{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/46.2-2099.48.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/46.2-2099.48.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/46.2-2099.48.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/46.2-2099.48.html"}],"law_id":54483,"edition_id":1,"section_id":54483,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.48","catch_line":"General operational requirements for transportation network companies and TNC partner","history":"2015, cc. 2, 3; 2017, c. 635; 2022, c. 239.","full_text":"A\n\nA transportation network company and a TNC partner shall provide passenger transportation only on a prearranged basis and only by means of a digital platform that enables passengers to connect with TNC partners using a TNC partner vehicle. No TNC partner shall transport a passenger unless a transportation network company has matched the TNC partner to that passenger through the digital platform. A TNC partner shall not provide transportation in any other manner. A TNC partner shall not solicit, accept, or arrange transportation except through a transportation network company’s digital platform or through a TNC broker.B\n\nA transportation network company shall authorize collection of fares for transporting passengers solely through a digital platform. A TNC partner shall not accept payment of fares directly from a passenger or any other person prearranging a ride or by any means other than electronically via a digital platform, unless:1\n\nThe ride is booked by a transit system, with a transportation network company with which it has a contract, on behalf of an eligible paratransit passenger;2\n\nThe fare is a defined amount, as published by the transit system, and is communicated to the passenger in advance;3\n\nThe transportation network company specifically authorizes over the digital network the TNC partner to collect cash for the fare, and that authorization includes the amount to be collected. The transportation network company’s digital platform shall provide the TNC partner with a method to acknowledge receipt of the fare when it is collected;4\n\nThe passenger receives a receipt for the fare paid; and5\n\nThe transit system receives a receipt and full accounting of cash fares monthly, or on demand, through the transportation network company’s account dashboard.C\n\nA transportation network company with knowledge that a TNC partner has violated the provisions of subsection A or B shall remove the TNC partner from the transportation network company’s digital platform for at least one year.D\n\nA transportation network company shall publish the following information on its public website and associated digital platform:1\n\nThe method used to calculate fares or the applicable rates being charged and an option to receive an estimated fare;2\n\nInformation about its TNC partner screening criteria, including a description of the offenses that the transportation network company will regard as grounds for disqualifying an individual from acting as a TNC partner;3\n\nThe means for a passenger or other person to report a TNC partner reasonably suspected of operating a TNC partner vehicle under the influence of drugs or alcohol;4\n\nInformation about the company’s training and testing policies for TNC partners;5\n\nInformation about the company’s standards for TNC partner vehicles; and6\n\nA customer support telephone number or email address and instructions regarding any alternative methods for reporting a complaint.E\n\nA transportation network company shall associate a TNC partner with one or more personal vehicles and shall authorize a TNC partner to transport passengers only in a vehicle specifically associated with a TNC partner by the transportation network company. The transportation network company shall arrange transportation solely for previously associated TNC partners and TNC partner vehicles. A TNC partner shall not transport passengers except in a TNC partner vehicle associated with the TNC partner by the transportation network company.F\n\nA TNC partner shall carry at all times while operating a TNC partner vehicle proof of coverage under each in-force TNC insurance policy, which may be displayed as part of the digital platform, and each in-force personal automobile insurance policy covering the vehicle. The TNC partner shall present such proof of insurance upon request to the Commissioner, a law-enforcement officer, an airport owner and operator, an official of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission, or any person involved in an accident that occurs during the operation of a TNC partner vehicle. The transportation network company shall require the TNC partner’s compliance with the provisions of this subsection.G\n\nPrior to a passenger’s entering a TNC partner vehicle, a transportation network company shall provide through the digital platform to the person prearranging the ride the first name and a photograph of the TNC partner, the make and model of the TNC partner vehicle, and the license plate number of the TNC partner vehicle.H\n\nA transportation network company shall provide to each of its TNC partners a credential, which may be displayed as part of the digital platform, that includes the following information:1\n\nThe name or logo of the transportation network company;2\n\nThe name and a photograph of the TNC partner; and3\n\nThe make, model, and license plate number of each TNC partner vehicle associated with the TNC partner and the state issuing each such license plate.\n\t\t\t\tThe TNC partner shall carry the credential at all times during the operation of a TNC partner vehicle and shall present the credential upon request to law-enforcement officers, airport owners and operators, officials of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission, or a passenger. The transportation network company shall require the TNC partner’s compliance with this subsection.I\n\nA transportation network company and its TNC partner shall, at all times during a prearranged ride, make the following information available through its digital platform immediately upon request to representatives of the Department, to law-enforcement officers, to officials of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission, and to airport owners and operators:1\n\nThe name of the transportation network company;2\n\nThe name of the TNC partner and the identification number issued to the TNC partner by the transportation network company;3\n\nThe license plate number of the TNC partner vehicle and the state issuing such license plate; and4\n\nThe location, date, and approximate time that each passenger was or will be picked up.J\n\nUpon completion of a prearranged ride, a transportation network company shall transmit to the person who prearranged the ride an electronic receipt that includes:1\n\nA map of the route taken;2\n\nThe date and the times the trip began and ended;3\n\nThe total fare, including the base fare and any additional charges incurred for distance traveled or duration of the prearranged ride;4\n\nThe TNC partner’s first name and photograph; and5\n\nContact information by which additional support may be obtained.K\n\nThe transportation network company shall adopt and enforce a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of a passenger’s points of departure and destination and shall notify TNC partners of such policy.\n\t\t\tTNC partners shall comply with all applicable laws regarding nondiscrimination against passengers or potential passengers.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company shall provide passengers an opportunity to indicate whether they require a wheelchair-accessible vehicle. If a transportation network company cannot arrange wheelchair-accessible service in a TNC partner vehicle in any instance, it shall direct the passenger to an alternate provider of wheelchair-accessible service, if available.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company shall not impose additional charges for providing services to persons with disabilities because of those disabilities.\n\t\t\tTNC partners shall comply with all applicable laws relating to accommodation of service animals.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner may refuse to transport a passenger for any reason not prohibited by law, including any case in which (i) the passenger is acting in an unlawful, disorderly, or endangering manner; (ii) the passenger is unable to care for himself and is not in the charge of a responsible companion; or (iii) the TNC partner has already committed to providing a ride for another passenger.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner shall immediately report to the transportation network company any refusal to transport a passenger after accepting a request to transport that passenger.L\n\nNo transportation network company or TNC partner shall conduct any operation on the property of or into any airport unless such operation is authorized by the airport owner and operator and is in compliance with the rules and regulations of that airport. The Department may take action against a transportation network company that violates any regulation of an airport owner and operator, including the suspension or revocation of the transportation network company’s certificate.M\n\nA TNC partner shall access and utilize a digital platform in a manner that is consistent with traffic laws of the Commonwealth.N\n\nIn accordance with § 46.2-812, no TNC partner shall operate a motor vehicle for more than 13 hours in any 24-hour period.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":199988,"text":"A transportation network company and a TNC partner shall provide passenger transportation only on a prearranged basis and only by means of a digital platform that enables passengers to connect with TNC partners using a TNC partner vehicle. No TNC partner shall transport a passenger unless a transportation network company has matched the TNC partner to that passenger through the digital platform. A TNC partner shall not provide transportation in any other manner. A TNC partner shall not solicit, accept, or arrange transportation except through a transportation network company’s digital platform or through a TNC broker.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":199989,"text":"A transportation network company shall authorize collection of fares for transporting passengers solely through a digital platform. A TNC partner shall not accept payment of fares directly from a passenger or any other person prearranging a ride or by any means other than electronically via a digital platform, unless:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"B1"},"2":{"id":199990,"text":"The ride is booked by a transit system, with a transportation network company with which it has a contract, on behalf of an eligible paratransit passenger;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"3":{"id":199991,"text":"The fare is a defined amount, as published by the transit system, and is communicated to the passenger in advance;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"B3"},"4":{"id":199992,"text":"The transportation network company specifically authorizes over the digital network the TNC partner to collect cash for the fare, and that authorization includes the amount to be collected. The transportation network company’s digital platform shall provide the TNC partner with a method to acknowledge receipt of the fare when it is collected;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"B3","prefix_anchor":"B3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B2","next_prefix":"B4"},"5":{"id":199993,"text":"The passenger receives a receipt for the fare paid; and","type":"section","prefixes":["B","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"B4","prefix_anchor":"B4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B3","next_prefix":"B5"},"6":{"id":199994,"text":"The transit system receives a receipt and full accounting of cash fares monthly, or on demand, through the transportation network company’s account dashboard.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"B5","prefix_anchor":"B5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B4","next_prefix":"C"},"7":{"id":199995,"text":"A transportation network company with knowledge that a TNC partner has violated the provisions of subsection A or B shall remove the TNC partner from the transportation network company’s digital platform for at least one year.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B5","next_prefix":"D"},"8":{"id":199996,"text":"A transportation network company shall publish the following information on its public website and associated digital platform:","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"D1"},"9":{"id":199997,"text":"The method used to calculate fares or the applicable rates being charged and an option to receive an estimated fare;","type":"section","prefixes":["D","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"D1","prefix_anchor":"D1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"D2"},"10":{"id":199998,"text":"Information about its TNC partner screening criteria, including a description of the offenses that the transportation network company will regard as grounds for disqualifying an individual from acting as a TNC partner;","type":"section","prefixes":["D","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"D2","prefix_anchor":"D2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"D1","next_prefix":"D3"},"11":{"id":199999,"text":"The means for a passenger or other person to report a TNC partner reasonably suspected of operating a TNC partner vehicle under the influence of drugs or alcohol;","type":"section","prefixes":["D","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"D3","prefix_anchor":"D3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"D2","next_prefix":"D4"},"12":{"id":200000,"text":"Information about the company’s training and testing policies for TNC partners;","type":"section","prefixes":["D","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"D4","prefix_anchor":"D4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"D3","next_prefix":"D5"},"13":{"id":200001,"text":"Information about the company’s standards for TNC partner vehicles; and","type":"section","prefixes":["D","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"D5","prefix_anchor":"D5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"D4","next_prefix":"D6"},"14":{"id":200002,"text":"A customer support telephone number or email address and instructions regarding any alternative methods for reporting a complaint.","type":"section","prefixes":["D","6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"D6","prefix_anchor":"D6","level":2,"prior_prefix":"D5","next_prefix":"E"},"15":{"id":200003,"text":"A transportation network company shall associate a TNC partner with one or more personal vehicles and shall authorize a TNC partner to transport passengers only in a vehicle specifically associated with a TNC partner by the transportation network company. The transportation network company shall arrange transportation solely for previously associated TNC partners and TNC partner vehicles. A TNC partner shall not transport passengers except in a TNC partner vehicle associated with the TNC partner by the transportation network company.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D6","next_prefix":"F"},"16":{"id":200004,"text":"A TNC partner shall carry at all times while operating a TNC partner vehicle proof of coverage under each in-force TNC insurance policy, which may be displayed as part of the digital platform, and each in-force personal automobile insurance policy covering the vehicle. The TNC partner shall present such proof of insurance upon request to the Commissioner, a law-enforcement officer, an airport owner and operator, an official of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission, or any person involved in an accident that occurs during the operation of a TNC partner vehicle. The transportation network company shall require the TNC partner’s compliance with the provisions of this subsection.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"G"},"17":{"id":200005,"text":"Prior to a passenger’s entering a TNC partner vehicle, a transportation network company shall provide through the digital platform to the person prearranging the ride the first name and a photograph of the TNC partner, the make and model of the TNC partner vehicle, and the license plate number of the TNC partner vehicle.","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F","next_prefix":"H"},"18":{"id":200006,"text":"A transportation network company shall provide to each of its TNC partners a credential, which may be displayed as part of the digital platform, that includes the following information:","type":"section","prefixes":["H"],"prefix":"H","entire_prefix":"H","prefix_anchor":"H","level":1,"prior_prefix":"G","next_prefix":"H1"},"19":{"id":200007,"text":"The name or logo of the transportation network company;","type":"section","prefixes":["H","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"H1","prefix_anchor":"H1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"H","next_prefix":"H2"},"20":{"id":200008,"text":"The name and a photograph of the TNC partner; and","type":"section","prefixes":["H","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"H2","prefix_anchor":"H2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"H1","next_prefix":"H3"},"21":{"id":200009,"text":"The make, model, and license plate number of each TNC partner vehicle associated with the TNC partner and the state issuing each such license plate.\n\t\t\t\tThe TNC partner shall carry the credential at all times during the operation of a TNC partner vehicle and shall present the credential upon request to law-enforcement officers, airport owners and operators, officials of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission, or a passenger. The transportation network company shall require the TNC partner’s compliance with this subsection.","type":"section","prefixes":["H","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"H3","prefix_anchor":"H3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"H2","next_prefix":"I"},"22":{"id":200010,"text":"A transportation network company and its TNC partner shall, at all times during a prearranged ride, make the following information available through its digital platform immediately upon request to representatives of the Department, to law-enforcement officers, to officials of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission, and to airport owners and operators:","type":"section","prefixes":["I"],"prefix":"I","entire_prefix":"I","prefix_anchor":"I","level":1,"prior_prefix":"H3","next_prefix":"I1"},"23":{"id":200011,"text":"The name of the transportation network company;","type":"section","prefixes":["I","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"I1","prefix_anchor":"I1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"I","next_prefix":"I2"},"24":{"id":200012,"text":"The name of the TNC partner and the identification number issued to the TNC partner by the transportation network company;","type":"section","prefixes":["I","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"I2","prefix_anchor":"I2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"I1","next_prefix":"I3"},"25":{"id":200013,"text":"The license plate number of the TNC partner vehicle and the state issuing such license plate; and","type":"section","prefixes":["I","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"I3","prefix_anchor":"I3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"I2","next_prefix":"I4"},"26":{"id":200014,"text":"The location, date, and approximate time that each passenger was or will be picked up.","type":"section","prefixes":["I","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"I4","prefix_anchor":"I4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"I3","next_prefix":"J"},"27":{"id":200015,"text":"Upon completion of a prearranged ride, a transportation network company shall transmit to the person who prearranged the ride an electronic receipt that includes:","type":"section","prefixes":["J"],"prefix":"J","entire_prefix":"J","prefix_anchor":"J","level":1,"prior_prefix":"I4","next_prefix":"J1"},"28":{"id":200016,"text":"A map of the route taken;","type":"section","prefixes":["J","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"J1","prefix_anchor":"J1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J","next_prefix":"J2"},"29":{"id":200017,"text":"The date and the times the trip began and ended;","type":"section","prefixes":["J","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"J2","prefix_anchor":"J2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J1","next_prefix":"J3"},"30":{"id":200018,"text":"The total fare, including the base fare and any additional charges incurred for distance traveled or duration of the prearranged ride;","type":"section","prefixes":["J","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"J3","prefix_anchor":"J3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J2","next_prefix":"J4"},"31":{"id":200019,"text":"The TNC partner’s first name and photograph; and","type":"section","prefixes":["J","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"J4","prefix_anchor":"J4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J3","next_prefix":"J5"},"32":{"id":200020,"text":"Contact information by which additional support may be obtained.","type":"section","prefixes":["J","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"J5","prefix_anchor":"J5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"J4","next_prefix":"K"},"33":{"id":200021,"text":"The transportation network company shall adopt and enforce a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of a passenger’s points of departure and destination and shall notify TNC partners of such policy.\n\t\t\tTNC partners shall comply with all applicable laws regarding nondiscrimination against passengers or potential passengers.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company shall provide passengers an opportunity to indicate whether they require a wheelchair-accessible vehicle. If a transportation network company cannot arrange wheelchair-accessible service in a TNC partner vehicle in any instance, it shall direct the passenger to an alternate provider of wheelchair-accessible service, if available.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company shall not impose additional charges for providing services to persons with disabilities because of those disabilities.\n\t\t\tTNC partners shall comply with all applicable laws relating to accommodation of service animals.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner may refuse to transport a passenger for any reason not prohibited by law, including any case in which (i) the passenger is acting in an unlawful, disorderly, or endangering manner; (ii) the passenger is unable to care for himself and is not in the charge of a responsible companion; or (iii) the TNC partner has already committed to providing a ride for another passenger.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner shall immediately report to the transportation network company any refusal to transport a passenger after accepting a request to transport that passenger.","type":"section","prefixes":["K"],"prefix":"K","entire_prefix":"K","prefix_anchor":"K","level":1,"prior_prefix":"J5","next_prefix":"L"},"34":{"id":200022,"text":"No transportation network company or TNC partner shall conduct any operation on the property of or into any airport unless such operation is authorized by the airport owner and operator and is in compliance with the rules and regulations of that airport. The Department may take action against a transportation network company that violates any regulation of an airport owner and operator, including the suspension or revocation of the transportation network company’s certificate.","type":"section","prefixes":["L"],"prefix":"L","entire_prefix":"L","prefix_anchor":"L","level":1,"prior_prefix":"K","next_prefix":"M"},"35":{"id":200023,"text":"A TNC partner shall access and utilize a digital platform in a manner that is consistent with traffic laws of the Commonwealth.","type":"section","prefixes":["M"],"prefix":"M","entire_prefix":"M","prefix_anchor":"M","level":1,"prior_prefix":"L","next_prefix":"N"},"36":{"id":200024,"text":"In accordance with § 46.2-812, no TNC partner shall operate a motor vehicle for more than 13 hours in any 24-hour period.","type":"section","prefixes":["N"],"prefix":"N","entire_prefix":"N","prefix_anchor":"N","level":1,"prior_prefix":"M"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13454,"edition_id":1,"name":"Transportation Network Companies","identifier":"15","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13319,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:55","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:55","permalink":{"id":232229,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13454,"identifier":"15","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15","url":"\/46.2\/V\/20\/15\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13319,"edition_id":1,"name":"Regulation of Passenger Carriers","identifier":"20","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13318,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:38","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:38","permalink":{"id":231967,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13319,"identifier":"20","token":"46.2\/V\/20","url":"\/46.2\/V\/20\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13318,"edition_id":1,"name":"Motor Carriers","identifier":"V","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12770,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:38","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:38","permalink":{"id":231965,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13318,"identifier":"V","token":"46.2\/V","url":"\/46.2\/V\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12770,"edition_id":1,"name":"Motor Vehicles","identifier":"46.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:52","permalink":{"id":225289,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12770,"identifier":"46.2","token":"46.2","url":"\/46.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":63893,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.45","catch_line":"Certificates required unless exempted","url":"\/46.2-2099.45\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.45","metadata":false},{"id":69586,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.46","catch_line":"Control, supervision, and regulation by Department","url":"\/46.2-2099.46\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.46","metadata":false},{"id":54414,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.47","catch_line":"Operation except in accordance with chapter prohibited","url":"\/46.2-2099.47\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.47","metadata":false},{"id":54483,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.48","catch_line":"General operational requirements for transportation network companies and TNC partner","url":"\/46.2-2099.48\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.48","metadata":false},{"id":63452,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.49","catch_line":"Requirements for TNC partners; mandatory background screening; drug and alcohol policy; mandatory disclosures to TNC partners; duty of TNC partners to provide updated information to transportation network companies","url":"\/46.2-2099.49\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.49","metadata":false},{"id":86359,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.50","catch_line":"Requirements for TNC partner vehicles; trade dress issued by transportation network company","url":"\/46.2-2099.50\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.50","metadata":false},{"id":71688,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.51","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/46.2-2099.51\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.51","metadata":false},{"id":82019,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.52","catch_line":"TNC insurance","url":"\/46.2-2099.52\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.52","metadata":false},{"id":68475,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.53","catch_line":"Recordkeeping and reporting requirements for transportation network companies","url":"\/46.2-2099.53\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.53","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":54414,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.47","catch_line":"Operation except in accordance with chapter prohibited","url":"\/46.2-2099.47\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.47","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":63452,"structure_id":13454,"section_number":"46.2-2099.49","catch_line":"Requirements for TNC partners; mandatory background screening; drug and alcohol policy; mandatory disclosures to TNC partners; duty of TNC partners to provide updated information to transportation network companies","url":"\/46.2-2099.49\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.49","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/46.2-2099.48\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2015. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 2<\/a> and 3<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 2 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2017, chapter 635<\/a>; in 2022, chapter 239<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":64283,"section_number":"46.2-2099.19","catch_line":"Broker's license not substitute for other certificates or permits required","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-2099.19\/"},{"id":74987,"section_number":"46.2-2099.19:1","catch_line":"TNC broker insurance","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-2099.19_1\/"},{"id":68475,"section_number":"46.2-2099.53","catch_line":"Recordkeeping and reporting requirements for transportation network companies","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-2099.53\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":86907,"section_number":"46.2-812","catch_line":"Driving more than thirteen hours in twenty-four prohibited","order_by":null,"url":"\/46.2-812\/"}],"permalink":{"id":232243,"object_type":"law","relational_id":54483,"identifier":"46.2-2099.48","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.48","url":"\/46.2-2099.48\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/46.2-2099.48\/","token":"46.2\/V\/20\/15\/46.2-2099.48","dublin_core":{"Title":"General operational requirements for transportation network companies and TNC partner","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 46.2-2099.48","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> A transportation network company<\/span> and a TNC partner shall provide passenger transportation only on a prearranged basis and only by means of a digital platform<\/span> that enables passengers to connect with TNC partners<\/span> using a TNC partner vehicle<\/span>. No TNC partner shall transport a passenger unless a transportation network company<\/span> has matched the TNC partner to that passenger through the digital platform<\/span>. A TNC partner shall not provide transportation in any other manner. A TNC partner shall not solicit, accept, or arrange transportation except through a transportation network company<\/span>’s digital platform<\/span> or through a TNC broker<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> A transportation network company<\/span> shall authorize collection of fares for transporting passengers solely through a digital platform<\/span>. A TNC partner shall not accept payment of fares directly from a passenger or any other person<\/span> prearranging a ride or by any means other than electronically via a digital platform<\/span>, unless: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The ride is booked by a transit system, with a transportation network company<\/span> with which it has a contract<\/span>, on behalf of an eligible paratransit passenger; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The fare is a defined amount, as published by the transit system, and is communicated to the passenger in advance; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The transportation network company<\/span> specifically authorizes over the digital network the TNC partner to collect cash for the fare, and that authorization includes the amount to be collected. The transportation network company<\/span>’s digital platform<\/span> shall provide the TNC partner with a method to acknowledge receipt of the fare when it is collected; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> The passenger receives a receipt for the fare paid; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> The transit system receives a receipt and full accounting of cash fares monthly, or on demand, through the transportation network company<\/span>’s account dashboard. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> A transportation network company<\/span> with knowledge that a TNC partner has violated the provisions of subsection A or B shall remove the TNC partner from the transportation network company<\/span>’s digital platform<\/span> for at least one year. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> A transportation network company<\/span> shall publish the following information on its public website and associated digital platform<\/span>: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The method used to calculate fares or the applicable rates being charged and an option to receive an estimated fare; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Information about its TNC partner screening criteria, including a description of the offenses<\/span> that the transportation network company<\/span> will regard as grounds for disqualifying an individual from acting as a TNC partner; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The means for a passenger or other person<\/span> to report a TNC partner reasonably suspected of operating a TNC partner vehicle<\/span> under the influence of drugs or alcohol; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Information about the company’s training and testing policies for TNC partners<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> Information about the company’s standards for TNC partner vehicles<\/span>; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

6.<\/span> A customer support telephone number or email address and instructions regarding any alternative methods for reporting a complaint. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> A transportation network company<\/span> shall associate a TNC partner with one or more personal vehicles<\/span> and shall authorize a TNC partner to transport passengers only in a vehicle specifically associated with a TNC partner by the transportation network company<\/span>. The transportation network company<\/span> shall arrange transportation solely for previously associated TNC partners<\/span> and TNC partner vehicles<\/span>. A TNC partner shall not transport passengers except in a TNC partner vehicle<\/span> associated with the TNC partner by the transportation network company<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> A TNC partner shall carry at all times while operating a TNC partner vehicle<\/span> proof of coverage under each in-force TNC insurance<\/span> policy, which may be displayed as part of the digital platform<\/span>, and each in-force personal automobile insurance policy covering the vehicle. The TNC partner shall present such proof of insurance upon request to the Commissioner<\/span>, a law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span>, an airport owner<\/span> and operator<\/span>, an official of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission<\/span>, or any person<\/span> involved in an accident that occurs during the operation of a TNC partner vehicle<\/span><\/span>. The transportation network company<\/span> shall require the TNC partner’s compliance with the provisions of this subsection. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> Prior to a passenger’s entering a TNC partner vehicle<\/span>, a transportation network company<\/span> shall provide through the digital platform<\/span> to the person<\/span> prearranging the ride the first name and a photograph of the TNC partner, the make and model of the TNC partner vehicle<\/span>, and the license plate<\/span> number of the TNC partner vehicle<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

H.<\/span> A transportation network company<\/span> shall provide to each of its TNC partners<\/span> a credential, which may be displayed as part of the digital platform<\/span>, that includes the following information: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The name or logo of the transportation network company<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The name and a photograph of the TNC partner; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The make, model, and license plate<\/span> number of each TNC partner vehicle<\/span> associated with the TNC partner and the state issuing each such license plate<\/span>.\n\t\t\t\tThe TNC partner shall carry the credential at all times during the operation of a TNC partner vehicle<\/span><\/span> and shall present the credential upon request to law<\/span>-enforcement officers<\/span>, airport owners<\/span> and operators<\/span>, officials of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission<\/span>, or a passenger. The transportation network company<\/span> shall require the TNC partner’s compliance with this subsection. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

I.<\/span> A transportation network company<\/span> and its TNC partner shall, at all times during a prearranged ride<\/span>, make the following information available through its digital platform<\/span> immediately upon request to representatives of the Department<\/span>, to law<\/span>-enforcement officers<\/span>, to officials of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission<\/span>, and to airport owners<\/span> and operators<\/span>: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The name of the transportation network company<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The name of the TNC partner and the identification number issued to the TNC partner by the transportation network company<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The license plate<\/span> number of the TNC partner vehicle<\/span> and the state issuing such license plate<\/span>; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> The location, date, and approximate time that each passenger was or will be picked up. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

J.<\/span> Upon completion of a prearranged ride<\/span>, a transportation network company<\/span> shall transmit to the person<\/span> who prearranged the ride an electronic receipt that includes: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> A map of the route taken; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The date and the times the trip began and ended; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The total fare, including the base fare and any additional charges incurred for distance traveled or duration of the prearranged ride<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> The TNC partner’s first name and photograph; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> Contact information by which additional support may be obtained. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

K.<\/span> The transportation network company<\/span> shall adopt and enforce a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of a passenger’s points of departure and destination and shall notify TNC partners<\/span> of such policy.\n\t\t\tTNC partners<\/span> shall comply with all applicable laws<\/span> regarding nondiscrimination against passengers or potential passengers.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company<\/span> shall provide passengers an opportunity to indicate whether they require a wheelchair-accessible vehicle. If a transportation network company<\/span> cannot arrange wheelchair-accessible service in a TNC partner vehicle<\/span> in any instance, it shall direct the passenger to an alternate provider of wheelchair-accessible service, if available.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company<\/span> shall not impose additional charges for providing services to persons<\/span> with disabilities because of those disabilities.\n\t\t\tTNC partners<\/span> shall comply with all applicable laws<\/span> relating to accommodation of service animals.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner may refuse to transport a passenger for any reason not prohibited by law<\/span>, including any case in which (i) the passenger is acting in an unlawful, disorderly, or endangering manner; (ii) the passenger is unable to care for himself and is not in the charge of a responsible companion; or (iii) the TNC partner has already committed to providing a ride for another passenger.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner shall immediately report to the transportation network company<\/span> any refusal to transport a passenger after accepting a request to transport that passenger. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

L.<\/span> No transportation network company<\/span> or TNC partner shall conduct any operation on the property of or into any airport unless such operation is authorized by the airport owner<\/span> and operator<\/span> and is in compliance with the rules and regulations of that airport. The Department<\/span> may take action against a transportation network company<\/span> that violates any regulation of an airport owner<\/span> and operator<\/span>, including the suspension<\/span> or revocation<\/span> of the transportation network company<\/span>’s certificate<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

M.<\/span> A TNC partner shall access and utilize a digital platform<\/span> in a manner that is consistent with traffic laws<\/span> of the Commonwealth. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

N.<\/span> In accordance with § 46.2-812<\/a>, no TNC partner shall operate a motor vehicle<\/span> for more than 13 hours in any 24-hour period. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nGENERAL OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORTATION NETWORK COMPANIES AND TNC\nPARTNER (\u00a7 46.2-2099.48)\n\nA. A transportation network company and a TNC partner shall provide passenger\ntransportation only on a prearranged basis and only by means of a digital\nplatform that enables passengers to connect with TNC partners using a TNC\npartner vehicle. No TNC partner shall transport a passenger unless a\ntransportation network company has matched the TNC partner to that passenger\nthrough the digital platform. A TNC partner shall not provide transportation in\nany other manner. A TNC partner shall not solicit, accept, or arrange\ntransportation except through a transportation network company’s digital\nplatform or through a TNC broker.\n\nB. A transportation network company shall authorize collection of fares for\ntransporting passengers solely through a digital platform. A TNC partner shall\nnot accept payment of fares directly from a passenger or any other person\nprearranging a ride or by any means other than electronically via a digital\nplatform, unless:\n\n 1. The ride is booked by a transit system, with a transportation network\n company with which it has a contract, on behalf of an eligible paratransit\n passenger;\n\n 2. The fare is a defined amount, as published by the transit system, and is\n communicated to the passenger in advance;\n\n 3. The transportation network company specifically authorizes over the digital\n network the TNC partner to collect cash for the fare, and that authorization\n includes the amount to be collected. The transportation network\n company’s digital platform shall provide the TNC partner with a method\n to acknowledge receipt of the fare when it is collected;\n\n 4. The passenger receives a receipt for the fare paid; and\n\n 5. The transit system receives a receipt and full accounting of cash fares\n monthly, or on demand, through the transportation network company’s\n account dashboard.\n\nC. A transportation network company with knowledge that a TNC partner has\nviolated the provisions of subsection A or B shall remove the TNC partner from\nthe transportation network company’s digital platform for at least one\nyear.\n\nD. A transportation network company shall publish the following information on\nits public website and associated digital platform:\n\n 1. The method used to calculate fares or the applicable rates being charged\n and an option to receive an estimated fare;\n\n 2. Information about its TNC partner screening criteria, including a\n description of the offenses that the transportation network company will\n regard as grounds for disqualifying an individual from acting as a TNC\n partner;\n\n 3. The means for a passenger or other person to report a TNC partner\n reasonably suspected of operating a TNC partner vehicle under the influence of\n drugs or alcohol;\n\n 4. Information about the company’s training and testing policies for TNC\n partners;\n\n 5. Information about the company’s standards for TNC partner vehicles;\n and\n\n 6. A customer support telephone number or email address and instructions\n regarding any alternative methods for reporting a complaint.\n\nE. A transportation network company shall associate a TNC partner with one or\nmore personal vehicles and shall authorize a TNC partner to transport passengers\nonly in a vehicle specifically associated with a TNC partner by the\ntransportation network company. The transportation network company shall arrange\ntransportation solely for previously associated TNC partners and TNC partner\nvehicles. A TNC partner shall not transport passengers except in a TNC partner\nvehicle associated with the TNC partner by the transportation network company.\n\nF. A TNC partner shall carry at all times while operating a TNC partner vehicle\nproof of coverage under each in-force TNC insurance policy, which may be\ndisplayed as part of the digital platform, and each in-force personal automobile\ninsurance policy covering the vehicle. The TNC partner shall present such proof\nof insurance upon request to the Commissioner, a law-enforcement officer, an\nairport owner and operator, an official of the Washington Metropolitan Area\nTransit Commission, or any person involved in an accident that occurs during the\noperation of a TNC partner vehicle. The transportation network company shall\nrequire the TNC partner’s compliance with the provisions of this\nsubsection.\n\nG. Prior to a passenger’s entering a TNC partner vehicle, a transportation\nnetwork company shall provide through the digital platform to the person\nprearranging the ride the first name and a photograph of the TNC partner, the\nmake and model of the TNC partner vehicle, and the license plate number of the\nTNC partner vehicle.\n\nH. A transportation network company shall provide to each of its TNC partners a\ncredential, which may be displayed as part of the digital platform, that\nincludes the following information:\n\n 1. The name or logo of the transportation network company;\n\n 2. The name and a photograph of the TNC partner; and\n\n 3. The make, model, and license plate number of each TNC partner vehicle\n associated with the TNC partner and the state issuing each such license plate.\n \t\t\t\tThe TNC partner shall carry the credential at all times during the\n operation of a TNC partner vehicle and shall present the credential upon\n request to law-enforcement officers, airport owners and operators, officials\n of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission, or a passenger. The\n transportation network company shall require the TNC partner’s\n compliance with this subsection.\n\nI. A transportation network company and its TNC partner shall, at all times\nduring a prearranged ride, make the following information available through its\ndigital platform immediately upon request to representatives of the Department,\nto law-enforcement officers, to officials of the Washington Metropolitan Area\nTransit Commission, and to airport owners and operators:\n\n 1. The name of the transportation network company;\n\n 2. The name of the TNC partner and the identification number issued to the TNC\n partner by the transportation network company;\n\n 3. The license plate number of the TNC partner vehicle and the state issuing\n such license plate; and\n\n 4. The location, date, and approximate time that each passenger was or will be\n picked up.\n\nJ. Upon completion of a prearranged ride, a transportation network company shall\ntransmit to the person who prearranged the ride an electronic receipt that\nincludes:\n\n 1. A map of the route taken;\n\n 2. The date and the times the trip began and ended;\n\n 3. The total fare, including the base fare and any additional charges incurred\n for distance traveled or duration of the prearranged ride;\n\n 4. The TNC partner’s first name and photograph; and\n\n 5. Contact information by which additional support may be obtained.\n\nK. The transportation network company shall adopt and enforce a policy of\nnondiscrimination on the basis of a passenger’s points of departure and\ndestination and shall notify TNC partners of such policy.\n\t\t\tTNC partners shall comply with all applicable laws regarding\nnondiscrimination against passengers or potential passengers.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company shall provide passengers an opportunity to\nindicate whether they require a wheelchair-accessible vehicle. If a\ntransportation network company cannot arrange wheelchair-accessible service in a\nTNC partner vehicle in any instance, it shall direct the passenger to an\nalternate provider of wheelchair-accessible service, if available.\n\t\t\tA transportation network company shall not impose additional charges for\nproviding services to persons with disabilities because of those disabilities.\n\t\t\tTNC partners shall comply with all applicable laws relating to accommodation\nof service animals.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner may refuse to transport a passenger for any reason not\nprohibited by law, including any case in which (i) the passenger is acting in an\nunlawful, disorderly, or endangering manner; (ii) the passenger is unable to\ncare for himself and is not in the charge of a responsible companion; or (iii)\nthe TNC partner has already committed to providing a ride for another passenger.\n\t\t\tA TNC partner shall immediately report to the transportation network company\nany refusal to transport a passenger after accepting a request to transport that\npassenger.\n\nL. No transportation network company or TNC partner shall conduct any operation\non the property of or into any airport unless such operation is authorized by\nthe airport owner and operator and is in compliance with the rules and\nregulations of that airport. The Department may take action against a\ntransportation network company that violates any regulation of an airport owner\nand operator, including the suspension or revocation of the transportation\nnetwork company’s certificate.\n\nM. A TNC partner shall access and utilize a digital platform in a manner that is\nconsistent with traffic laws of the Commonwealth.\n\nN. In accordance with § 46.2-812, no TNC partner shall operate a motor\nvehicle for more than 13 hours in any 24-hour period.\n\nHISTORY: 2015, cc. 2, 3; 2017, c. 635; 2022, c. 239.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}