pedestrians, skaters, users of wheel chairs or wheel chair conveyances, joggers, and other nonmotorized users and personal delivery devices.\n\t\t\t“Shoulder” means that part of a highway between the portion regularly traveled by vehicular traffic and the lateral curbline or ditch.\n\t\t\t“Sidewalk” means the portion of a street between the curb lines, or the lateral lines of a roadway, and the adjacent property lines, intended for use by pedestrians.\n\t\t\t“Snowmobile” means a self-propelled vehicle designed to travel on snow or ice, steered by skis or runners, and supported in whole or in part by one or more skis, belts, or cleats.\n\t\t\t“Special construction and forestry equipment” means any vehicle which is designed primarily for highway construction, highway maintenance, earth moving, timber harvesting or other construction or forestry work and which is not designed for the transportation of persons or property on a public highway.\n\t\t\t“Specially constructed vehicle” means any vehicle that was not originally constructed under a distinctive name, make, model, or type by a generally recognized manufacturer of vehicles and not a reconstructed vehicle as herein defined.\n\t\t\t“Stinger-steered automobile or watercraft transporter” means an automobile or watercraft transporter configured as a semitrailer combination wherein the fifth wheel is located on a drop frame behind and below the rearmost axle of the power unit.\n\t\t\t“Superintendent” means the Superintendent of the Department of State Police of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Suspend” or “suspension” means that the document or privilege suspended has been temporarily withdrawn, but may be reinstated following the period of suspension unless it has expired prior to the end of the period of suspension.\n\t\t\t“Tow truck” means a motor vehicle for hire (i) designed to lift, pull, or carry another vehicle by means of a hoist or other mechanical apparatus and (ii) having a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating of at least 10,000 pounds. “Tow truck” also includes vehicles designed with a ramp on wheels and a hydraulic lift with a capacity to haul or tow another vehicle, commonly referred to as “rollbacks.” “Tow truck” does not include any “automobile or watercraft transporter,” “stinger-steered automobile or watercraft transporter,” or “tractor truck” as those terms are defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Towing and recovery operator” means a person engaged in the business of (i) removing disabled vehicles, parts of vehicles, their cargoes, and other objects to facilities for repair or safekeeping and (ii) restoring to the highway or other location where they either can be operated or removed to other locations for repair or safekeeping vehicles that have come to rest in places where they cannot be operated.\n\t\t\t“Toy vehicle” means any motorized or propellant-driven device that has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number that is designed or used to carry any person or persons, on any number of wheels, bearings, glides, blades, runners, or a cushion of air. “Toy vehicle” does not include electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric power-assisted bicycles, mopeds, motorized skateboards or scooters, or motorcycles, nor does it include any nonmotorized or nonpropellant-driven devices such as bicycles, roller skates, or skateboards.\n\t\t\t“Tractor truck” means every motor vehicle designed and used primarily for drawing other vehicles and not so constructed as to carry a load other than a part of the load and weight of the vehicle attached thereto.\n\t\t\t“Traffic control device” means a sign, signal, marking, or other device used to regulate, warn, or guide traffic placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private road open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or shared-use path by authority of a public agency or official having jurisdiction, or in the case of a private road open to public travel, by authority of the private owner or private official having jurisdiction.\n\t\t\t“Traffic infraction” means a violation of law punishable as provided in § 46.2-113, which is neither a felony nor a misdemeanor.\n\t\t\t“Traffic lane” or “lane” means that portion of a roadway designed or designated to accommodate the forward movement of a single line of vehicles.\n\t\t\t“Trailer” means every vehicle without motive power designed for carrying property or passengers wholly on its own structure and for being drawn by a motor vehicle, including manufactured homes.\n\t\t\t“Truck” means every motor vehicle designed to transport property on its own structure independent of any other vehicle and having a registered gross weight in excess of 7,500 pounds. “Truck” does not include any pickup or panel truck.\n\t\t\t“Truck lessor” means a person who holds the legal title to any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer that is the subject of a bona fide written lease for a term of one year or more to another person, provided that: (i) neither the lessor nor the lessee is a common carrier by motor vehicle or restricted common carrier by motor vehicle or contract carrier by motor vehicle as defined in § 46.2-2000; (ii) the leased motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer is used exclusively for the transportation of property of the lessee; (iii) the lessor is not employed in any capacity by the lessee; (iv) the operator of the leased motor vehicle is a bona fide employee of the lessee and is not employed in any capacity by the lessor; and (v) a true copy of the lease, verified by affidavit of the lessor, is filed with the Commissioner.\n\t\t\t“Utility vehicle” means a motor vehicle that is (i) designed for off-road use, (ii) powered by a motor, and (iii) used for general maintenance, security, agricultural, or horticultural purposes. “Utility vehicle” does not include riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Vehicle” means every device in, on or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn on a highway, except personal delivery devices and devices moved by human power or used exclusively on stationary rails or tracks. For the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), bicycles, electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric power-assisted bicycles, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds shall be vehicles while operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Watercraft transporter” means any tractor truck, lowboy, vehicle, or combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport watercraft on their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the transportation of watercraft.\n\t\t\t“Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance” means a chair or seat equipped with wheels, typically used to provide mobility for persons who, by reason of physical disability, are otherwise unable to move about as pedestrians. “Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance” includes both three-wheeled and four-wheeled devices. So long as it is operated only as provided in § 46.2-677, a self-propelled wheel chair or self-propelled wheel chair conveyance shall not be considered a motor vehicle.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":296219,"text":"As used in this title, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“All-terrain vehicle” means a motor vehicle having three or more wheels that is powered by a motor and is manufactured for off-highway use. “All-terrain vehicle” does not include four-wheeled vehicles commonly known as “go-carts” that have low centers of gravity and are typically used in racing on relatively level surfaces, nor does the term include any riding lawn mower.\n\t\t“Antique motor vehicle” means every motor vehicle, as defined in this section, which was actually manufactured or designated by the manufacturer as a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years prior to January 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a collector’s item.\n\t\t“Antique trailer” means every trailer or semitrailer, as defined in this section, that was actually manufactured or designated by the manufacturer as a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years prior to January 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a collector’s item.\n\t\t“Autocycle” means a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for motorcycles. Except as otherwise provided, an autocycle shall not be deemed to be a motorcycle.\n\t\t“Automobile transporter” means any tractor truck, lowboy, vehicle, or combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport motor vehicles on their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the transportation of motor vehicles or used to transport cargo or general freight on a backhaul pursuant to the provisions of 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 31111(a)(1).\n\t\t“Bicycle” means a device propelled solely by human power, upon which a person may ride either on or astride a regular seat attached thereto, having two or more wheels in tandem, including children’s bicycles, except a toy vehicle intended for use by young children. For purposes of Chapter 8 (\u00a7 46.2-800 et seq.), a bicycle shall be a vehicle while operated on the highway.\n\t\t“Bicycle lane” means that portion of a roadway designated by signs and\/or pavement markings for the preferential use of bicycles, electric power-assisted bicycles, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds.\n\t\t“Business district” means the territory contiguous to a highway where 75 percent or more of the property contiguous to a highway, on either side of the highway, for a distance of 300 feet or more along the highway, is occupied by land and buildings actually in use for business purposes.\n\t\t“Camping trailer” means every vehicle that has collapsible sides and contains sleeping quarters but may or may not contain bathing and cooking facilities and is designed to be drawn by a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Cancel” or “cancellation” means that the document or privilege cancelled has been annulled or terminated because of some error, defect, or ineligibility, but the cancellation is without prejudice and reapplication may be made at any time after cancellation.\n\t\t“Chauffeur” means every person employed for the principal purpose of driving a motor vehicle and every person who drives a motor vehicle while in use as a public or common carrier of persons or property.\n\t\t“Circular intersection” means an intersection that has an island, generally circular in design, located in the center of the intersection, where all vehicles pass to the right of the island. Circular intersections include roundabouts, rotaries, and traffic circles.\n\t\t“Commission” means the State Corporation Commission.\n\t\t“Commissioner” means the Commissioner of the Department of Motor Vehicles of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t“Converted electric vehicle” means any motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle or autocycle, that has been modified subsequent to its manufacture to replace an internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. Such vehicles shall retain their original vehicle identification number, line-make, and model year. A converted electric vehicle shall not be deemed a “reconstructed vehicle” as defined in this section unless it has been materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition, or substitution of new or used essential parts other than those required for the conversion to electric propulsion.\n\t\t“Crosswalk” means that part of a roadway at an intersection included within the connections of the lateral lines of the sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs or, in the absence of curbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway; or any portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface.\n\t\t“Decal” means a device to be attached to a license plate that validates the license plate for a predetermined registration period.\n\t\t“Department” means the Department of Motor Vehicles of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t“Disabled parking license plate” means a license plate that displays the international symbol of access in the same size as the numbers and letters on the plate and in a color that contrasts with the background.\n\t\t“Disabled veteran” means a veteran who (i) has either lost, or lost the use of, a leg, arm, or hand; (ii) is blind; or (iii) is permanently and totally disabled as certified by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. A veteran shall be considered blind if he has a permanent impairment of both eyes to the following extent: central visual acuity of 20\/200 or less in the better eye, with corrective lenses, or central visual acuity of more than 20\/200, if there is a field defect in which the peripheral field has contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye.\n\t\t“Driver’s license” means any license, including a commercial driver’s license as defined in the Virginia Commercial Driver’s License Act (\u00a7 46.2-341.1 et seq.) and a driver privilege card issued pursuant to \u00a7 46.2-328.3, issued under the laws of the Commonwealth authorizing the operation of a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Electric personal assistive mobility device” means a self-balancing two-nontandem-wheeled device that is designed to transport only one person and powered by an electric propulsion system that limits the device’s maximum speed to 15 miles per hour or less. For purposes of Chapter 8 (\u00a7 46.2-800 et seq.), an electric personal assistive mobility device shall be a vehicle when operated on a highway.\n\t\t“Electric power-assisted bicycle” means a vehicle that travels on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground and is equipped with (i) pedals that allow propulsion by human power, (ii) a seat for the use of the rider, and (iii) an electric motor with an input of no more than 750 watts. Electric power-assisted bicycles shall be classified as follows:","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":"1"},"1":{"id":296220,"text":"“Class one” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches a speed of 20 miles per hour;","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"","next_prefix":"2"},"2":{"id":296221,"text":"“Class two” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped with a motor that may be used exclusively to propel the bicycle and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour; and","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"3"},"3":{"id":296222,"text":"“Class three” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 28 miles per hour.\n\t\t\tFor the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), an electric power-assisted bicycle shall be a vehicle when operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Essential parts” means all integral parts and body parts, the removal, alteration, or substitution of which will tend to conceal the identity of a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Farm tractor” means every motor vehicle designed and used as a farm, agricultural, or horticultural implement for drawing plows, mowing machines, and other farm, agricultural, or horticultural machinery and implements, including self-propelled mowers designed and used for mowing lawns.\n\t\t\t“Farm utility vehicle” means a vehicle that is powered by a motor and is designed for off-road use and is used as a farm, agricultural, or horticultural service vehicle, generally having four or more wheels, bench seating for the operator and a passenger, a steering wheel for control, and a cargo bed. “Farm utility vehicle” does not include pickup or panel trucks, golf carts, low-speed vehicles, or riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Federal safety requirements” means applicable provisions of 49 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and all administrative regulations and policies adopted pursuant thereto.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility” means the ability to respond in damages for liability thereafter incurred arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle, in the amounts provided for in § 46.2-472.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility in the future” means the future ability to respond to damages for liability incurred arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle in the amounts provided for in §§ 46.2-316 and 46.2-472.\n\t\t\t“Foreign market vehicle” means any motor vehicle originally manufactured outside the United States, which was not manufactured in accordance with 49 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and the policies and regulations adopted pursuant to that Act, and for which a Virginia title or registration is sought.\n\t\t\t“Foreign vehicle” means every motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer that is brought into the Commonwealth otherwise than in the ordinary course of business by or through a manufacturer or dealer and that has not been registered in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Golf cart” means a self-propelled vehicle that is designed to transport persons playing golf and their equipment on a golf course.\n\t\t\t“Governing body” means the board of supervisors of a county, council of a city, or council of a town, as context may require.\n\t\t\t“Gross weight” means the aggregate weight of a vehicle or combination of vehicles and the load thereon.\n\t\t\t“Highway” means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel in the Commonwealth, including the streets and alleys, and, for law-enforcement purposes, (i) the entire width between the boundary lines of all private roads or private streets that have been specifically designated “highways” by an ordinance adopted by the governing body of the county, city, or town in which such private roads or streets are located and (ii) the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place used for purposes of vehicular travel on any property owned, leased, or controlled by the United States government and located in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Intersection” means (i) the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curblines or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two highways that join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling on different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict; (ii) where a highway includes two roadways 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be regarded as a separate intersection, in the event such intersecting highway also includes two roadways 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of two roadways of such highways shall be regarded as a separate intersection; or (iii) for purposes only of authorizing installation of traffic-control devices, every crossing of a highway or street at grade by a pedestrian crosswalk.\n\t\t\t“Lane-use control signal” means a signal face displaying indications to permit or prohibit the use of specific lanes of a roadway or to indicate the impending prohibition of such use.\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement officer” means any officer authorized to direct or regulate traffic or to make arrests for violations of this title or local ordinances authorized by law. For the purposes of access to law-enforcement databases regarding motor vehicle registration and ownership only, “law-enforcement officer” also includes city and county commissioners of the revenue and treasurers, together with their duly designated deputies and employees, when such officials are actually engaged in the enforcement of §§ 46.2-752, 46.2-753, and 46.2-754 and local ordinances enacted thereunder.\n\t\t\t“License plate” means a device containing letters, numerals, or a combination of both, attached to a motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer to indicate that the vehicle is properly registered with the Department.\n\t\t\t“Light” means a device for producing illumination or the illumination produced by the device.\n\t\t\t“Low-speed vehicle” means any four-wheeled electrically powered or gas-powered vehicle, except a motor vehicle or low-speed vehicle that is used exclusively for agricultural or horticultural purposes or a golf cart, whose maximum speed is greater than 20 miles per hour but not greater than 25 miles per hour and is manufactured to comply with safety standards contained in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, § 571.500.\n\t\t\t“Manufactured home” means a structure subject to federal regulation, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode is eight body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length, or, when erected on site, is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein. “Manufactured home” does not include a park model recreational vehicle, which is a vehicle that is (i) designed and marketed as temporary living quarters for recreational, camping, travel, or seasonal use; (ii) not permanently affixed to real property for use as a permanent dwelling; (iii) built on a single chassis mounted on wheels; and (iv) certified by the manufacturer as complying with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A119.5 Park Model Recreational Vehicle Standard.\n\t\t\t“Military surplus motor vehicle” means a multipurpose or tactical vehicle that was manufactured by or under the direction of the United States Armed Forces for off-road use and subsequently authorized for sale to civilians. “Military surplus motor vehicle” does not include specialized mobile equipment as defined in § 46.2-700, trailers, or semitrailers.\n\t\t\t“Moped” means every vehicle that travels on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground that (i) has a seat that is no less than 24 inches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to the ground; (ii) has a gasoline, electric, or hybrid motor that (a) displaces 50 cubic centimeters or less or (b) has an input of 1500 watts or less; (iii) is power-driven, with or without pedals that allow propulsion by human power; and (iv) is not operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. “Moped” does not include an electric power-assisted bicycle or a motorized skateboard or scooter. For purposes of this title, a moped shall be a motorcycle when operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. For purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), a moped shall be a vehicle while operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Motor-driven cycle” means every motorcycle that has a gasoline engine that (i) displaces less than 150 cubic centimeters; (ii) has a seat less than 24 inches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to the ground; and (iii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number.\n\t\t\t“Motor home” means every private motor vehicle with a normal seating capacity of not more than 10 persons, including the driver, designed primarily for use as living quarters for human beings.\n\t\t\t“Motor vehicle” means every vehicle as defined in this section that is self-propelled or designed for self-propulsion except as otherwise provided in this title. Any structure designed, used, or maintained primarily to be loaded on or affixed to a motor vehicle to provide a mobile dwelling, sleeping place, office, or commercial space shall be considered a part of a motor vehicle. Except as otherwise provided, for the purposes of this title, any device herein defined as a bicycle, electric personal assistive mobility device, electric power-assisted bicycle, motorized skateboard or scooter, moped, or personal delivery device shall be deemed not to be a motor vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Motorcycle” means every motor vehicle designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground and is capable of traveling at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. “Motorcycle” does not include any “autocycle,” “electric personal assistive mobility device,” “electric power-assisted bicycle,” “farm tractor,” “golf cart,” “moped,” “motorized skateboard or scooter,” “utility vehicle,” or “wheelchair or wheelchair conveyance” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Motorized skateboard or scooter” means every vehicle, regardless of the number of its wheels in contact with the ground, that (i) is designed to allow an operator to sit or stand, (ii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number, (iii) is powered in whole or in part by an electric motor, (iv) weighs less than 100 pounds, and (v) has a speed of no more than 20 miles per hour on a paved level surface when powered solely by the electric motor. “Motorized skateboard or scooter” includes vehicles with or without handlebars but does not include electric personal assistive mobility devices or electric power-assisted bicycles.\n\t\t\t“Nonresident” means every person who is not domiciled in the Commonwealth, except: (i) any foreign corporation that is authorized to do business in the Commonwealth by the State Corporation Commission shall be a resident of the Commonwealth for the purpose of this title; in the case of corporations incorporated in the Commonwealth but doing business outside the Commonwealth, only such principal place of business or branches located within the Commonwealth shall be dealt with as residents of the Commonwealth; (ii) a person who becomes engaged in a gainful occupation in the Commonwealth for a period exceeding 60 days shall be a resident for the purposes of this title except for the purposes of Chapter 3 (§ 46.2-300 et seq.); (iii) a person, other than (a) a nonresident student as defined in this section or (b) a person who is serving a full-time church service or proselyting mission of not more than 36 months and who is not gainfully employed, who has actually resided in the Commonwealth for a period of six months, whether employed or not, or who has registered a motor vehicle, listing an address in the Commonwealth in the application for registration, shall be deemed a resident for the purposes of this title, except for the purposes of the Virginia Commercial Driver’s License Act (§ 46.2-341.1 et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Nonresident student” means every nonresident person who is enrolled as a full-time student in an accredited institution of learning in the Commonwealth and who is not gainfully employed.\n\t\t\t“Off-road motorcycle” means every motorcycle designed exclusively for off-road use by an individual rider with not more than two wheels in contact with the ground. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, for the purposes of this chapter off-road motorcycles shall be deemed to be “motorcycles.”\n\t\t\t“Operation or use for rent or for hire, for the transportation of passengers, or as a property carrier for compensation,” and “business of transporting persons or property” mean any owner or operator of any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer operating over the highways in the Commonwealth who accepts or receives compensation for the service, directly or indirectly; but these terms do not mean a “truck lessor” as defined in this section and do not include persons or businesses that receive compensation for delivering a product that they themselves sell or produce, where a separate charge is made for delivery of the product or the cost of delivery is included in the sale price of the product, but where the person or business does not derive all or a substantial portion of its income from the transportation of persons or property except as part of a sales transaction.\n\t\t\t“Operator” or “driver” means every person who either (i) drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle on a highway or (ii) is exercising control over or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Owner” means a person who holds the legal title to a vehicle; however, if a vehicle is the subject of an agreement for its conditional sale or lease with the right of purchase on performance of the conditions stated in the agreement and with an immediate right of possession vested in the conditional vendee or lessee or if a mortgagor of a vehicle is entitled to possession, then the conditional vendee or lessee or mortgagor shall be the owner for the purpose of this title. In all such instances when the rent paid by the lessee includes charges for services of any nature or when the lease does not provide that title shall pass to the lessee on payment of the rent stipulated, the lessor shall be regarded as the owner of the vehicle, and the vehicle shall be subject to such requirements of this title as are applicable to vehicles operated for compensation. A “truck lessor” as defined in this section shall be regarded as the owner, and his vehicles shall be subject to such requirements of this title as are applicable to vehicles of private carriers.\n\t\t\t“Passenger car” means every motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or autocycle designed and used primarily for the transportation of no more than 10 persons, including the driver.\n\t\t\t“Payment device” means any credit card as defined in 15 U.S.C. § 1602 (k) or any “accepted card or other means of access” set forth in 15 U.S.C. § 1693a (1). For the purposes of this title, this definition shall also include a card that enables a person to pay for transactions through the use of value stored on the card itself.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device” means a powered device operated primarily on sidewalks and crosswalks and intended primarily for the transport of property on public rights-of-way that does not exceed 500 pounds, excluding cargo, and is capable of navigating with or without the active control or monitoring of a natural person. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a personal delivery device shall not be considered a motor vehicle or a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device operator” means an entity or its agent that exercises direct physical control or monitoring over the navigation system and operation of a personal delivery device. For the purposes of this definition, “agent” means a person not less than 16 years of age charged by an entity with the responsibility of navigating and operating a personal delivery device. “Personal delivery device operator” does not include (i) an entity or person who requests the services of a personal delivery device to transport property or (ii) an entity or person who only arranges for and dispatches the requested services of a personal delivery device.\n\t\t\t“Pickup or panel truck” means (i) every motor vehicle designed for the transportation of property and having a registered gross weight of 7,500 pounds or less or (ii) every motor vehicle registered for personal use, designed to transport property on its own structure independent of any other vehicle, and having a registered gross weight in excess of 7,500 pounds but not in excess of 10,000 pounds.\n\t\t\t“Private road or driveway” means every way in private ownership and used for vehicular travel by the owner and those having express or implied permission from the owner, but not by other persons.\n\t\t\t“Reconstructed vehicle” means every vehicle of a type required to be registered under this title materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition, or substitution of new or used essential parts. Such vehicles, at the discretion of the Department, shall retain their original vehicle identification number, line-make, and model year. Except as otherwise provided in this title, this definition shall not include a “converted electric vehicle” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Replica vehicle” means every vehicle of a type required to be registered under this title not fully constructed by a licensed manufacturer but either constructed or assembled from components. Such components may be from a single vehicle, multiple vehicles, a kit, parts, or fabricated components. The kit may be made up of “major components” as defined in § 46.2-1600, a full body, or a full chassis, or a combination of these parts. The vehicle shall resemble a vehicle of distinctive name, line-make, model, or type as produced by a licensed manufacturer or manufacturer no longer in business and is not a reconstructed or specially constructed vehicle as herein defined.\n\t\t\t“Residence district” means the territory contiguous to a highway, not comprising a business district, where 75 percent or more of the property abutting such highway, on either side of the highway, for a distance of 300 feet or more along the highway consists of land improved for dwelling purposes, or is occupied by dwellings, or consists of land or buildings in use for business purposes, or consists of territory zoned residential or territory in residential subdivisions created under Chapter 22 (§ 15.2-2200 et seq.) of Title 15.2.\n\t\t\t“Revoke” or “revocation” means that the document or privilege revoked is not subject to renewal or restoration except through reapplication after the expiration of the period of revocation.\n\t\t\t“Roadway” means that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder. A highway may include two or more roadways if divided by a physical barrier or barriers or an unpaved area.\n\t\t\t“Safety zone” means the area officially set apart within a roadway for the exclusive use of pedestrians and that is protected or is so marked or indicated by plainly visible signs.\n\t\t\t“School bus” means any motor vehicle, other than a station wagon, automobile, truck, or commercial bus, which is: (i) designed and used primarily for the transportation of pupils to and from public, private or religious schools, or used for the transportation of individuals with mental or physical disabilities to and from a sheltered workshop; (ii) painted yellow and bears the words “School Bus” in black letters of a specified size on front and rear; and (iii) is equipped with warning devices prescribed in § 46.2-1090. A yellow school bus may have a white roof provided such vehicle is painted in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Department of Education.\n\t\t\t“Semitrailer” means every vehicle of the trailer type so designed and used in conjunction with a motor vehicle that some part of its own weight and that of its own load rests on or is carried by another vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Shared-use path” means a bikeway that is physically separated from motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or barrier and is located either within the highway right-of-way or within a separate right-of-way. Shared-use paths may also be used by pedestrians, skaters, users of wheel chairs or wheel chair conveyances, joggers, and other nonmotorized users and personal delivery devices.\n\t\t\t“Shoulder” means that part of a highway between the portion regularly traveled by vehicular traffic and the lateral curbline or ditch.\n\t\t\t“Sidewalk” means the portion of a street between the curb lines, or the lateral lines of a roadway, and the adjacent property lines, intended for use by pedestrians.\n\t\t\t“Snowmobile” means a self-propelled vehicle designed to travel on snow or ice, steered by skis or runners, and supported in whole or in part by one or more skis, belts, or cleats.\n\t\t\t“Special construction and forestry equipment” means any vehicle which is designed primarily for highway construction, highway maintenance, earth moving, timber harvesting or other construction or forestry work and which is not designed for the transportation of persons or property on a public highway.\n\t\t\t“Specially constructed vehicle” means any vehicle that was not originally constructed under a distinctive name, make, model, or type by a generally recognized manufacturer of vehicles and not a reconstructed vehicle as herein defined.\n\t\t\t“Stinger-steered automobile or watercraft transporter” means an automobile or watercraft transporter configured as a semitrailer combination wherein the fifth wheel is located on a drop frame behind and below the rearmost axle of the power unit.\n\t\t\t“Superintendent” means the Superintendent of the Department of State Police of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Suspend” or “suspension” means that the document or privilege suspended has been temporarily withdrawn, but may be reinstated following the period of suspension unless it has expired prior to the end of the period of suspension.\n\t\t\t“Tow truck” means a motor vehicle for hire (i) designed to lift, pull, or carry another vehicle by means of a hoist or other mechanical apparatus and (ii) having a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating of at least 10,000 pounds. “Tow truck” also includes vehicles designed with a ramp on wheels and a hydraulic lift with a capacity to haul or tow another vehicle, commonly referred to as “rollbacks.” “Tow truck” does not include any “automobile or watercraft transporter,” “stinger-steered automobile or watercraft transporter,” or “tractor truck” as those terms are defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Towing and recovery operator” means a person engaged in the business of (i) removing disabled vehicles, parts of vehicles, their cargoes, and other objects to facilities for repair or safekeeping and (ii) restoring to the highway or other location where they either can be operated or removed to other locations for repair or safekeeping vehicles that have come to rest in places where they cannot be operated.\n\t\t\t“Toy vehicle” means any motorized or propellant-driven device that has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number that is designed or used to carry any person or persons, on any number of wheels, bearings, glides, blades, runners, or a cushion of air. “Toy vehicle” does not include electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric power-assisted bicycles, mopeds, motorized skateboards or scooters, or motorcycles, nor does it include any nonmotorized or nonpropellant-driven devices such as bicycles, roller skates, or skateboards.\n\t\t\t“Tractor truck” means every motor vehicle designed and used primarily for drawing other vehicles and not so constructed as to carry a load other than a part of the load and weight of the vehicle attached thereto.\n\t\t\t“Traffic control device” means a sign, signal, marking, or other device used to regulate, warn, or guide traffic placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private road open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or shared-use path by authority of a public agency or official having jurisdiction, or in the case of a private road open to public travel, by authority of the private owner or private official having jurisdiction.\n\t\t\t“Traffic infraction” means a violation of law punishable as provided in § 46.2-113, which is neither a felony nor a misdemeanor.\n\t\t\t“Traffic lane” or “lane” means that portion of a roadway designed or designated to accommodate the forward movement of a single line of vehicles.\n\t\t\t“Trailer” means every vehicle without motive power designed for carrying property or passengers wholly on its own structure and for being drawn by a motor vehicle, including manufactured homes.\n\t\t\t“Truck” means every motor vehicle designed to transport property on its own structure independent of any other vehicle and having a registered gross weight in excess of 7,500 pounds. “Truck” does not include any pickup or panel truck.\n\t\t\t“Truck lessor” means a person who holds the legal title to any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer that is the subject of a bona fide written lease for a term of one year or more to another person, provided that: (i) neither the lessor nor the lessee is a common carrier by motor vehicle or restricted common carrier by motor vehicle or contract carrier by motor vehicle as defined in § 46.2-2000; (ii) the leased motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer is used exclusively for the transportation of property of the lessee; (iii) the lessor is not employed in any capacity by the lessee; (iv) the operator of the leased motor vehicle is a bona fide employee of the lessee and is not employed in any capacity by the lessor; and (v) a true copy of the lease, verified by affidavit of the lessor, is filed with the Commissioner.\n\t\t\t“Utility vehicle” means a motor vehicle that is (i) designed for off-road use, (ii) powered by a motor, and (iii) used for general maintenance, security, agricultural, or horticultural purposes. “Utility vehicle” does not include riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Vehicle” means every device in, on or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn on a highway, except personal delivery devices and devices moved by human power or used exclusively on stationary rails or tracks. For the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), bicycles, electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric power-assisted bicycles, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds shall be vehicles while operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Watercraft transporter” means any tractor truck, lowboy, vehicle, or combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport watercraft on their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the transportation of watercraft.\n\t\t\t“Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance” means a chair or seat equipped with wheels, typically used to provide mobility for persons who, by reason of physical disability, are otherwise unable to move about as pedestrians. “Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance” includes both three-wheeled and four-wheeled devices. So long as it is operated only as provided in § 46.2-677, a self-propelled wheel chair or self-propelled wheel chair conveyance shall not be considered a motor vehicle.","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14128,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"1","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13270,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:57","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:57","permalink":{"id":225293,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14128,"identifier":"1","token":"46.2\/I\/1","url":"\/46.2\/I\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13270,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions; Department of Motor Vehicles","identifier":"I","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12770,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:33","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:33","permalink":{"id":225291,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13270,"identifier":"I","token":"46.2\/I","url":"\/46.2\/I\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12770,"edition_id":1,"name":"Motor Vehicles","identifier":"46.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","permalink":{"id":225289,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12770,"identifier":"46.2","token":"46.2","url":"\/46.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":82691,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-100","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/46.2-100\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-100","metadata":false},{"id":79952,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-100.1","catch_line":"Certified mail; subsequent mail or notices may be sent by regular mail","url":"\/46.2-100.1\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-100.1","metadata":false},{"id":66965,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-101","catch_line":"Applicability of title to vehicles on certain toll roads and parking facilities","url":"\/46.2-101\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-101","metadata":false},{"id":73192,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-102","catch_line":"Enforcement by law-enforcement officers; officers to be uniformed; officers to be paid fixed salaries","url":"\/46.2-102\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-102","metadata":false},{"id":58256,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-103","catch_line":"Stopping vehicles for inspection or to secure information","url":"\/46.2-103\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-103","metadata":false},{"id":59128,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-104","catch_line":"Possession of registration cards; exhibiting registration card and licenses; failure to carry license or registration card","url":"\/46.2-104\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-104","metadata":false},{"id":66134,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-105","catch_line":"Making false affidavit or swearing falsely, perjury","url":"\/46.2-105\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-105","metadata":false},{"id":56208,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-105.1","catch_line":"Unlawful procurement of certificate, license, or permit; unauthorized possession of examination or answers; unlawful distribution of false operator's license; penalty","url":"\/46.2-105.1\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-105.1","metadata":false},{"id":68909,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-105.2","catch_line":"Obtaining documents from the Department when not entitled thereto; penalty","url":"\/46.2-105.2\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-105.2","metadata":false},{"id":57524,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-106","catch_line":"Reciprocal agreements entered into by Governor","url":"\/46.2-106\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-106","metadata":false},{"id":82668,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-107","catch_line":"Lists of vehicles used for rent or hire, or by contract carriers","url":"\/46.2-107\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-107","metadata":false},{"id":87378,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-108","catch_line":"Records required of persons renting motor vehicles without drivers; inspections; insurance","url":"\/46.2-108\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-108","metadata":false},{"id":78969,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-109","catch_line":"Reports by persons in charge of garages and repair shops; 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adoption of local ordinances; penalties","url":"\/46.2-115\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-115","metadata":false},{"id":55270,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-116","catch_line":"Registration with Department of Criminal Justice Services required for tow truck drivers; penalty","url":"\/46.2-116\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-116","metadata":false},{"id":84528,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-117","catch_line":"Revocation and suspension of registration of tow truck driver; notice and hearing; assessment of costs","url":"\/46.2-117\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-117","metadata":false},{"id":82474,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-118","catch_line":"Prohibited acts by tow truck drivers and towing and recovery operators","url":"\/46.2-118\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-118","metadata":false},{"id":84696,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-119","catch_line":"Complaints against tow truck drivers or towing and recovery operators; enforcement by the Office of the Attorney General","url":"\/46.2-119\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-119","metadata":false}],"next_section":{"id":79952,"structure_id":14128,"section_number":"46.2-100.1","catch_line":"Certified mail; subsequent mail or notices may be sent by regular mail","url":"\/46.2-100.1\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-100.1","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/46.2-100\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 48 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1954, chapter 59; in 1958, chapters 501 and 541; in 1964, chapter 618; in 1966, chapter 643; in 1968, chapters 285, 641, 653, and 685; in 1972, chapters 433 and 609; in 1974, chapter 347; in 1975, chapters 382 and 426; in 1976, chapter 372; in 1977, chapters 252 and 585; in 1978, chapters 36, 550, and 605; in 1979, chapter 100; in 1980, chapter 51; in 1981, chapter 585; in 1983, chapter 386; in 1984, chapters 404 and 780; in 1985, chapter 447; in 1986, chapters 72 and 613; in 1987, chapter 151; in 1988, chapters 107, 452, and 865; in 1989, chapters 645, 705, and 727; in 1990, chapters 45 and 418; in 1992, chapter 98; in 1993, chapter 133; in 1994, chapter 866<\/a>; in 1996, chapters 943<\/a> and 994<\/a>; in 1997, chapters 9<\/a>, 186<\/a>, 486<\/a>, 783<\/a>, and 904<\/a>; in 1998, chapter 888<\/a>; in 1999, chapters 67<\/a> and 77<\/a>; in 2001, chapter 834<\/a>; in 2002, chapters 214<\/a>, 234<\/a>, and 254<\/a>; in 2003, chapters 29<\/a> and 46<\/a>; in 2004, chapters 746<\/a> and 796<\/a>; in 2005, chapters 310<\/a> and 928<\/a>; in 2006, chapters 529<\/a>, 538<\/a>, 540<\/a>, 874<\/a>, 891<\/a>, and 896<\/a>; in 2007, chapters 209<\/a>, 325<\/a>, 366<\/a>, and 393<\/a>; in 2010, chapter 135<\/a>; in 2011, chapter 128<\/a>; in 2012, chapter 177<\/a>; in 2013, chapters 128<\/a>, 400<\/a>, and 783<\/a>; in 2014, chapters 53<\/a> and 256<\/a>; in 2016, chapters 428<\/a>, 500<\/a>, and 764<\/a>; in 2017, chapters 251<\/a>, 370<\/a>, 554<\/a>, and 788<\/a>; in 2018, chapter 555<\/a>; in 2019, chapter 780<\/a>; in 2020, chapters 59<\/a>, 260<\/a>, and 1269<\/a>; in 2023, chapters 148<\/a> and 149<\/a>; in 2025, chapters 163<\/a> and 177<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":87016,"section_number":"10.1-204","catch_line":"Statewide system of trails","order_by":null,"url":"\/10.1-204\/"},{"id":62143,"section_number":"15.2-1132","catch_line":"Volunteer property maintenance and zoning inspectors in certain cities","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-1132\/"},{"id":58354,"section_number":"15.2-1806","catch_line":"Parks, recreation facilities, playgrounds, etc","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-1806\/"},{"id":64391,"section_number":"15.2-904","catch_line":"Authority to restrict keeping of inoperable motor vehicles, etc., on residential or commercial property; removal of such vehicles; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-904\/"},{"id":61931,"section_number":"15.2-905","catch_line":"Authority to restrict keeping of inoperable motor vehicles, etc., on residential or commercial property; removal of such vehicles","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-905\/"},{"id":71312,"section_number":"16.1-241","catch_line":"Jurisdiction; consent for abortion","order_by":null,"url":"\/16.1-241\/"},{"id":75959,"section_number":"16.1-274.2","catch_line":"Certain education records as evidence","order_by":null,"url":"\/16.1-274.2\/"},{"id":85982,"section_number":"18.2-128","catch_line":"Trespass upon church or school property","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-128\/"},{"id":79362,"section_number":"18.2-255.2","catch_line":"Prohibiting the sale or manufacture of drugs on or near certain properties; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-255.2\/"},{"id":74659,"section_number":"18.2-268.2","catch_line":"Implied consent to post-arrest testing to determine drug or alcohol content of blood","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-268.2\/"},{"id":54870,"section_number":"18.2-268.3","catch_line":"Refusal of tests; penalties; procedures","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-268.3\/"},{"id":81550,"section_number":"18.2-270.1","catch_line":"Ignition interlock systems; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-270.1\/"},{"id":57797,"section_number":"18.2-271.1","catch_line":"Probation, education, and rehabilitation of person charged or convicted; person convicted under law of another state or federal law","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-271.1\/"},{"id":70219,"section_number":"18.2-272","catch_line":"Driving after forfeiture of license","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-272\/"},{"id":67853,"section_number":"18.2-370.5","catch_line":"Offenses prohibiting entry onto school or other property; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-370.5\/"},{"id":56045,"section_number":"18.2-415","catch_line":"Disorderly conduct in public places","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-415\/"},{"id":69277,"section_number":"18.2-46.3:3","catch_line":"Enhanced punishment for gang activity taking place in a gang-free zone; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-46.3_3\/"},{"id":80038,"section_number":"18.2-6","catch_line":"Meaning of certain terms","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-6\/"},{"id":82319,"section_number":"18.2-8","catch_line":"Felonies, misdemeanors and traffic infractions defined","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-8\/"},{"id":75133,"section_number":"19.2-254.1","catch_line":"Procedure in traffic infraction cases","order_by":null,"url":"\/19.2-254.1\/"},{"id":87055,"section_number":"2.2-1838","catch_line":"Insurance of state motor vehicles","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-1838\/"},{"id":57586,"section_number":"2.2-4024","catch_line":"Hearing officers","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-4024\/"},{"id":87152,"section_number":"33.2-274","catch_line":"Application and installation of traffic control measures","order_by":null,"url":"\/33.2-274\/"},{"id":83694,"section_number":"33.2-909","catch_line":"Abandonment of highway, landing, or railroad crossing; procedure","order_by":null,"url":"\/33.2-909\/"},{"id":64626,"section_number":"4.1-1110","catch_line":"Possessing or consuming marijuana or marijuana products while operating a school bus; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/4.1-1110\/"},{"id":76195,"section_number":"4.1-309.1","catch_line":"Possessing or consuming alcoholic beverage while operating a school bus; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/4.1-309.1\/"},{"id":61251,"section_number":"46.2-1025","catch_line":"Flashing amber, purple, or green warning lights","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-1025\/"},{"id":62842,"section_number":"46.2-1036","catch_line":"Acetylene lights on antique motor vehicles","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-1036\/"},{"id":58673,"section_number":"46.2-1089","catch_line":"Paint and lettering on school bus","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-1089\/"},{"id":74985,"section_number":"46.2-1118","catch_line":"Connection between vehicles; tow trucks towing vehicles by means of a wheel lift apparatus","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-1118\/"},{"id":62299,"section_number":"46.2-1158.01","catch_line":"Exceptions to motor vehicle inspection requirement","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-1158.01\/"},{"id":55270,"section_number":"46.2-116","catch_line":"Registration with Department of Criminal Justice Services required for tow truck drivers; 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displaying on vehicles required","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-711\/"},{"id":77404,"section_number":"46.2-714","catch_line":"Permanent license plates","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-714\/"},{"id":84973,"section_number":"46.2-720","catch_line":"Use of license plates from another vehicle in certain circumstances","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-720\/"},{"id":82531,"section_number":"46.2-721","catch_line":"Application of liability insurance policy to vehicle carrying plates from insured vehicle","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-721\/"},{"id":84873,"section_number":"46.2-725","catch_line":"Special license plates, generally","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-725\/"},{"id":75883,"section_number":"46.2-739","catch_line":"Special license plates for certain disabled veterans; fees","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-739\/"},{"id":80954,"section_number":"46.2-749.5","catch_line":"Special license plates celebrating Virginia's tobacco heritage","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-749.5\/"},{"id":58635,"section_number":"46.2-813","catch_line":"Occupation of trailer being towed on highways","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-813\/"},{"id":78886,"section_number":"46.2-874.1","catch_line":"Authority to increase penalties in residence districts","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-874.1\/"},{"id":80855,"section_number":"46.2-906.1","catch_line":"Local ordinances may require riders of bicycles, electric personal assistive mobility devices, and electric power-assisted bicycles to wear helmets","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-906.1\/"},{"id":69474,"section_number":"46.2-909","catch_line":"Riding on motorcycles, generally","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-909\/"},{"id":78339,"section_number":"46.2-915.1","catch_line":"All-terrain vehicles and off-road motorcycles; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-915.1\/"},{"id":72016,"section_number":"46.2-915.2","catch_line":"Safety equipment for mopeds; effect of violation; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-915.2\/"},{"id":64305,"section_number":"46.2-932","catch_line":"Playing on highways; use of toy vehicle on highways, persons riding bicycles, electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric power-assisted bicycles, mopeds, etc., not to attach to vehicles; exception","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-932\/"},{"id":76234,"section_number":"52-8.4:2","catch_line":"Certain offenses to be considered traffic infractions","order_by":null,"url":"\/52-8.4_2\/"},{"id":54551,"section_number":"58.1-1735","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-1735\/"},{"id":64101,"section_number":"58.1-1737","catch_line":"Exemptions","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-1737\/"},{"id":56878,"section_number":"58.1-2259","catch_line":"Fuel uses eligible for refund of taxes paid for motor fuels","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-2259\/"},{"id":66072,"section_number":"58.1-2401","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-2401\/"},{"id":84100,"section_number":"58.1-2402","catch_line":"(Contingent effective date) Levy","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-2402\/"},{"id":70726,"section_number":"58.1-2403","catch_line":"Exemptions","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-2403\/"},{"id":81980,"section_number":"58.1-2425","catch_line":"(Contingent effective date \u2014 see Acts 2013, c. 766) Disposition of revenues","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-2425\/"},{"id":62628,"section_number":"58.1-3219.14","catch_line":"Exemption from taxes on property of surviving spouses of certain persons killed in the line of duty","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3219.14\/"},{"id":79336,"section_number":"58.1-3219.5","catch_line":"Exemption from taxes on property for disabled veterans","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3219.5\/"},{"id":62934,"section_number":"58.1-3219.9","catch_line":"Exemption from taxes on property of surviving spouses of members of the armed forces who died in the line of duty","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3219.9\/"},{"id":62278,"section_number":"58.1-3503","catch_line":"General classification of tangible personal property","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3503\/"},{"id":66164,"section_number":"58.1-3504","catch_line":"Classification of certain household goods and personal effects for taxation; governing body may exempt","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3504\/"},{"id":79607,"section_number":"58.1-3505","catch_line":"Classification of farm animals, certain grains, agricultural products, farm machinery, farm implements and equipment; governing body may exempt","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3505\/"},{"id":84228,"section_number":"58.1-3506","catch_line":"Other classifications of tangible personal property for taxation","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3506\/"},{"id":75221,"section_number":"58.1-3510.4","catch_line":"Short-term rental property; short-term rental businesses","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3510.4\/"},{"id":58763,"section_number":"58.1-3523","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3523\/"},{"id":65960,"section_number":"58.1-3668","catch_line":"Motor vehicle of a disabled veteran","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3668\/"},{"id":80655,"section_number":"58.1-609.5","catch_line":"Service exemptions","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-609.5\/"},{"id":82977,"section_number":"59.1-200","catch_line":"Prohibited practices","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-200\/"},{"id":56957,"section_number":"59.1-207.11","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-207.11\/"},{"id":63318,"section_number":"59.1-207.34","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-207.34\/"},{"id":78453,"section_number":"8.01-345","catch_line":"Lists of qualified persons to be prepared by jury commissioners; random selection process","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.01-345\/"},{"id":68663,"section_number":"9.1-140","catch_line":"Exceptions from article; training requirements for out-of-state central station dispatchers","order_by":null,"url":"\/9.1-140\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":67218,"section_number":"15.2-2200","catch_line":"Declaration of legislative intent","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-2200\/"},{"id":86357,"section_number":"46.2-1090","catch_line":"Warning devices on school buses; other buses; use thereof; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-1090\/"},{"id":56620,"section_number":"46.2-113","catch_line":"Violations of this title; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-113\/"},{"id":58576,"section_number":"46.2-1600","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-1600\/"},{"id":70585,"section_number":"46.2-2000","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-2000\/"},{"id":61610,"section_number":"46.2-300","catch_line":"Driving without license prohibited; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-300\/"},{"id":80892,"section_number":"46.2-316","catch_line":"Persons convicted or found not innocent of certain offenses; requirement of proof of financial responsibility in the future for certain offenses","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-316\/"},{"id":61156,"section_number":"46.2-328.3","catch_line":"Driver privilege cards and permits","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-328.3\/"},{"id":62139,"section_number":"46.2-341.1","catch_line":"Title","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-341.1\/"},{"id":54272,"section_number":"46.2-472","catch_line":"Coverage of owner's policy","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-472\/"},{"id":68942,"section_number":"46.2-677","catch_line":"Self-propelled wheelchairs","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-677\/"},{"id":84799,"section_number":"46.2-700","catch_line":"Fees for vehicles for transporting well-drilling machinery and specialized mobile equipment","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-700\/"},{"id":78143,"section_number":"46.2-752","catch_line":"Taxes and license fees imposed by counties, cities, and towns; limitations on amounts; disposition of revenues; requiring evidence of payment of personal property taxes and certain fines; prohibiting display of licenses after expiration; failure to display valid local license required by other localities; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-752\/"},{"id":63763,"section_number":"46.2-753","catch_line":"Additional license fees in certain localities","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-753\/"},{"id":60568,"section_number":"46.2-754","catch_line":"Local motor vehicle licenses in Arlington County","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-754\/"},{"id":54028,"section_number":"46.2-800","catch_line":"Riding bicycles, electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric power-assisted bicycles, mopeds, or motorized skateboards or scooters; riding or driving animals","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-800\/"}],"permalink":{"id":225295,"object_type":"law","relational_id":82691,"identifier":"46.2-100","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-100","url":"\/46.2-100\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/46.2-100\/","token":"46.2\/I\/1\/46.2-100","dublin_core":{"Title":"Definitions","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 46.2-100","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

As used in this title, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“All-terrain vehicle<\/span>” means a motor vehicle having three or more wheels that is powered by a motor and is manufactured for off-highway<\/span> use. “All-terrain vehicle<\/span>” does not include four-wheeled vehicles commonly known as “go-carts<\/span>” that have low centers of gravity and are typically used in racing on relatively level surfaces, nor does the term include any riding lawn mower.\n\t\t“Antique motor vehicle<\/span>” means every motor vehicle, as defined in this section, which was actually manufactured or designated by the manufacturer as a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years prior to January 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a collector’s item.\n\t\t“Antique trailer<\/span>” means every trailer or semitrailer<\/span>, as defined in this section, that was actually manufactured or designated by the manufacturer as a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years prior to January 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a collector’s item.\n\t\t“Autocycle<\/span>” means a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator<\/span> to straddle or sit astride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements<\/span> for motorcycles<\/span>. Except as otherwise provided, an autocycle<\/span> shall not be deemed to be a motorcycle<\/span>.\n\t\t“Automobile transporter<\/span>” means any tractor truck<\/span>, lowboy, vehicle, or combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport motor vehicles<\/span> on their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the transportation of motor vehicles<\/span> or used to transport cargo or general freight on a backhaul pursuant to the provisions of 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 31111(a)(1).\n\t\t“Bicycle” means a device propelled solely by human power, upon which a person may ride either on or astride a regular seat attached thereto, having two or more wheels in tandem, including children’s bicycles, except a toy vehicle<\/span> intended for use by young children. For purposes of Chapter 8 (\u00a7 46.2-800<\/a> et seq.), a bicycle shall be a vehicle while operated on the highway<\/span>.\n\t\t“Bicycle lane<\/span>” means that portion of a roadway<\/span> designated by signs and\/or pavement markings for the preferential use of bicycles, electric power-assisted bicycles<\/span>, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds<\/span>.\n\t\t“Business district<\/span>” means the territory contiguous to a highway<\/span> where 75 percent or more of the property contiguous to a highway<\/span>, on either side of the highway<\/span>, for a distance of 300 feet or more along the highway<\/span>, is occupied by land and buildings actually in use for business purposes.\n\t\t“Camping trailer<\/span>” means every vehicle that has collapsible sides and contains sleeping quarters but may or may not contain bathing and cooking facilities and is designed to be drawn by a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Cancel<\/span>” or “cancellation<\/span>” means that the document or privilege<\/span> cancelled has been annulled or terminated because of some error, defect, or ineligibility, but the cancellation<\/span> is without prejudice and reapplication may be made at any time after cancellation<\/span>.\n\t\t“Chauffeur<\/span>” means every person employed for the principal purpose of driving a motor vehicle and every person who drives a motor vehicle while in use as a public or common carrier of persons or property.\n\t\t“Circular intersection<\/span>” means an intersection that has an island, generally circular in design, located in the center of the intersection, where all vehicles pass to the right of the island. Circular intersections<\/span> include roundabouts, rotaries, and traffic circles.\n\t\t“Commission<\/span>” means the State Corporation Commission<\/span>.\n\t\t“Commissioner<\/span>” means the Commissioner<\/span> of the Department<\/span> of Motor Vehicles<\/span> of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t“Converted electric vehicle<\/span>” means any motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle<\/span> or autocycle<\/span>, that has been modified subsequent to its manufacture to replace an internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. Such vehicles shall retain their original vehicle identification number, line-make, and model year. A converted electric vehicle<\/span> shall not be deemed a “reconstructed vehicle<\/span>” as defined in this section unless it has been materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition, or substitution of new or used essential parts<\/span> other than those required for the conversion to electric propulsion.\n\t\t“Crosswalk<\/span>” means that part of a roadway<\/span> at an intersection included within the connections of the lateral lines of the sidewalks<\/span> on opposite sides of the highway<\/span> measured from the curbs or, in the absence of curbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway<\/span>; or any portion of a roadway<\/span> at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface.\n\t\t“Decal<\/span>” means a device to be attached to a license plate that validates the license plate for a predetermined registration period.\n\t\t“Department<\/span>” means the Department<\/span> of Motor Vehicles<\/span> of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t“Disabled parking license plate<\/span>” means a license plate that displays the international symbol of access in the same size as the numbers and letters on the plate and in a color that contrasts with the background.\n\t\t“Disabled veteran<\/span>” means a veteran who (i) has either lost, or lost the use of, a leg, arm, or hand; (ii) is blind; or (iii) is permanently and totally disabled as certified by the U.S. Department<\/span> of Veterans Affairs. A veteran shall be considered blind if he has a permanent impairment of both eyes to the following extent: central visual acuity of 20\/200 or less in the better eye, with corrective lenses, or central visual acuity of more than 20\/200, if there is a field defect in which the peripheral field has contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye.\n\t\t“Driver<\/span>’s license” means any license, including a commercial driver<\/span>’s license as defined in the Virginia Commercial Driver<\/span>’s License Act (\u00a7 46.2-341.1<\/a> et seq.) and a driver<\/span> privilege<\/span> card issued pursuant to \u00a7 46.2-328.3<\/a>, issued under the laws<\/span> of the Commonwealth authorizing the operation of a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Electric personal assistive mobility device<\/span>” means a self-balancing two-nontandem-wheeled device that is designed to transport only one person and powered by an electric propulsion system that limits the device’s maximum speed to 15 miles per hour or less. For purposes of Chapter 8 (\u00a7 46.2-800<\/a> et seq.), an electric personal assistive mobility device<\/span> shall be a vehicle when operated on a highway<\/span>.\n\t\t“Electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span>” means a vehicle that travels on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground and is equipped with (i) pedals that allow propulsion by human power, (ii) a seat for the use of the rider, and (iii) an electric motor with an input of no more than 750 watts. Electric power-assisted bicycles<\/span> shall be classified as follows:<\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> “Class one<\/span>” means an electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span> equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches a speed of 20 miles per hour; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> “Class two<\/span>” means an electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span> equipped with a motor that may be used exclusively to propel the bicycle and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> “Class three<\/span>” means an electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span> equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 28 miles per hour.\n\t\t\tFor the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800<\/a> et seq.), an electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span> shall be a vehicle when operated on a highway<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Essential parts<\/span>” means all integral parts and body parts, the removal, alteration, or substitution of which will tend to conceal the identity of a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Farm tractor<\/span>” means every motor vehicle designed and used as a farm, agricultural, or horticultural implement for drawing plows, mowing machines, and other farm, agricultural, or horticultural machinery and implements, including self-propelled mowers designed and used for mowing lawns.\n\t\t\t“Farm utility vehicle<\/span>” means a vehicle that is powered by a motor and is designed for off-road use and is used as a farm, agricultural, or horticultural service vehicle, generally having four or more wheels, bench seating for the operator and a passenger, a steering wheel for control, and a cargo bed. “Farm utility vehicle<\/span>” does not include pickup or panel trucks<\/span>, golf carts<\/span>, low-speed vehicles<\/span>, or riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Federal safety requirements<\/span>” means applicable provisions of 49 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and all administrative regulations and policies adopted pursuant thereto.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility” means the ability to respond in damages<\/span> for liability thereafter incurred arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle, in the amounts provided for in § 46.2-472<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility in the future<\/span>” means the future ability to respond to damages<\/span> for liability incurred arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle in the amounts provided for in §§ 46.2-316<\/a> and 46.2-472<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Foreign market vehicle<\/span>” means any motor vehicle originally manufactured outside the United States, which was not manufactured in accordance with 49 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and the policies and regulations adopted pursuant to that Act, and for which a Virginia title or registration is sought.\n\t\t\t“Foreign vehicle<\/span>” means every motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer<\/span> that is brought into the Commonwealth otherwise than in the ordinary course of business by or through a manufacturer or dealer and that has not been registered in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Golf cart<\/span>” means a self-propelled vehicle that is designed to transport persons playing golf and their equipment on a golf course.\n\t\t\t“Governing body<\/span>” means the board of supervisors of a county, council of a city, or council of a town, as context may require.\n\t\t\t“Gross weight<\/span>” means the aggregate weight of a vehicle or combination of vehicles and the load thereon.\n\t\t\t“Highway<\/span>” means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel in the Commonwealth, including the streets and alleys, and, for law<\/span>-enforcement purposes, (i) the entire width between the boundary lines of all private roads or private streets that have been specifically designated “highways<\/span><\/span>” by an ordinance<\/span> adopted by the governing body<\/span> of the county, city, or town in which such private roads or streets are located and (ii) the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place used for purposes of vehicular travel on any property owned, leased, or controlled by the United States government and located in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Intersection” means (i) the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curblines or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways<\/span> of two highways<\/span><\/span> that join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling on different highways<\/span><\/span> joining at any other angle may come in conflict; (ii) where a highway<\/span> includes two roadways<\/span> 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of each roadway<\/span> of such divided highway<\/span> by an intersecting highway<\/span> shall be regarded as a separate intersection, in the event such intersecting highway<\/span> also includes two roadways<\/span> 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of two roadways<\/span> of such highways<\/span><\/span> shall be regarded as a separate intersection; or (iii) for purposes only of authorizing installation of traffic-control devices, every crossing of a highway<\/span> or street at grade by a pedestrian crosswalk<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Lane-use control signal<\/span>” means a signal face displaying indications to permit or prohibit the use of specific lanes<\/span> of a roadway<\/span> or to indicate the impending prohibition of such use.\n\t\t\t“Law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span>” means any officer authorized to direct or regulate traffic or to make arrests<\/span> for violations of this title or local ordinances<\/span> authorized by law<\/span>. For the purposes of access to law<\/span>-enforcement databases regarding motor vehicle registration and ownership only, “law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span>” also includes city and county commissioners<\/span> of the revenue and treasurers, together with their duly designated deputies and employees, when such officials are actually engaged in the enforcement of §§ 46.2-752<\/a>, 46.2-753<\/a>, and 46.2-754<\/a> and local ordinances<\/span> enacted thereunder.\n\t\t\t“License plate” means a device containing letters, numerals, or a combination of both, attached to a motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer<\/span> to indicate that the vehicle is properly registered with the Department<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Light<\/span>” means a device for producing illumination or the illumination produced by the device.\n\t\t\t“Low-speed vehicle<\/span>” means any four-wheeled electrically powered or gas-powered vehicle, except a motor vehicle or low-speed vehicle<\/span> that is used exclusively for agricultural or horticultural purposes or a golf cart<\/span>, whose maximum speed is greater than 20 miles per hour but not greater than 25 miles per hour and is manufactured to comply with safety standards contained in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, § 571.500.\n\t\t\t“Manufactured home<\/span>” means a structure subject to federal regulation, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode is eight body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length, or, when erected on site, is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein. “Manufactured home<\/span>” does not include a park model recreational vehicle, which is a vehicle that is (i) designed and marketed as temporary living quarters for recreational, camping, travel, or seasonal use; (ii) not permanently affixed to real property for use as a permanent dwelling; (iii) built on a single chassis mounted on wheels; and (iv) certified by the manufacturer as complying with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A119.5 Park Model Recreational Vehicle Standard.\n\t\t\t“Military surplus motor vehicle<\/span>” means a multipurpose or tactical vehicle that was manufactured by or under the direction of the United States Armed Forces for off-road use and subsequently authorized for sale to civilians. “Military surplus motor vehicle<\/span>” does not include specialized mobile equipment as defined in § 46.2-700<\/a>, trailers<\/span>, or semitrailers<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Moped<\/span>” means every vehicle that travels on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground that (i) has a seat that is no less than 24 inches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to the ground; (ii) has a gasoline, electric, or hybrid motor that (a) displaces 50 cubic centimeters or less or (b) has an input of 1500 watts or less; (iii) is power-driven, with or without pedals that allow propulsion by human power; and (iv) is not operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. “Moped<\/span>” does not include an electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span> or a motorized skateboard or scooter<\/span>. For purposes of this title, a moped<\/span> shall be a motorcycle when operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. For purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800<\/a> et seq.), a moped<\/span> shall be a vehicle while operated on a highway<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Motor-driven cycle<\/span>” means every motorcycle that has a gasoline engine that (i) displaces less than 150 cubic centimeters; (ii) has a seat less than 24 inches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to the ground; and (iii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number.\n\t\t\t“Motor home<\/span>” means every private motor vehicle with a normal seating capacity of not more than 10 persons, including the driver<\/span>, designed primarily for use as living quarters for human beings.\n\t\t\t“Motor vehicle” means every vehicle as defined in this section that is self-propelled or designed for self-propulsion except as otherwise provided in this title. Any structure designed, used, or maintained primarily to be loaded on or affixed to a motor vehicle to provide a mobile dwelling, sleeping place, office, or commercial space shall be considered a part of a motor vehicle. Except as otherwise provided, for the purposes of this title, any device herein defined as a bicycle, electric personal assistive mobility device<\/span>, electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span>, motorized skateboard or scooter<\/span>, moped<\/span>, or personal delivery device<\/span> shall be deemed not to be a motor vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Motorcycle” means every motor vehicle designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground and is capable of traveling at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. “Motorcycle” does not include any “autocycle<\/span>,” “electric personal assistive mobility device<\/span>,” “electric power-assisted bicycle<\/span>,” “farm tractor<\/span>,” “golf cart<\/span>,” “moped<\/span>,” “motorized skateboard or scooter<\/span>,” “utility vehicle,” or “wheelchair or wheelchair conveyance<\/span>” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Motorized skateboard or scooter<\/span>” means every vehicle, regardless of the number of its wheels in contact with the ground, that (i) is designed to allow an operator to sit or stand, (ii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number, (iii) is powered in whole or in part by an electric motor, (iv) weighs less than 100 pounds, and (v) has a speed of no more than 20 miles per hour on a paved level surface when powered solely by the electric motor. “Motorized skateboard or scooter<\/span>” includes vehicles with or without handlebars but does not include electric personal assistive mobility devices<\/span> or electric power-assisted bicycles<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Nonresident” means every person who is not domiciled in the Commonwealth, except: (i) any foreign corporation that is authorized to do business in the Commonwealth by the State Corporation Commission<\/span> shall be a resident of the Commonwealth for the purpose of this title; in the case of corporations incorporated in the Commonwealth but doing business outside the Commonwealth, only such principal place of business or branches located within the Commonwealth shall be dealt with as residents of the Commonwealth; (ii) a person who becomes engaged in a gainful occupation in the Commonwealth for a period exceeding 60 days shall be a resident for the purposes of this title except for the purposes of Chapter 3 (§ 46.2-300<\/a> et seq.); (iii) a person, other than (a) a nonresident student<\/span> as defined in this section or (b) a person who is serving a full-time church service or proselyting mission of not more than 36 months and who is not gainfully employed, who has actually resided in the Commonwealth for a period of six months, whether employed or not, or who has registered a motor vehicle, listing an address in the Commonwealth in the application for registration, shall be deemed a resident for the purposes of this title, except for the purposes of the Virginia Commercial Driver<\/span>’s License Act (§ 46.2-341.1<\/a> et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Nonresident student<\/span>” means every nonresident person who is enrolled as a full-time student in an accredited institution of learning in the Commonwealth and who is not gainfully employed.\n\t\t\t“Off-road motorcycle<\/span>” means every motorcycle designed exclusively for off-road use by an individual rider with not more than two wheels in contact with the ground. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, for the purposes of this chapter off-road motorcycles<\/span> shall be deemed to be “motorcycles.”\n\t\t\t“Operation or use for rent or for hire, for the transportation of passengers, or as a property carrier for compensation,” and “business of transporting persons or property<\/span>” mean any owner<\/span> or operator of any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer<\/span> operating over the highways<\/span><\/span> in the Commonwealth who accepts or receives compensation for the service, directly or indirectly; but these terms do not mean a “truck lessor<\/span>” as defined in this section and do not include persons or businesses that receive compensation for delivering a product that they themselves sell or produce, where a separate charge is made for delivery of the product or the cost of delivery is included in the sale price of the product, but where the person or business does not derive all or a substantial portion of its income from the transportation of persons or property except as part of a sales transaction.\n\t\t\t“Operator” or “driver<\/span>” means every person who either (i) drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle on a highway<\/span> or (ii) is exercising control over or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Owner<\/span>” means a person who holds the legal title to a vehicle; however, if a vehicle is the subject of an agreement for its conditional sale or lease with the right of purchase on performance of the conditions stated in the agreement and with an immediate right of possession<\/span> vested in the conditional vendee or lessee or if a mortgagor of a vehicle is entitled to possession<\/span>, then the conditional vendee or lessee or mortgagor shall be the owner<\/span> for the purpose of this title. In all such instances when the rent paid by the lessee includes charges for services of any nature or when the lease does not provide that title shall pass to the lessee on payment of the rent stipulated, the lessor shall be regarded as the owner<\/span> of the vehicle, and the vehicle shall be subject to such requirements of this title as are applicable to vehicles operated for compensation. A “truck lessor<\/span>” as defined in this section shall be regarded as the owner<\/span>, and his vehicles shall be subject to such requirements of this title as are applicable to vehicles of private carriers.\n\t\t\t“Passenger car<\/span>” means every motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or autocycle<\/span> designed and used primarily for the transportation of no more than 10 persons, including the driver<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Payment device<\/span>” means any credit card as defined in 15 U.S.C. § 1602 (k) or any “accepted card or other means of access<\/span>” set forth in 15 U.S.C. § 1693a (1). For the purposes of this title, this definition shall also include a card that enables a person to pay for transactions through the use of value stored on the card itself.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device<\/span>” means a powered device operated primarily on sidewalks<\/span> and crosswalks<\/span> and intended primarily for the transport of property on public rights-of-way that does not exceed 500 pounds, excluding cargo, and is capable of navigating with or without the active control or monitoring of a natural person. Notwithstanding any other provision of law<\/span>, a personal delivery device<\/span> shall not be considered a motor vehicle or a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device<\/span> operator<\/span>” means an entity or its agent<\/span> that exercises direct physical control or monitoring over the navigation system and operation of a personal delivery device<\/span>. For the purposes of this definition, “agent<\/span>” means a person not less than 16 years of age charged by an entity with the responsibility of navigating and operating a personal delivery device<\/span>. “Personal delivery device<\/span> operator<\/span>” does not include (i) an entity or person who requests the services of a personal delivery device<\/span> to transport property or (ii) an entity or person who only arranges for and dispatches the requested services of a personal delivery device<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Pickup or panel truck<\/span>” means (i) every motor vehicle designed for the transportation of property and having a registered gross weight<\/span> of 7,500 pounds or less or (ii) every motor vehicle registered for personal use, designed to transport property on its own structure independent of any other vehicle, and having a registered gross weight<\/span> in excess of 7,500 pounds but not in excess of 10,000 pounds.\n\t\t\t“Private road or driveway<\/span>” means every way in private ownership and used for vehicular travel by the owner<\/span> and those having express or implied permission from the owner<\/span>, but not by other persons.\n\t\t\t“Reconstructed vehicle<\/span>” means every vehicle of a type required to be registered under this title materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition, or substitution of new or used essential parts<\/span>. Such vehicles, at the discretion of the Department<\/span>, shall retain their original vehicle identification number, line-make, and model year. Except as otherwise provided in this title, this definition shall not include a “converted electric vehicle<\/span>” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Replica vehicle<\/span>” means every vehicle of a type required to be registered under this title not fully constructed by a licensed manufacturer but either constructed or assembled from components. Such components may be from a single vehicle, multiple vehicles, a kit, parts, or fabricated components. The kit may be made up of “major components<\/span>” as defined in § 46.2-1600<\/a>, a full body, or a full chassis, or a combination of these parts. The vehicle shall resemble a vehicle of distinctive name, line-make, model, or type as produced by a licensed manufacturer or manufacturer no longer in business and is not a reconstructed or specially constructed vehicle<\/span> as herein defined.\n\t\t\t“Residence district<\/span>” means the territory contiguous to a highway<\/span>, not comprising a business district<\/span>, where 75 percent or more of the property abutting such highway<\/span>, on either side of the highway<\/span>, for a distance of 300 feet or more along the highway<\/span> consists of land improved for dwelling purposes, or is occupied by dwellings, or consists of land or buildings in use for business purposes, or consists of territory zoned residential or territory in residential subdivisions created under Chapter 22 (§ 15.2-2200<\/a> et seq.) of Title 15.2.\n\t\t\t“Revoke<\/span>” or “revocation<\/span>” means that the document or privilege<\/span> revoked is not subject to renewal or restoration except through reapplication after the expiration of the period of revocation<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Roadway<\/span>” means that portion of a highway<\/span> improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder<\/span>. A highway<\/span> may include two or more roadways<\/span> if divided by a physical barrier or barriers or an unpaved area.\n\t\t\t“Safety zone<\/span>” means the area officially set apart within a roadway<\/span> for the exclusive use of pedestrians and that is protected or is so marked or indicated by plainly visible signs.\n\t\t\t“School bus<\/span>” means any motor vehicle, other than a station wagon, automobile, truck, or commercial bus, which is: (i) designed and used primarily for the transportation of pupils to and from public, private or religious schools, or used for the transportation of individuals with mental or physical disabilities to and from a sheltered workshop; (ii) painted yellow and bears the words “School Bus<\/span>” in black letters of a specified size on front and rear; and (iii) is equipped with warning devices prescribed in § 46.2-1090<\/a>. A yellow school bus<\/span> may have a white roof provided such vehicle is painted in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Department<\/span> of Education.\n\t\t\t“Semitrailer<\/span>” means every vehicle of the trailer type so designed and used in conjunction with a motor vehicle that some part of its own weight and that of its own load rests on or is carried by another vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Shared-use path<\/span>” means a bikeway that is physically separated from motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or barrier and is located either within the highway<\/span> right-of-way or within a separate right-of-way. Shared-use paths<\/span> may also be used by pedestrians, skaters, users of wheel chairs or wheel chair conveyances, joggers, and other nonmotorized users and personal delivery devices<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Shoulder<\/span>” means that part of a highway<\/span> between the portion regularly traveled by vehicular traffic and the lateral curbline or ditch.\n\t\t\t“Sidewalk<\/span>” means the portion of a street between the curb lines, or the lateral lines of a roadway<\/span>, and the adjacent property lines, intended for use by pedestrians.\n\t\t\t“Snowmobile<\/span>” means a self-propelled vehicle designed to travel on snow or ice, steered by skis or runners, and supported in whole or in part by one or more skis, belts, or cleats.\n\t\t\t“Special construction and forestry equipment<\/span>” means any vehicle which is designed primarily for highway<\/span> construction, highway<\/span> maintenance, earth moving, timber harvesting or other construction or forestry work and which is not designed for the transportation of persons or property on a public highway<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Specially constructed vehicle<\/span>” means any vehicle that was not originally constructed under a distinctive name, make, model, or type by a generally recognized manufacturer of vehicles and not a reconstructed vehicle<\/span> as herein defined.\n\t\t\t“Stinger-steered automobile or watercraft transporter<\/span>” means an automobile or watercraft transporter configured as a semitrailer<\/span> combination wherein the fifth wheel is located on a drop frame behind and below the rearmost axle of the power unit.\n\t\t\t“Superintendent<\/span>” means the Superintendent<\/span> of the Department<\/span> of State Police of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Suspend<\/span>” or “suspension<\/span>” means that the document or privilege<\/span> suspended has been temporarily withdrawn, but may be reinstated following the period of suspension<\/span> unless it has expired prior to the end of the period of suspension<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Tow truck<\/span>” means a motor vehicle for hire (i) designed to lift, pull, or carry another vehicle by means of a hoist or other mechanical apparatus and (ii) having a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating of at least 10,000 pounds. “Tow truck<\/span>” also includes vehicles designed with a ramp on wheels and a hydraulic lift with a capacity to haul or tow another vehicle, commonly referred to as “rollbacks.” “Tow truck<\/span>” does not include any “automobile or watercraft transporter,” “stinger-steered automobile or watercraft transporter<\/span>,” or “tractor truck<\/span>” as those terms are defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Towing and recovery operator<\/span>” means a person engaged in the business of (i) removing disabled vehicles, parts of vehicles, their cargoes, and other objects<\/span> to facilities for repair or safekeeping and (ii) restoring to the highway<\/span> or other location where they either can be operated or removed to other locations for repair or safekeeping vehicles that have come to rest in places where they cannot be operated.\n\t\t\t“Toy vehicle<\/span>” means any motorized or propellant-driven device that has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number that is designed or used to carry any person or persons, on any number of wheels, bearings, glides, blades, runners, or a cushion of air. “Toy vehicle<\/span>” does not include electric personal assistive mobility devices<\/span>, electric power-assisted bicycles<\/span>, mopeds<\/span>, motorized skateboards or scooters, or motorcycles, nor does it include any nonmotorized or nonpropellant-driven devices such as bicycles, roller skates, or skateboards.\n\t\t\t“Tractor truck<\/span>” means every motor vehicle designed and used primarily for drawing other vehicles and not so constructed as to carry a load other than a part of the load and weight of the vehicle attached thereto.\n\t\t\t“Traffic control device<\/span>” means a sign, signal, marking, or other device used to regulate, warn, or guide traffic placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway<\/span>, private road open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or shared-use path<\/span> by authority of a public agency or official having jurisdiction<\/span>, or in the case of a private road open to public travel, by authority of the private owner<\/span> or private official having jurisdiction<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Traffic infraction<\/span>” means a violation of law<\/span> punishable as provided in § 46.2-113<\/a>, which is neither a felony<\/span> nor a misdemeanor<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Traffic lane<\/span>” or “lane” means that portion of a roadway<\/span> designed or designated to accommodate the forward movement of a single line of vehicles.\n\t\t\t“Trailer” means every vehicle without motive power designed for carrying property or passengers wholly on its own structure and for being drawn by a motor vehicle, including manufactured homes<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Truck” means every motor vehicle designed to transport property on its own structure independent of any other vehicle and having a registered gross weight<\/span> in excess of 7,500 pounds. “Truck” does not include any pickup or panel truck<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Truck lessor<\/span>” means a person who holds the legal title to any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer<\/span> that is the subject of a bona fide written lease for a term of one year or more to another person, provided that: (i) neither the lessor nor the lessee is a common carrier by motor vehicle or restricted common carrier by motor vehicle or contract<\/span> carrier by motor vehicle as defined in § 46.2-2000<\/a>; (ii) the leased motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer<\/span> is used exclusively for the transportation of property of the lessee; (iii) the lessor is not employed in any capacity by the lessee; (iv) the operator of the leased motor vehicle is a bona fide employee of the lessee and is not employed in any capacity by the lessor; and (v) a true copy of the lease, verified by affidavit<\/span> of the lessor, is filed with the Commissioner<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Utility vehicle” means a motor vehicle that is (i) designed for off-road use, (ii) powered by a motor, and (iii) used for general maintenance, security, agricultural, or horticultural purposes. “Utility vehicle” does not include riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Vehicle” means every device in, on or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn on a highway<\/span>, except personal delivery devices<\/span> and devices moved by human power or used exclusively on stationary rails or tracks. For the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800<\/a> et seq.), bicycles, electric personal assistive mobility devices<\/span>, electric power-assisted bicycles<\/span>, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds<\/span> shall be vehicles while operated on a highway<\/span>.\n\t\t\t“Watercraft transporter” means any tractor truck<\/span>, lowboy, vehicle, or combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport watercraft on their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the transportation of watercraft.\n\t\t\t“Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance<\/span>” means a chair or seat equipped with wheels, typically used to provide mobility for persons who, by reason of physical disability, are otherwise unable to move about as pedestrians. “Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance<\/span>” includes both three-wheeled and four-wheeled devices. So long as it is operated only as provided in § 46.2-677<\/a>, a self-propelled wheel chair or self-propelled wheel chair conveyance shall not be considered a motor vehicle. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS (\u00a7 46.2-100)\n\nAs used in this title, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“All-terrain vehicle” means a motor vehicle having three or more\nwheels that is powered by a motor and is manufactured for off-highway use.\n“All-terrain vehicle” does not include four-wheeled vehicles\ncommonly known as “go-carts” that have low centers of gravity and\nare typically used in racing on relatively level surfaces, nor does the term\ninclude any riding lawn mower.\n\t\t“Antique motor vehicle” means every motor vehicle, as defined in\nthis section, which was actually manufactured or designated by the manufacturer\nas a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years prior to\nJanuary 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a collector’s item.\n\t\t“Antique trailer” means every trailer or semitrailer, as defined\nin this section, that was actually manufactured or designated by the\nmanufacturer as a model manufactured in a calendar year not less than 25 years\nprior to January 1 of each calendar year and is owned solely as a\ncollector’s item.\n\t\t“Autocycle” means a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a\nsteering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit\nastride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for\nmotorcycles. Except as otherwise provided, an autocycle shall not be deemed to\nbe a motorcycle.\n\t\t“Automobile transporter” means any tractor truck, lowboy, vehicle,\nor combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport motor vehicles\non their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the transportation of\nmotor vehicles or used to transport cargo or general freight on a backhaul\npursuant to the provisions of 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 31111(a)(1).\n\t\t“Bicycle” means a device propelled solely by human power, upon\nwhich a person may ride either on or astride a regular seat attached thereto,\nhaving two or more wheels in tandem, including children’s bicycles, except\na toy vehicle intended for use by young children. For purposes of Chapter 8 (\u00a7\n46.2-800 et seq.), a bicycle shall be a vehicle while operated on the highway.\n\t\t“Bicycle lane” means that portion of a roadway designated by signs\nand\/or pavement markings for the preferential use of bicycles, electric\npower-assisted bicycles, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds.\n\t\t“Business district” means the territory contiguous to a highway\nwhere 75 percent or more of the property contiguous to a highway, on either side\nof the highway, for a distance of 300 feet or more along the highway, is\noccupied by land and buildings actually in use for business purposes.\n\t\t“Camping trailer” means every vehicle that has collapsible sides\nand contains sleeping quarters but may or may not contain bathing and cooking\nfacilities and is designed to be drawn by a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Cancel” or “cancellation” means that the document or\nprivilege cancelled has been annulled or terminated because of some error,\ndefect, or ineligibility, but the cancellation is without prejudice and\nreapplication may be made at any time after cancellation.\n\t\t“Chauffeur” means every person employed for the principal purpose\nof driving a motor vehicle and every person who drives a motor vehicle while in\nuse as a public or common carrier of persons or property.\n\t\t“Circular intersection” means an intersection that has an island,\ngenerally circular in design, located in the center of the intersection, where\nall vehicles pass to the right of the island. Circular intersections include\nroundabouts, rotaries, and traffic circles.\n\t\t“Commission” means the State Corporation Commission.\n\t\t“Commissioner” means the Commissioner of the Department of Motor\nVehicles of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t“Converted electric vehicle” means any motor vehicle, other than a\nmotorcycle or autocycle, that has been modified subsequent to its manufacture to\nreplace an internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. Such\nvehicles shall retain their original vehicle identification number, line-make,\nand model year. A converted electric vehicle shall not be deemed a\n“reconstructed vehicle” as defined in this section unless it has\nbeen materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition,\nor substitution of new or used essential parts other than those required for the\nconversion to electric propulsion.\n\t\t“Crosswalk” means that part of a roadway at an intersection\nincluded within the connections of the lateral lines of the sidewalks on\nopposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs or, in the absence of\ncurbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway; or any portion of a roadway at\nan intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by\nlines or other markings on the surface.\n\t\t“Decal” means a device to be attached to a license plate that\nvalidates the license plate for a predetermined registration period.\n\t\t“Department” means the Department of Motor Vehicles of the\nCommonwealth.\n\t\t“Disabled parking license plate” means a license plate that\ndisplays the international symbol of access in the same size as the numbers and\nletters on the plate and in a color that contrasts with the background.\n\t\t“Disabled veteran” means a veteran who (i) has either lost, or\nlost the use of, a leg, arm, or hand; (ii) is blind; or (iii) is permanently and\ntotally disabled as certified by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. A\nveteran shall be considered blind if he has a permanent impairment of both eyes\nto the following extent: central visual acuity of 20\/200 or less in the better\neye, with corrective lenses, or central visual acuity of more than 20\/200, if\nthere is a field defect in which the peripheral field has contracted to such an\nextent that the widest diameter of visual field subtends an angular distance no\ngreater than 20 degrees in the better eye.\n\t\t“Driver’s license” means any license, including a commercial\ndriver’s license as defined in the Virginia Commercial Driver’s\nLicense Act (\u00a7 46.2-341.1 et seq.) and a driver privilege card issued pursuant\nto \u00a7 46.2-328.3, issued under the laws of the Commonwealth authorizing the\noperation of a motor vehicle.\n\t\t“Electric personal assistive mobility device” means a\nself-balancing two-nontandem-wheeled device that is designed to transport only\none person and powered by an electric propulsion system that limits the\ndevice’s maximum speed to 15 miles per hour or less. For purposes of\nChapter 8 (\u00a7 46.2-800 et seq.), an electric personal assistive mobility device\nshall be a vehicle when operated on a highway.\n\t\t“Electric power-assisted bicycle” means a vehicle that travels on\nnot more than three wheels in contact with the ground and is equipped with (i)\npedals that allow propulsion by human power, (ii) a seat for the use of the\nrider, and (iii) an electric motor with an input of no more than 750 watts.\nElectric power-assisted bicycles shall be classified as follows:\n\n1. “Class one” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped\nwith a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that\nceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches a speed of 20 miles per\nhour;\n\n2. “Class two” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped\nwith a motor that may be used exclusively to propel the bicycle and that ceases\nto provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour;\nand\n\n3. “Class three” means an electric power-assisted bicycle equipped\nwith a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling and that\nceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 28 miles per\nhour.\n\t\t\tFor the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), an electric\npower-assisted bicycle shall be a vehicle when operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Essential parts” means all integral parts and body parts, the\nremoval, alteration, or substitution of which will tend to conceal the identity\nof a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Farm tractor” means every motor vehicle designed and used as a\nfarm, agricultural, or horticultural implement for drawing plows, mowing\nmachines, and other farm, agricultural, or horticultural machinery and\nimplements, including self-propelled mowers designed and used for mowing lawns.\n\t\t\t“Farm utility vehicle” means a vehicle that is powered by a motor\nand is designed for off-road use and is used as a farm, agricultural, or\nhorticultural service vehicle, generally having four or more wheels, bench\nseating for the operator and a passenger, a steering wheel for control, and a\ncargo bed. “Farm utility vehicle” does not include pickup or panel\ntrucks, golf carts, low-speed vehicles, or riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Federal safety requirements” means applicable provisions of 49\nU.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and all administrative regulations and policies\nadopted pursuant thereto.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility” means the ability to respond in\ndamages for liability thereafter incurred arising out of the ownership,\nmaintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle, in the amounts provided for\nin § 46.2-472.\n\t\t\t“Financial responsibility in the future” means the future ability\nto respond to damages for liability incurred arising out of the ownership,\nmaintenance, use, or operation of a motor vehicle in the amounts provided for in\n§§ 46.2-316 and 46.2-472.\n\t\t\t“Foreign market vehicle” means any motor vehicle originally\nmanufactured outside the United States, which was not manufactured in accordance\nwith 49 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq. and the policies and regulations adopted\npursuant to that Act, and for which a Virginia title or registration is sought.\n\t\t\t“Foreign vehicle” means every motor vehicle, trailer, or\nsemitrailer that is brought into the Commonwealth otherwise than in the ordinary\ncourse of business by or through a manufacturer or dealer and that has not been\nregistered in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Golf cart” means a self-propelled vehicle that is designed to\ntransport persons playing golf and their equipment on a golf course.\n\t\t\t“Governing body” means the board of supervisors of a county,\ncouncil of a city, or council of a town, as context may require.\n\t\t\t“Gross weight” means the aggregate weight of a vehicle or\ncombination of vehicles and the load thereon.\n\t\t\t“Highway” means the entire width between the boundary lines of\nevery way or place open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular\ntravel in the Commonwealth, including the streets and alleys, and, for\nlaw-enforcement purposes, (i) the entire width between the boundary lines of all\nprivate roads or private streets that have been specifically designated\n“highways” by an ordinance adopted by the governing body of the\ncounty, city, or town in which such private roads or streets are located and\n(ii) the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place used for\npurposes of vehicular travel on any property owned, leased, or controlled by the\nUnited States government and located in the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Intersection” means (i) the area embraced within the\nprolongation or connection of the lateral curblines or, if none, then the\nlateral boundary lines of the roadways of two highways that join one another at,\nor approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling\non different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict; (ii)\nwhere a highway includes two roadways 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing\nof each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be\nregarded as a separate intersection, in the event such intersecting highway also\nincludes two roadways 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of two roadways\nof such highways shall be regarded as a separate intersection; or (iii) for\npurposes only of authorizing installation of traffic-control devices, every\ncrossing of a highway or street at grade by a pedestrian crosswalk.\n\t\t\t“Lane-use control signal” means a signal face displaying\nindications to permit or prohibit the use of specific lanes of a roadway or to\nindicate the impending prohibition of such use.\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement officer” means any officer authorized to direct\nor regulate traffic or to make arrests for violations of this title or local\nordinances authorized by law. For the purposes of access to law-enforcement\ndatabases regarding motor vehicle registration and ownership only,\n“law-enforcement officer” also includes city and county\ncommissioners of the revenue and treasurers, together with their duly designated\ndeputies and employees, when such officials are actually engaged in the\nenforcement of §§ 46.2-752, 46.2-753, and 46.2-754 and local\nordinances enacted thereunder.\n\t\t\t“License plate” means a device containing letters, numerals, or a\ncombination of both, attached to a motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer to\nindicate that the vehicle is properly registered with the Department.\n\t\t\t“Light” means a device for producing illumination or the\nillumination produced by the device.\n\t\t\t“Low-speed vehicle” means any four-wheeled electrically powered\nor gas-powered vehicle, except a motor vehicle or low-speed vehicle that is used\nexclusively for agricultural or horticultural purposes or a golf cart, whose\nmaximum speed is greater than 20 miles per hour but not greater than 25 miles\nper hour and is manufactured to comply with safety standards contained in Title\n49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, § 571.500.\n\t\t\t“Manufactured home” means a structure subject to federal\nregulation, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode\nis eight body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length, or, when\nerected on site, is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent\nchassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent\nfoundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing,\nheating, air conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein.\n“Manufactured home” does not include a park model recreational\nvehicle, which is a vehicle that is (i) designed and marketed as temporary\nliving quarters for recreational, camping, travel, or seasonal use; (ii) not\npermanently affixed to real property for use as a permanent dwelling; (iii)\nbuilt on a single chassis mounted on wheels; and (iv) certified by the\nmanufacturer as complying with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)\nA119.5 Park Model Recreational Vehicle Standard.\n\t\t\t“Military surplus motor vehicle” means a multipurpose or tactical\nvehicle that was manufactured by or under the direction of the United States\nArmed Forces for off-road use and subsequently authorized for sale to civilians.\n“Military surplus motor vehicle” does not include specialized mobile\nequipment as defined in § 46.2-700, trailers, or semitrailers.\n\t\t\t“Moped” means every vehicle that travels on not more than three\nwheels in contact with the ground that (i) has a seat that is no less than 24\ninches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to the\nground; (ii) has a gasoline, electric, or hybrid motor that (a) displaces 50\ncubic centimeters or less or (b) has an input of 1500 watts or less; (iii) is\npower-driven, with or without pedals that allow propulsion by human power; and\n(iv) is not operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour.\n“Moped” does not include an electric power-assisted bicycle or a\nmotorized skateboard or scooter. For purposes of this title, a moped shall be a\nmotorcycle when operated at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. For purposes\nof Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et seq.), a moped shall be a vehicle while\noperated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Motor-driven cycle” means every motorcycle that has a gasoline\nengine that (i) displaces less than 150 cubic centimeters; (ii) has a seat less\nthan 24 inches in height, measured from the middle of the seat perpendicular to\nthe ground; and (iii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number.\n\t\t\t“Motor home” means every private motor vehicle with a normal\nseating capacity of not more than 10 persons, including the driver, designed\nprimarily for use as living quarters for human beings.\n\t\t\t“Motor vehicle” means every vehicle as defined in this section\nthat is self-propelled or designed for self-propulsion except as otherwise\nprovided in this title. Any structure designed, used, or maintained primarily to\nbe loaded on or affixed to a motor vehicle to provide a mobile dwelling,\nsleeping place, office, or commercial space shall be considered a part of a\nmotor vehicle. Except as otherwise provided, for the purposes of this title, any\ndevice herein defined as a bicycle, electric personal assistive mobility device,\nelectric power-assisted bicycle, motorized skateboard or scooter, moped, or\npersonal delivery device shall be deemed not to be a motor vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Motorcycle” means every motor vehicle designed to travel on not\nmore than three wheels in contact with the ground and is capable of traveling at\nspeeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. “Motorcycle” does not include\nany “autocycle,” “electric personal assistive mobility\ndevice,” “electric power-assisted bicycle,” “farm\ntractor,” “golf cart,” “moped,” “motorized\nskateboard or scooter,” “utility vehicle,” or\n“wheelchair or wheelchair conveyance” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Motorized skateboard or scooter” means every vehicle, regardless\nof the number of its wheels in contact with the ground, that (i) is designed to\nallow an operator to sit or stand, (ii) has no manufacturer-issued vehicle\nidentification number, (iii) is powered in whole or in part by an electric\nmotor, (iv) weighs less than 100 pounds, and (v) has a speed of no more than 20\nmiles per hour on a paved level surface when powered solely by the electric\nmotor. “Motorized skateboard or scooter” includes vehicles with or\nwithout handlebars but does not include electric personal assistive mobility\ndevices or electric power-assisted bicycles.\n\t\t\t“Nonresident” means every person who is not domiciled in the\nCommonwealth, except: (i) any foreign corporation that is authorized to do\nbusiness in the Commonwealth by the State Corporation Commission shall be a\nresident of the Commonwealth for the purpose of this title; in the case of\ncorporations incorporated in the Commonwealth but doing business outside the\nCommonwealth, only such principal place of business or branches located within\nthe Commonwealth shall be dealt with as residents of the Commonwealth; (ii) a\nperson who becomes engaged in a gainful occupation in the Commonwealth for a\nperiod exceeding 60 days shall be a resident for the purposes of this title\nexcept for the purposes of Chapter 3 (§ 46.2-300 et seq.); (iii) a person,\nother than (a) a nonresident student as defined in this section or (b) a person\nwho is serving a full-time church service or proselyting mission of not more\nthan 36 months and who is not gainfully employed, who has actually resided in\nthe Commonwealth for a period of six months, whether employed or not, or who has\nregistered a motor vehicle, listing an address in the Commonwealth in the\napplication for registration, shall be deemed a resident for the purposes of\nthis title, except for the purposes of the Virginia Commercial Driver’s\nLicense Act (§ 46.2-341.1 et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Nonresident student” means every nonresident person who is\nenrolled as a full-time student in an accredited institution of learning in the\nCommonwealth and who is not gainfully employed.\n\t\t\t“Off-road motorcycle” means every motorcycle designed exclusively\nfor off-road use by an individual rider with not more than two wheels in contact\nwith the ground. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, for the purposes\nof this chapter off-road motorcycles shall be deemed to be\n“motorcycles.”\n\t\t\t“Operation or use for rent or for hire, for the transportation of\npassengers, or as a property carrier for compensation,” and\n“business of transporting persons or property” mean any owner or\noperator of any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer operating over the\nhighways in the Commonwealth who accepts or receives compensation for the\nservice, directly or indirectly; but these terms do not mean a “truck\nlessor” as defined in this section and do not include persons or\nbusinesses that receive compensation for delivering a product that they\nthemselves sell or produce, where a separate charge is made for delivery of the\nproduct or the cost of delivery is included in the sale price of the product,\nbut where the person or business does not derive all or a substantial portion of\nits income from the transportation of persons or property except as part of a\nsales transaction.\n\t\t\t“Operator” or “driver” means every person who either\n(i) drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle on a highway or\n(ii) is exercising control over or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor\nvehicle.\n\t\t\t“Owner” means a person who holds the legal title to a vehicle;\nhowever, if a vehicle is the subject of an agreement for its conditional sale or\nlease with the right of purchase on performance of the conditions stated in the\nagreement and with an immediate right of possession vested in the conditional\nvendee or lessee or if a mortgagor of a vehicle is entitled to possession, then\nthe conditional vendee or lessee or mortgagor shall be the owner for the purpose\nof this title. In all such instances when the rent paid by the lessee includes\ncharges for services of any nature or when the lease does not provide that title\nshall pass to the lessee on payment of the rent stipulated, the lessor shall be\nregarded as the owner of the vehicle, and the vehicle shall be subject to such\nrequirements of this title as are applicable to vehicles operated for\ncompensation. A “truck lessor” as defined in this section shall be\nregarded as the owner, and his vehicles shall be subject to such requirements of\nthis title as are applicable to vehicles of private carriers.\n\t\t\t“Passenger car” means every motor vehicle other than a motorcycle\nor autocycle designed and used primarily for the transportation of no more than\n10 persons, including the driver.\n\t\t\t“Payment device” means any credit card as defined in 15 U.S.C.\n§ 1602 (k) or any “accepted card or other means of access” set\nforth in 15 U.S.C. § 1693a (1). For the purposes of this title, this\ndefinition shall also include a card that enables a person to pay for\ntransactions through the use of value stored on the card itself.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device” means a powered device operated\nprimarily on sidewalks and crosswalks and intended primarily for the transport\nof property on public rights-of-way that does not exceed 500 pounds, excluding\ncargo, and is capable of navigating with or without the active control or\nmonitoring of a natural person. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a\npersonal delivery device shall not be considered a motor vehicle or a vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Personal delivery device operator” means an entity or its agent\nthat exercises direct physical control or monitoring over the navigation system\nand operation of a personal delivery device. For the purposes of this\ndefinition, “agent” means a person not less than 16 years of age\ncharged by an entity with the responsibility of navigating and operating a\npersonal delivery device. “Personal delivery device operator” does\nnot include (i) an entity or person who requests the services of a personal\ndelivery device to transport property or (ii) an entity or person who only\narranges for and dispatches the requested services of a personal delivery\ndevice.\n\t\t\t“Pickup or panel truck” means (i) every motor vehicle designed\nfor the transportation of property and having a registered gross weight of 7,500\npounds or less or (ii) every motor vehicle registered for personal use, designed\nto transport property on its own structure independent of any other vehicle, and\nhaving a registered gross weight in excess of 7,500 pounds but not in excess of\n10,000 pounds.\n\t\t\t“Private road or driveway” means every way in private ownership\nand used for vehicular travel by the owner and those having express or implied\npermission from the owner, but not by other persons.\n\t\t\t“Reconstructed vehicle” means every vehicle of a type required to\nbe registered under this title materially altered from its original construction\nby the removal, addition, or substitution of new or used essential parts. Such\nvehicles, at the discretion of the Department, shall retain their original\nvehicle identification number, line-make, and model year. Except as otherwise\nprovided in this title, this definition shall not include a “converted\nelectric vehicle” as defined in this section.\n\t\t\t“Replica vehicle” means every vehicle of a type required to be\nregistered under this title not fully constructed by a licensed manufacturer but\neither constructed or assembled from components. Such components may be from a\nsingle vehicle, multiple vehicles, a kit, parts, or fabricated components. The\nkit may be made up of “major components” as defined in §\n46.2-1600, a full body, or a full chassis, or a combination of these parts. The\nvehicle shall resemble a vehicle of distinctive name, line-make, model, or type\nas produced by a licensed manufacturer or manufacturer no longer in business and\nis not a reconstructed or specially constructed vehicle as herein defined.\n\t\t\t“Residence district” means the territory contiguous to a highway,\nnot comprising a business district, where 75 percent or more of the property\nabutting such highway, on either side of the highway, for a distance of 300 feet\nor more along the highway consists of land improved for dwelling purposes, or is\noccupied by dwellings, or consists of land or buildings in use for business\npurposes, or consists of territory zoned residential or territory in residential\nsubdivisions created under Chapter 22 (§ 15.2-2200 et seq.) of Title 15.2.\n\t\t\t“Revoke” or “revocation” means that the document or\nprivilege revoked is not subject to renewal or restoration except through\nreapplication after the expiration of the period of revocation.\n\t\t\t“Roadway” means that portion of a highway improved, designed, or\nordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder. A highway may\ninclude two or more roadways if divided by a physical barrier or barriers or an\nunpaved area.\n\t\t\t“Safety zone” means the area officially set apart within a\nroadway for the exclusive use of pedestrians and that is protected or is so\nmarked or indicated by plainly visible signs.\n\t\t\t“School bus” means any motor vehicle, other than a station wagon,\nautomobile, truck, or commercial bus, which is: (i) designed and used primarily\nfor the transportation of pupils to and from public, private or religious\nschools, or used for the transportation of individuals with mental or physical\ndisabilities to and from a sheltered workshop; (ii) painted yellow and bears the\nwords “School Bus” in black letters of a specified size on front and\nrear; and (iii) is equipped with warning devices prescribed in § 46.2-1090.\nA yellow school bus may have a white roof provided such vehicle is painted in\naccordance with regulations promulgated by the Department of Education.\n\t\t\t“Semitrailer” means every vehicle of the trailer type so designed\nand used in conjunction with a motor vehicle that some part of its own weight\nand that of its own load rests on or is carried by another vehicle.\n\t\t\t“Shared-use path” means a bikeway that is physically separated\nfrom motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or barrier and is located\neither within the highway right-of-way or within a separate right-of-way.\nShared-use paths may also be used by pedestrians, skaters, users of wheel chairs\nor wheel chair conveyances, joggers, and other nonmotorized users and personal\ndelivery devices.\n\t\t\t“Shoulder” means that part of a highway between the portion\nregularly traveled by vehicular traffic and the lateral curbline or ditch.\n\t\t\t“Sidewalk” means the portion of a street between the curb lines,\nor the lateral lines of a roadway, and the adjacent property lines, intended for\nuse by pedestrians.\n\t\t\t“Snowmobile” means a self-propelled vehicle designed to travel on\nsnow or ice, steered by skis or runners, and supported in whole or in part by\none or more skis, belts, or cleats.\n\t\t\t“Special construction and forestry equipment” means any vehicle\nwhich is designed primarily for highway construction, highway maintenance, earth\nmoving, timber harvesting or other construction or forestry work and which is\nnot designed for the transportation of persons or property on a public highway.\n\t\t\t“Specially constructed vehicle” means any vehicle that was not\noriginally constructed under a distinctive name, make, model, or type by a\ngenerally recognized manufacturer of vehicles and not a reconstructed vehicle as\nherein defined.\n\t\t\t“Stinger-steered automobile or watercraft transporter” means an\nautomobile or watercraft transporter configured as a semitrailer combination\nwherein the fifth wheel is located on a drop frame behind and below the rearmost\naxle of the power unit.\n\t\t\t“Superintendent” means the Superintendent of the Department of\nState Police of the Commonwealth.\n\t\t\t“Suspend” or “suspension” means that the document or\nprivilege suspended has been temporarily withdrawn, but may be reinstated\nfollowing the period of suspension unless it has expired prior to the end of the\nperiod of suspension.\n\t\t\t“Tow truck” means a motor vehicle for hire (i) designed to lift,\npull, or carry another vehicle by means of a hoist or other mechanical apparatus\nand (ii) having a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating of at least\n10,000 pounds. “Tow truck” also includes vehicles designed with a\nramp on wheels and a hydraulic lift with a capacity to haul or tow another\nvehicle, commonly referred to as “rollbacks.” “Tow\ntruck” does not include any “automobile or watercraft\ntransporter,” “stinger-steered automobile or watercraft\ntransporter,” or “tractor truck” as those terms are defined in\nthis section.\n\t\t\t“Towing and recovery operator” means a person engaged in the\nbusiness of (i) removing disabled vehicles, parts of vehicles, their cargoes,\nand other objects to facilities for repair or safekeeping and (ii) restoring to\nthe highway or other location where they either can be operated or removed to\nother locations for repair or safekeeping vehicles that have come to rest in\nplaces where they cannot be operated.\n\t\t\t“Toy vehicle” means any motorized or propellant-driven device\nthat has no manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number that is designed\nor used to carry any person or persons, on any number of wheels, bearings,\nglides, blades, runners, or a cushion of air. “Toy vehicle” does not\ninclude electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric power-assisted\nbicycles, mopeds, motorized skateboards or scooters, or motorcycles, nor does it\ninclude any nonmotorized or nonpropellant-driven devices such as bicycles,\nroller skates, or skateboards.\n\t\t\t“Tractor truck” means every motor vehicle designed and used\nprimarily for drawing other vehicles and not so constructed as to carry a load\nother than a part of the load and weight of the vehicle attached thereto.\n\t\t\t“Traffic control device” means a sign, signal, marking, or other\ndevice used to regulate, warn, or guide traffic placed on, over, or adjacent to\na street, highway, private road open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or\nshared-use path by authority of a public agency or official having jurisdiction,\nor in the case of a private road open to public travel, by authority of the\nprivate owner or private official having jurisdiction.\n\t\t\t“Traffic infraction” means a violation of law punishable as\nprovided in § 46.2-113, which is neither a felony nor a misdemeanor.\n\t\t\t“Traffic lane” or “lane” means that portion of a\nroadway designed or designated to accommodate the forward movement of a single\nline of vehicles.\n\t\t\t“Trailer” means every vehicle without motive power designed for\ncarrying property or passengers wholly on its own structure and for being drawn\nby a motor vehicle, including manufactured homes.\n\t\t\t“Truck” means every motor vehicle designed to transport property\non its own structure independent of any other vehicle and having a registered\ngross weight in excess of 7,500 pounds. “Truck” does not include any\npickup or panel truck.\n\t\t\t“Truck lessor” means a person who holds the legal title to any\nmotor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer that is the subject of a bona fide\nwritten lease for a term of one year or more to another person, provided that:\n(i) neither the lessor nor the lessee is a common carrier by motor vehicle or\nrestricted common carrier by motor vehicle or contract carrier by motor vehicle\nas defined in § 46.2-2000; (ii) the leased motor vehicle, trailer, or\nsemitrailer is used exclusively for the transportation of property of the\nlessee; (iii) the lessor is not employed in any capacity by the lessee; (iv) the\noperator of the leased motor vehicle is a bona fide employee of the lessee and\nis not employed in any capacity by the lessor; and (v) a true copy of the lease,\nverified by affidavit of the lessor, is filed with the Commissioner.\n\t\t\t“Utility vehicle” means a motor vehicle that is (i) designed for\noff-road use, (ii) powered by a motor, and (iii) used for general maintenance,\nsecurity, agricultural, or horticultural purposes. “Utility vehicle”\ndoes not include riding lawn mowers.\n\t\t\t“Vehicle” means every device in, on or by which any person or\nproperty is or may be transported or drawn on a highway, except personal\ndelivery devices and devices moved by human power or used exclusively on\nstationary rails or tracks. For the purposes of Chapter 8 (§ 46.2-800 et\nseq.), bicycles, electric personal assistive mobility devices, electric\npower-assisted bicycles, motorized skateboards or scooters, and mopeds shall be\nvehicles while operated on a highway.\n\t\t\t“Watercraft transporter” means any tractor truck, lowboy,\nvehicle, or combination, including vehicles or combinations that transport\nwatercraft on their power unit, designed and used exclusively for the\ntransportation of watercraft.\n\t\t\t“Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance” means a chair or seat\nequipped with wheels, typically used to provide mobility for persons who, by\nreason of physical disability, are otherwise unable to move about as\npedestrians. “Wheel chair or wheel chair conveyance” includes both\nthree-wheeled and four-wheeled devices. So long as it is operated only as\nprovided in § 46.2-677, a self-propelled wheel chair or self-propelled\nwheel chair conveyance shall not be considered a motor vehicle.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 46-1, 46-169, 46-185, 46-186, 46-343; 1954, c. 59;\n1958, cc. 501, 541, \u00a7\u00a7 46.1-1, 46.1-161; 1964, c. 618; 1966, c. 643; 1968, cc.\n285, 641, 653, 685; 1972, cc. 433, 609; 1974, c. 347; 1975, cc. 382, 426; 1976,\nc. 372; 1977, cc. 252, 585; 1978, cc. 36, 550, 605; 1979, c. 100; 1980, c. 51;\n1981, c. 585; 1983, c. 386; 1984, cc. 404, 780; 1985, c. 447; 1986, cc. 72, 613;\n1987, c. 151; 1988, cc. 107, 452, 865; 1989, cc. 645, 705, 727; 1990, cc. 45,\n418; 1992, c. 98; 1993, c. 133; 1994, c. 866; 1996, cc. 943, 994; 1997, cc. 9,\n186, 486, 783, 904; 1998, c. 888; 1999, cc. 67, 77; 2001, c. 834; 2002, cc. 214,\n234, 254; 2003, cc. 29, 46; 2004, cc. 746, 796; 2005, cc. 310, 928; 2006, cc.\n529, 538, 540, 874, 891, 896; 2007, cc. 209, 325, 366, 393; 2010, c. 135; 2011,\nc. 128; 2012, c. 177; 2013, cc. 128, 400, 783; 2014, cc. 53, 256; 2016, cc. 428,\n500, 764; 2017, cc. 251, 370, 554, 788; 2018, c. 555; 2019, c. 780; 2020, cc.\n59, 260, 1269; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 421; 2023, cc. 148, 149; 2025, cc. 163,\n177.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}