{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/52-48.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/52-48.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/52-48.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/52-48.html"}],"law_id":84698,"edition_id":1,"section_id":84698,"structure_id":15285,"section_number":"52-48","catch_line":"Confidentiality and immunity from service of process; penalties","history":"2008, c. 792; 2011, cc. 467, 556.","full_text":"A\n\nPapers, records, documents, reports, materials, databases, or other evidence or information relative to criminal intelligence or any terrorism investigation in the possession of the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center shall be confidential and shall not be subject to the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (§ 2.2-3700 et seq.) or the Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act (§ 2.2-3800 et seq.). Every three years, the Department shall conduct a review of information contained in any database maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center. Data that has been determined to not have a nexus to terrorist activity shall be removed from such database. A reasonable suspicion standard shall be applied when determining whether or not information has a nexus to terrorist activity.B\n\nNo person, having access to information maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center, shall be subject to subpoena in a civil action in any court of the Commonwealth to testify concerning a matter of which he has knowledge pursuant to his access to criminal intelligence information maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center.C\n\nNo person or agency receiving information from the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center shall release or disseminate that information without prior authorization from the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center.D\n\nAny person who knowingly disseminates information in violation of this section is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. If such unauthorized dissemination results in death or serious bodily injury to another person, such person is guilty of a Class 4 felony.E\n\nFor purposes of this chapter:\n\t\t\t“Criminal intelligence information” means data that has been evaluated and determined to be relevant to the identification and criminal activity of individuals or organizations that are reasonably suspected of involvement in criminal activity. “Criminal intelligence information” shall not include criminal investigative files.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":303555,"text":"Papers, records, documents, reports, materials, databases, or other evidence or information relative to criminal intelligence or any terrorism investigation in the possession of the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center shall be confidential and shall not be subject to the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (§ 2.2-3700 et seq.) or the Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act (§ 2.2-3800 et seq.). Every three years, the Department shall conduct a review of information contained in any database maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center. Data that has been determined to not have a nexus to terrorist activity shall be removed from such database. A reasonable suspicion standard shall be applied when determining whether or not information has a nexus to terrorist activity.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":303556,"text":"No person, having access to information maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center, shall be subject to subpoena in a civil action in any court of the Commonwealth to testify concerning a matter of which he has knowledge pursuant to his access to criminal intelligence information maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":303557,"text":"No person or agency receiving information from the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center shall release or disseminate that information without prior authorization from the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":303558,"text":"Any person who knowingly disseminates information in violation of this section is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. If such unauthorized dissemination results in death or serious bodily injury to another person, such person is guilty of a Class 4 felony.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"4":{"id":303559,"text":"For purposes of this chapter:\n\t\t\t“Criminal intelligence information” means data that has been evaluated and determined to be relevant to the identification and criminal activity of individuals or organizations that are reasonably suspected of involvement in criminal activity. “Criminal intelligence information” shall not include criminal investigative files.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D"}},"ancestry":[{"id":15285,"edition_id":1,"name":"Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center","identifier":"11","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12841,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:53:38","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:53:38","permalink":{"id":237281,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15285,"identifier":"11","token":"52\/11","url":"\/52\/11\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12841,"edition_id":1,"name":"Police (State)","identifier":"52","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:56","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:56","permalink":{"id":237127,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12841,"identifier":"52","token":"52","url":"\/52\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":79265,"structure_id":15285,"section_number":"52-47","catch_line":"Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center established","url":"\/52-47\/","token":"52\/11\/52-47","metadata":false},{"id":84698,"structure_id":15285,"section_number":"52-48","catch_line":"Confidentiality and immunity from service of process; penalties","url":"\/52-48\/","token":"52\/11\/52-48","metadata":false},{"id":58194,"structure_id":15285,"section_number":"52-49","catch_line":"Receipt of information; immunity from liability","url":"\/52-49\/","token":"52\/11\/52-49","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":79265,"structure_id":15285,"section_number":"52-47","catch_line":"Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center established","url":"\/52-47\/","token":"52\/11\/52-47","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":58194,"structure_id":15285,"section_number":"52-49","catch_line":"Receipt of information; immunity from liability","url":"\/52-49\/","token":"52\/11\/52-49","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/52-48\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2008. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 792<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 2011, chapters 467<\/a> and 556<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":80246,"section_number":"17.1-805","catch_line":"Adoption of initial discretionary sentencing guideline midpoints","order_by":null,"url":"\/17.1-805\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":55569,"section_number":"2.2-3700","catch_line":"Short title; policy","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-3700\/"},{"id":69409,"section_number":"2.2-3800","catch_line":"Short title; findings; principles of information practice","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-3800\/"}],"permalink":{"id":237287,"object_type":"law","relational_id":84698,"identifier":"52-48","token":"52\/11\/52-48","url":"\/52-48\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/52-48\/","token":"52\/11\/52-48","dublin_core":{"Title":"Confidentiality and immunity from service of process; penalties","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 52-48","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> Papers, records, documents, reports, materials<\/span>, databases, or other evidence<\/span> or information relative to criminal intelligence or any terrorism investigation in the possession<\/span> of the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center shall be confidential and shall not be subject to the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (§ 2.2-3700<\/a> et seq.) or the Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act (§ 2.2-3800<\/a> et seq.). Every three years, the Department shall conduct a review of information contained in any database maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center. Data that has been determined to not have a nexus to terrorist activity shall be removed from such database. A reasonable suspicion standard shall be applied when determining whether or not information has a nexus to terrorist activity. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> No person, having access to information maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center, shall be subject to subpoena<\/span> in a civil action<\/span> in any court<\/span> of the Commonwealth to testify concerning a matter of which he has knowledge pursuant to his access to criminal intelligence information<\/span> maintained by the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> No person or agency receiving information from the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center shall release or disseminate that information without prior authorization from the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> Any person who knowingly disseminates information in violation of this section is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor<\/span>. If such unauthorized dissemination results in death or serious bodily injury to another person, such person is guilty of a Class 4 felony<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> For purposes of this chapter:\n\t\t\t“Criminal intelligence information<\/span>” means data that has been evaluated and determined to be relevant to the identification and criminal activity of individuals or organizations that are reasonably suspected of involvement in criminal activity. “Criminal intelligence information<\/span>” shall not include criminal investigative files. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nCONFIDENTIALITY AND IMMUNITY FROM SERVICE OF PROCESS; PENALTIES (\u00a7 52-48)\n\nA. Papers, records, documents, reports, materials, databases, or other evidence\nor information relative to criminal intelligence or any terrorism investigation\nin the possession of the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center shall be\nconfidential and shall not be subject to the Virginia Freedom of Information Act\n(§ 2.2-3700 et seq.) or the Government Data Collection and Dissemination\nPractices Act (§ 2.2-3800 et seq.). Every three years, the Department shall\nconduct a review of information contained in any database maintained by the\nVirginia Fusion Intelligence Center. Data that has been determined to not have a\nnexus to terrorist activity shall be removed from such database. A reasonable\nsuspicion standard shall be applied when determining whether or not information\nhas a nexus to terrorist activity.\n\nB. No person, having access to information maintained by the Virginia Fusion\nIntelligence Center, shall be subject to subpoena in a civil action in any court\nof the Commonwealth to testify concerning a matter of which he has knowledge\npursuant to his access to criminal intelligence information maintained by the\nVirginia Fusion Intelligence Center.\n\nC. No person or agency receiving information from the Virginia Fusion\nIntelligence Center shall release or disseminate that information without prior\nauthorization from the Virginia Fusion Intelligence Center.\n\nD. Any person who knowingly disseminates information in violation of this\nsection is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. If such unauthorized dissemination\nresults in death or serious bodily injury to another person, such person is\nguilty of a Class 4 felony.\n\nE. For purposes of this chapter:\n\t\t\t“Criminal intelligence information” means data that has been\nevaluated and determined to be relevant to the identification and criminal\nactivity of individuals or organizations that are reasonably suspected of\ninvolvement in criminal activity. “Criminal intelligence\ninformation” shall not include criminal investigative files.\n\nHISTORY: 2008, c. 792; 2011, cc. 467, 556.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}