{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/54.1-2900.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/54.1-2900.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/54.1-2900.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/54.1-2900.html"}],"law_id":63078,"edition_id":1,"section_id":63078,"structure_id":13730,"section_number":"54.1-2900","catch_line":"Definitions","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 54-273; 1950, p. 110; 1958, c. 161; 1960, c. 268; 1966, c. 657; 1970, c. 69; 1973, c. 529; 1975, cc. 508, 512; 1977, c. 127; 1980, c. 157; 1986, c. 439; 1987, cc. 522, 543; 1988, cc. 737, 765; 1991, c. 643; 1994, c. 803; 1995, c. 777; 1996, cc. 152, 158, 470, 937, 980; 1998, cc. 319, 557, 593; 1999, cc. 639, 682, 747, 779; 2000, cc. 688, 814; 2001, c. 533; 2004, c. 731; 2007, c. 861; 2008, cc. 64, 89; 2009, cc. 83, 507; 2010, cc. 715, 725; 2011, cc. 121, 187; 2012, cc. 3, 110, 168, 213, 399; 2014, cc. 10, 266; 2015, c. 302; 2016, c. 93; 2017, c. 171; 2019, cc. 92, 137; 2020, cc. 357, 420, 1222; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 157, 200, 201; 2022, c. 151; 2023, c. 183; 2024, cc. 222, 548; 2025, cc. 184, 197.","full_text":"As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“Acupuncturist” means an individual approved by the Board to practice acupuncture. This is limited to “licensed acupuncturist” which means an individual other than a doctor of medicine, osteopathy, chiropractic or podiatry who has successfully completed the requirements for licensure established by the Board (approved titles are limited to: Licensed Acupuncturist, Lic.Ac., and L.Ac.).\n\t\t“Advanced practice registered nurse” means a certified nurse midwife, certified registered nurse anesthetist, clinical nurse specialist, or nurse practitioner who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957, has completed an advanced graduate-level education program in a specialty category of nursing, and has passed a national certifying examination for that specialty.\n\t\t“Auricular acupuncture” means the subcutaneous insertion of sterile, disposable acupuncture needles in predetermined, bilateral locations in the outer ear.\n\t\t“Birth control” means contraceptive methods that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Birth control” shall not be considered abortion for the purposes of Title 18.2.\n\t\t“Board” means the Board of Medicine.\n\t\t“Certified nurse midwife” means an advanced practice registered nurse who is certified in the specialty of nurse midwifery and who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Certified registered nurse anesthetist” means an advanced practice registered nurse who is certified in the specialty of nurse anesthesia, who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957, and who practices under the supervision of a doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or dentistry but is not subject to the practice agreement requirement described in \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Clinical nurse specialist” means an advanced practice registered nurse who is certified in the specialty of clinical nurse specialist and who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Collaboration” means the communication and decision-making process among health care providers who are members of a patient care team related to the treatment of a patient that includes the degree of cooperation necessary to provide treatment and care of the patient and includes (i) communication of data and information about the treatment and care of a patient, including the exchange of clinical observations and assessments, and (ii) development of an appropriate plan of care, including decisions regarding the health care provided, accessing and assessment of appropriate additional resources or expertise, and arrangement of appropriate referrals, testing, or studies.\n\t\t“Consultation” means communicating data and information, exchanging clinical observations and assessments, accessing and assessing additional resources and expertise, problem-solving, and arranging for referrals, testing, or studies.\n\t\t“Genetic counselor” means a person licensed by the Board to engage in the practice of genetic counseling.\n\t\t“Healing arts” means the arts and sciences dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and cure or alleviation of human physical or mental ailments, conditions, diseases, pain or infirmities.\n\t\t“Licensed certified midwife” means a person who is licensed as a certified midwife by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice judgment” means any final order of any court entering judgment against a licensee of the Board that arises out of any tort action or breach of contract action for personal injuries or wrongful death, based on health care or professional services rendered, or that should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice settlement” means any written agreement and release entered into by or on behalf of a licensee of the Board in response to a written claim for money damages that arises out of any personal injuries or wrongful death, based on health care or professional services rendered, or that should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Nurse practitioner” means an advanced practice registered nurse, other than an advanced practice registered nurse licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing in the category of certified nurse midwife, certified registered nurse anesthetist, or clinical nurse specialist, who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Occupational therapy assistant” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure and who works under the supervision of a licensed occupational therapist to assist in the practice of occupational therapy.\n\t\t“Patient care team” means a multidisciplinary team of health care providers actively functioning as a unit with the management and leadership of one or more patient care team physicians for the purpose of providing and delivering health care to a patient or group of patients.\n\t\t“Patient care team physician” means a physician who is actively licensed to practice medicine in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices medicine in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the care of patients as part of a patient care team.\n\t\t“Patient care team podiatrist” means a podiatrist who is actively licensed to practice podiatry in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices podiatry in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the care of patients as part of a patient care team.\n\t\t“Physician assistant” means a health care professional who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure as a physician assistant.\n\t\t“Practice of acupuncture” means the stimulation of certain points on or near the surface of the body by the insertion of needles to prevent or modify the perception of pain or to normalize physiological functions, including pain control, for the treatment of certain ailments or conditions of the body and includes the techniques of electroacupuncture, cupping, and moxibustion. The practice of acupuncture does not include the use of physical therapy, chiropractic, or osteopathic manipulative techniques; the use or prescribing of any drugs, medications, serums or vaccines; or the procedure of the five needle auricular acupuncture protocol (5NP) as exempted in \u00a7 54.1-2901.\n\t\t“Practice of athletic training” means the prevention, recognition, evaluation, and treatment of injuries or conditions related to athletic or recreational activity that requires physical skill and utilizes strength, power, endurance, speed, flexibility, range of motion or agility or a substantially similar injury or condition resulting from occupational activity immediately upon the onset of such injury or condition; and subsequent treatment and rehabilitation of such injuries or conditions, including in an inpatient or outpatient setting, under the direction of the patient’s physician or under the direction of any doctor of medicine, osteopathy, chiropractic, podiatry, or dentistry, while using heat, light, sound, cold, electricity, exercise or mechanical or other devices.\n\t\t“Practice of behavior analysis” means the design, implementation, and evaluation of environmental modifications, using behavioral stimuli and consequences, to produce socially significant improvement in human behavior, including the use of direct observation, measurement, and functional analysis of the relationship between environment and behavior.\n\t\t“Practice of chiropractic” means the adjustment of the 24 movable vertebrae of the spinal column, and assisting nature for the purpose of normalizing the transmission of nerve energy, but does not include the use of surgery, obstetrics, osteopathy, or the administration or prescribing of any drugs, medicines, serums, or vaccines. “Practice of chiropractic” includes (i) requesting, receiving, and reviewing a patient’s medical and physical history, including information related to past surgical and nonsurgical treatment of the patient and controlled substances prescribed to the patient, and (ii) documenting in a patient’s record information related to the condition and symptoms of the patient, the examination and evaluation of the patient made by the doctor of chiropractic, and treatment provided to the patient by the doctor of chiropractic. “Practice of chiropractic” further includes recommending or directing patients on the use of vitamins, minerals, or food supplements. “Practice of chiropractic” also includes performing the physical examination of an applicant for a commercial driver’s license or commercial learner’s permit pursuant to \u00a7 46.2-341.12 if the practitioner has (a) applied for and received certification as a medical examiner pursuant to 49 C.F.R. Part 390, Subpart D and (b) registered with the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners.\n\t\t“Practice of genetic counseling” means (i) obtaining and evaluating individual and family medical histories to assess the risk of genetic medical conditions and diseases in a patient, his offspring, and other family members; (ii) discussing the features, history, diagnosis, environmental factors, and risk management of genetic medical conditions and diseases; (iii) ordering genetic laboratory tests and other diagnostic studies necessary for genetic assessment; (iv) integrating the results with personal and family medical history to assess and communicate risk factors for genetic medical conditions and diseases; (v) evaluating the patient’s and family’s responses to the medical condition or risk of recurrence and providing client-centered counseling and anticipatory guidance; (vi) identifying and utilizing community resources that provide medical, educational, financial, and psychosocial support and advocacy; and (vii) providing written documentation of medical, genetic, and counseling information for families and health care professionals.\n\t\t“Practice of licensed certified midwifery” means the provision of primary health care for preadolescents, adolescents, and adults within the scope of practice of a certified midwife established in accordance with the Standards for the Practice of Midwifery set by the American College of Nurse-Midwives, including (i) providing sexual and reproductive care and care during pregnancy and childbirth, postpartum care, and care for the newborn for up to 28 days following the birth of the child; (ii) prescribing of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies within the scope of the practice of midwifery; (iii) consulting or collaborating with or referring patients to such other health care providers as may be appropriate for the care of the patients; and (iv) serving as an educator in the theory and practice of midwifery.\n\t\t“Practice of medicine or osteopathic medicine” means the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human physical or mental ailments, conditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities by any means or method.\n\t\t“Practice of occupational therapy” means the therapeutic use of occupations for habilitation and rehabilitation to enhance physical health, mental health, and cognitive functioning and includes the evaluation, analysis, assessment, and delivery of education and training in basic and instrumental activities of daily living; the design, fabrication, and application of orthoses (splints); the design, selection, and use of adaptive equipment and assistive technologies; therapeutic activities to enhance functional performance; vocational evaluation and training; and consultation concerning the adaptation of physical, sensory, and social environments.\n\t\t“Practice of podiatry” means the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure or alleviation of physical conditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities of the human foot and ankle, including the medical, mechanical and surgical treatment of the ailments of the human foot and ankle, but does not include amputation of the foot proximal to the transmetatarsal level through the metatarsal shafts. Amputations proximal to the metatarsal-phalangeal joints may only be performed in a hospital or ambulatory surgery facility accredited by an organization listed in \u00a7 54.1-2939. The practice includes the diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity ulcers; however, the treatment of severe lower extremity ulcers proximal to the foot and ankle may only be performed by appropriately trained, credentialed podiatrists in an approved hospital or ambulatory surgery center at which the podiatrist has privileges, as described in \u00a7 54.1-2939. The Board of Medicine shall determine whether a specific type of treatment of the foot and ankle is within the scope of practice of podiatry.\n\t\t“Practice of radiologic technology” means the application of ionizing radiation to human beings for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.\n\t\t“Practice of respiratory care” means the (i) administration of pharmacological, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents related to respiratory care procedures necessary to implement a treatment, disease prevention, pulmonary rehabilitative, or diagnostic regimen prescribed by a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine; (ii) transcription and implementation of the written or verbal orders of a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine pertaining to the practice of respiratory care; (iii) observation and monitoring of signs and symptoms, general behavior, general physical response to respiratory care treatment and diagnostic testing, including determination of whether such signs, symptoms, reactions, behavior or general physical response exhibit abnormal characteristics; and (iv) implementation of respiratory care procedures, based on observed abnormalities, or appropriate reporting, referral, respiratory care protocols or changes in treatment pursuant to the written or verbal orders by a licensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine or the initiation of emergency procedures, pursuant to the Board’s regulations or as otherwise authorized by law. The practice of respiratory care may be performed in any clinic, hospital, skilled nursing facility, private dwelling or other place deemed appropriate by the Board in accordance with the written or verbal order of a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine, and shall be performed under qualified medical direction.\n\t\t“Practice of surgical assisting” means the performance of significant surgical tasks, including manipulation of organs, suturing of tissue, placement of hemostatic agents, injection of local anesthetic, harvesting of veins, implementation of devices, and other duties as directed by a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry.\n\t\t“Qualified medical direction” means, in the context of the practice of respiratory care, having readily accessible to the respiratory therapist a licensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine who has specialty training or experience in the management of acute and chronic respiratory disorders and who is responsible for the quality, safety, and appropriateness of the respiratory services provided by the respiratory therapist.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist” means an individual, other than a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or chiropractic or a dentist licensed pursuant to Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700 et seq.), who (i) performs, may be called upon to perform, or is licensed to perform a comprehensive scope of diagnostic or therapeutic radiologic procedures employing ionizing radiation and (ii) is delegated or exercises responsibility for the operation of radiation-generating equipment, the shielding of patient and staff from unnecessary radiation, the appropriate exposure of radiographs, the administration of radioactive chemical compounds under the direction of an authorized user as specified by regulations of the Department of Health, or other procedures that contribute to any significant extent to the site or dosage of ionizing radiation to which a patient is exposed.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist, limited” means an individual, other than a licensed radiologic technologist, dental hygienist, or person who is otherwise authorized by the Board of Dentistry under Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700 et seq.) and the regulations pursuant thereto, who performs diagnostic radiographic procedures employing equipment that emits ionizing radiation that is limited to specific areas of the human body.\n\t\t“Radiologist assistant” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure as an advanced-level radiologic technologist and who, under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine or osteopathy specializing in the field of radiology, is authorized to (i) assess and evaluate the physiological and psychological responsiveness of patients undergoing radiologic procedures; (ii) evaluate image quality, make initial observations, and communicate observations to the supervising radiologist; (iii) administer contrast media or other medications prescribed by the supervising radiologist; and (iv) perform, or assist the supervising radiologist to perform, any other procedure consistent with the guidelines adopted by the American College of Radiology, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists, and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.\n\t\t“Respiratory care” means the practice of the allied health profession responsible for the direct and indirect services, including inhalation therapy and respiratory therapy, in the treatment, management, diagnostic testing, control, and care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system under qualified medical direction.\n\t\t“Surgical assistant” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure as a surgical assistant and who works under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":230034,"text":"As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“Acupuncturist” means an individual approved by the Board to practice acupuncture. This is limited to “licensed acupuncturist” which means an individual other than a doctor of medicine, osteopathy, chiropractic or podiatry who has successfully completed the requirements for licensure established by the Board (approved titles are limited to: Licensed Acupuncturist, Lic.Ac., and L.Ac.).\n\t\t“Advanced practice registered nurse” means a certified nurse midwife, certified registered nurse anesthetist, clinical nurse specialist, or nurse practitioner who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957, has completed an advanced graduate-level education program in a specialty category of nursing, and has passed a national certifying examination for that specialty.\n\t\t“Auricular acupuncture” means the subcutaneous insertion of sterile, disposable acupuncture needles in predetermined, bilateral locations in the outer ear.\n\t\t“Birth control” means contraceptive methods that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Birth control” shall not be considered abortion for the purposes of Title 18.2.\n\t\t“Board” means the Board of Medicine.\n\t\t“Certified nurse midwife” means an advanced practice registered nurse who is certified in the specialty of nurse midwifery and who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Certified registered nurse anesthetist” means an advanced practice registered nurse who is certified in the specialty of nurse anesthesia, who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957, and who practices under the supervision of a doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or dentistry but is not subject to the practice agreement requirement described in \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Clinical nurse specialist” means an advanced practice registered nurse who is certified in the specialty of clinical nurse specialist and who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Collaboration” means the communication and decision-making process among health care providers who are members of a patient care team related to the treatment of a patient that includes the degree of cooperation necessary to provide treatment and care of the patient and includes (i) communication of data and information about the treatment and care of a patient, including the exchange of clinical observations and assessments, and (ii) development of an appropriate plan of care, including decisions regarding the health care provided, accessing and assessment of appropriate additional resources or expertise, and arrangement of appropriate referrals, testing, or studies.\n\t\t“Consultation” means communicating data and information, exchanging clinical observations and assessments, accessing and assessing additional resources and expertise, problem-solving, and arranging for referrals, testing, or studies.\n\t\t“Genetic counselor” means a person licensed by the Board to engage in the practice of genetic counseling.\n\t\t“Healing arts” means the arts and sciences dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and cure or alleviation of human physical or mental ailments, conditions, diseases, pain or infirmities.\n\t\t“Licensed certified midwife” means a person who is licensed as a certified midwife by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice judgment” means any final order of any court entering judgment against a licensee of the Board that arises out of any tort action or breach of contract action for personal injuries or wrongful death, based on health care or professional services rendered, or that should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice settlement” means any written agreement and release entered into by or on behalf of a licensee of the Board in response to a written claim for money damages that arises out of any personal injuries or wrongful death, based on health care or professional services rendered, or that should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Nurse practitioner” means an advanced practice registered nurse, other than an advanced practice registered nurse licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing in the category of certified nurse midwife, certified registered nurse anesthetist, or clinical nurse specialist, who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Occupational therapy assistant” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure and who works under the supervision of a licensed occupational therapist to assist in the practice of occupational therapy.\n\t\t“Patient care team” means a multidisciplinary team of health care providers actively functioning as a unit with the management and leadership of one or more patient care team physicians for the purpose of providing and delivering health care to a patient or group of patients.\n\t\t“Patient care team physician” means a physician who is actively licensed to practice medicine in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices medicine in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the care of patients as part of a patient care team.\n\t\t“Patient care team podiatrist” means a podiatrist who is actively licensed to practice podiatry in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices podiatry in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the care of patients as part of a patient care team.\n\t\t“Physician assistant” means a health care professional who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure as a physician assistant.\n\t\t“Practice of acupuncture” means the stimulation of certain points on or near the surface of the body by the insertion of needles to prevent or modify the perception of pain or to normalize physiological functions, including pain control, for the treatment of certain ailments or conditions of the body and includes the techniques of electroacupuncture, cupping, and moxibustion. The practice of acupuncture does not include the use of physical therapy, chiropractic, or osteopathic manipulative techniques; the use or prescribing of any drugs, medications, serums or vaccines; or the procedure of the five needle auricular acupuncture protocol (5NP) as exempted in \u00a7 54.1-2901.\n\t\t“Practice of athletic training” means the prevention, recognition, evaluation, and treatment of injuries or conditions related to athletic or recreational activity that requires physical skill and utilizes strength, power, endurance, speed, flexibility, range of motion or agility or a substantially similar injury or condition resulting from occupational activity immediately upon the onset of such injury or condition; and subsequent treatment and rehabilitation of such injuries or conditions, including in an inpatient or outpatient setting, under the direction of the patient’s physician or under the direction of any doctor of medicine, osteopathy, chiropractic, podiatry, or dentistry, while using heat, light, sound, cold, electricity, exercise or mechanical or other devices.\n\t\t“Practice of behavior analysis” means the design, implementation, and evaluation of environmental modifications, using behavioral stimuli and consequences, to produce socially significant improvement in human behavior, including the use of direct observation, measurement, and functional analysis of the relationship between environment and behavior.\n\t\t“Practice of chiropractic” means the adjustment of the 24 movable vertebrae of the spinal column, and assisting nature for the purpose of normalizing the transmission of nerve energy, but does not include the use of surgery, obstetrics, osteopathy, or the administration or prescribing of any drugs, medicines, serums, or vaccines. “Practice of chiropractic” includes (i) requesting, receiving, and reviewing a patient’s medical and physical history, including information related to past surgical and nonsurgical treatment of the patient and controlled substances prescribed to the patient, and (ii) documenting in a patient’s record information related to the condition and symptoms of the patient, the examination and evaluation of the patient made by the doctor of chiropractic, and treatment provided to the patient by the doctor of chiropractic. “Practice of chiropractic” further includes recommending or directing patients on the use of vitamins, minerals, or food supplements. “Practice of chiropractic” also includes performing the physical examination of an applicant for a commercial driver’s license or commercial learner’s permit pursuant to \u00a7 46.2-341.12 if the practitioner has (a) applied for and received certification as a medical examiner pursuant to 49 C.F.R. Part 390, Subpart D and (b) registered with the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners.\n\t\t“Practice of genetic counseling” means (i) obtaining and evaluating individual and family medical histories to assess the risk of genetic medical conditions and diseases in a patient, his offspring, and other family members; (ii) discussing the features, history, diagnosis, environmental factors, and risk management of genetic medical conditions and diseases; (iii) ordering genetic laboratory tests and other diagnostic studies necessary for genetic assessment; (iv) integrating the results with personal and family medical history to assess and communicate risk factors for genetic medical conditions and diseases; (v) evaluating the patient’s and family’s responses to the medical condition or risk of recurrence and providing client-centered counseling and anticipatory guidance; (vi) identifying and utilizing community resources that provide medical, educational, financial, and psychosocial support and advocacy; and (vii) providing written documentation of medical, genetic, and counseling information for families and health care professionals.\n\t\t“Practice of licensed certified midwifery” means the provision of primary health care for preadolescents, adolescents, and adults within the scope of practice of a certified midwife established in accordance with the Standards for the Practice of Midwifery set by the American College of Nurse-Midwives, including (i) providing sexual and reproductive care and care during pregnancy and childbirth, postpartum care, and care for the newborn for up to 28 days following the birth of the child; (ii) prescribing of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies within the scope of the practice of midwifery; (iii) consulting or collaborating with or referring patients to such other health care providers as may be appropriate for the care of the patients; and (iv) serving as an educator in the theory and practice of midwifery.\n\t\t“Practice of medicine or osteopathic medicine” means the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human physical or mental ailments, conditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities by any means or method.\n\t\t“Practice of occupational therapy” means the therapeutic use of occupations for habilitation and rehabilitation to enhance physical health, mental health, and cognitive functioning and includes the evaluation, analysis, assessment, and delivery of education and training in basic and instrumental activities of daily living; the design, fabrication, and application of orthoses (splints); the design, selection, and use of adaptive equipment and assistive technologies; therapeutic activities to enhance functional performance; vocational evaluation and training; and consultation concerning the adaptation of physical, sensory, and social environments.\n\t\t“Practice of podiatry” means the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure or alleviation of physical conditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities of the human foot and ankle, including the medical, mechanical and surgical treatment of the ailments of the human foot and ankle, but does not include amputation of the foot proximal to the transmetatarsal level through the metatarsal shafts. Amputations proximal to the metatarsal-phalangeal joints may only be performed in a hospital or ambulatory surgery facility accredited by an organization listed in \u00a7 54.1-2939. The practice includes the diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity ulcers; however, the treatment of severe lower extremity ulcers proximal to the foot and ankle may only be performed by appropriately trained, credentialed podiatrists in an approved hospital or ambulatory surgery center at which the podiatrist has privileges, as described in \u00a7 54.1-2939. The Board of Medicine shall determine whether a specific type of treatment of the foot and ankle is within the scope of practice of podiatry.\n\t\t“Practice of radiologic technology” means the application of ionizing radiation to human beings for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.\n\t\t“Practice of respiratory care” means the (i) administration of pharmacological, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents related to respiratory care procedures necessary to implement a treatment, disease prevention, pulmonary rehabilitative, or diagnostic regimen prescribed by a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine; (ii) transcription and implementation of the written or verbal orders of a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine pertaining to the practice of respiratory care; (iii) observation and monitoring of signs and symptoms, general behavior, general physical response to respiratory care treatment and diagnostic testing, including determination of whether such signs, symptoms, reactions, behavior or general physical response exhibit abnormal characteristics; and (iv) implementation of respiratory care procedures, based on observed abnormalities, or appropriate reporting, referral, respiratory care protocols or changes in treatment pursuant to the written or verbal orders by a licensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine or the initiation of emergency procedures, pursuant to the Board’s regulations or as otherwise authorized by law. The practice of respiratory care may be performed in any clinic, hospital, skilled nursing facility, private dwelling or other place deemed appropriate by the Board in accordance with the written or verbal order of a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine, and shall be performed under qualified medical direction.\n\t\t“Practice of surgical assisting” means the performance of significant surgical tasks, including manipulation of organs, suturing of tissue, placement of hemostatic agents, injection of local anesthetic, harvesting of veins, implementation of devices, and other duties as directed by a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry.\n\t\t“Qualified medical direction” means, in the context of the practice of respiratory care, having readily accessible to the respiratory therapist a licensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine who has specialty training or experience in the management of acute and chronic respiratory disorders and who is responsible for the quality, safety, and appropriateness of the respiratory services provided by the respiratory therapist.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist” means an individual, other than a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or chiropractic or a dentist licensed pursuant to Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700 et seq.), who (i) performs, may be called upon to perform, or is licensed to perform a comprehensive scope of diagnostic or therapeutic radiologic procedures employing ionizing radiation and (ii) is delegated or exercises responsibility for the operation of radiation-generating equipment, the shielding of patient and staff from unnecessary radiation, the appropriate exposure of radiographs, the administration of radioactive chemical compounds under the direction of an authorized user as specified by regulations of the Department of Health, or other procedures that contribute to any significant extent to the site or dosage of ionizing radiation to which a patient is exposed.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist, limited” means an individual, other than a licensed radiologic technologist, dental hygienist, or person who is otherwise authorized by the Board of Dentistry under Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700 et seq.) and the regulations pursuant thereto, who performs diagnostic radiographic procedures employing equipment that emits ionizing radiation that is limited to specific areas of the human body.\n\t\t“Radiologist assistant” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure as an advanced-level radiologic technologist and who, under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine or osteopathy specializing in the field of radiology, is authorized to (i) assess and evaluate the physiological and psychological responsiveness of patients undergoing radiologic procedures; (ii) evaluate image quality, make initial observations, and communicate observations to the supervising radiologist; (iii) administer contrast media or other medications prescribed by the supervising radiologist; and (iv) perform, or assist the supervising radiologist to perform, any other procedure consistent with the guidelines adopted by the American College of Radiology, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists, and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.\n\t\t“Respiratory care” means the practice of the allied health profession responsible for the direct and indirect services, including inhalation therapy and respiratory therapy, in the treatment, management, diagnostic testing, control, and care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system under qualified medical direction.\n\t\t“Surgical assistant” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board for licensure as a surgical assistant and who works under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":13730,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12759,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:43","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:43","permalink":{"id":241935,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13730,"identifier":"1","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/1","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12759,"edition_id":1,"name":"Medicine and Other Healing Arts","identifier":"29","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12758,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241933,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12759,"identifier":"29","token":"54.1\/III\/29","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12758,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations Regulated by Boards Within the Department of Health Professions","identifier":"III","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12754,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241105,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12758,"identifier":"III","token":"54.1\/III","url":"\/54.1\/III\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12754,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations","identifier":"54.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":239313,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12754,"identifier":"54.1","token":"54.1","url":"\/54.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":63078,"structure_id":13730,"section_number":"54.1-2900","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/54.1-2900\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/1\/54.1-2900","metadata":false},{"id":83528,"structure_id":13730,"section_number":"54.1-2901","catch_line":"Exceptions and exemptions generally","url":"\/54.1-2901\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/1\/54.1-2901","metadata":false},{"id":59538,"structure_id":13730,"section_number":"54.1-2902","catch_line":"Unlawful to practice without license","url":"\/54.1-2902\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/1\/54.1-2902","metadata":false},{"id":64698,"structure_id":13730,"section_number":"54.1-2903","catch_line":"What constitutes practice; 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The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 36 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1958, chapter 161; in 1960, chapter 268; in 1966, chapter 657; in 1970, chapter 69; in 1973, chapter 529; in 1975, chapters 508 and 512; in 1977, chapter 127; in 1980, chapter 157; in 1986, chapter 439; in 1987, chapters 522 and 543; in 1988, chapters 737 and 765; in 1991, chapter 643; in 1994, chapter 803<\/a>; in 1995, chapter 777<\/a>; in 1996, chapters 152<\/a>, 158<\/a>, 470<\/a>, 937<\/a>, and 980<\/a>; in 1998, chapters 319<\/a>, 557<\/a>, and 593<\/a>; in 1999, chapters 639<\/a>, 682<\/a>, 747<\/a>, and 779<\/a>; in 2000, chapters 688<\/a> and 814<\/a>; in 2001, chapter 533<\/a>; in 2004, chapter 731<\/a>; in 2007, chapter 861<\/a>; in 2008, chapters 64<\/a> and 89<\/a>; in 2009, chapters 83<\/a> and 507<\/a>; in 2010, chapters 715<\/a> and 725<\/a>; in 2011, chapters 121<\/a> and 187<\/a>; in 2012, chapters 3<\/a>, 110<\/a>, 168<\/a>, 213<\/a>, and 399<\/a>; in 2014, chapters 10<\/a> and 266<\/a>; in 2015, chapter 302<\/a>; in 2016, chapter 93<\/a>; in 2017, chapter 171<\/a>; in 2019, chapters 92<\/a> and 137<\/a>; in 2020, chapters 357<\/a>, 420<\/a>, and 1222<\/a>; in 2022, chapter 151<\/a>; in 2023, chapter 183<\/a>; in 2024, chapters 222<\/a> and 548<\/a>; in 2025, chapters 184<\/a> and 197<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":57431,"section_number":"13.1-1102","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-1102\/"},{"id":66461,"section_number":"13.1-543","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/13.1-543\/"},{"id":85126,"section_number":"18.2-67.3","catch_line":"Aggravated sexual battery; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-67.3\/"},{"id":72542,"section_number":"23.1-607.1","catch_line":"Veterans; withdrawal; tuition refund","order_by":null,"url":"\/23.1-607.1\/"},{"id":67276,"section_number":"32.1-276.3","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/32.1-276.3\/"},{"id":74139,"section_number":"37.2-420","catch_line":"Offer or payment of remuneration in exchange for referral prohibited","order_by":null,"url":"\/37.2-420\/"},{"id":81649,"section_number":"37.2-707","catch_line":"Employment and qualifications of directors of state facilities","order_by":null,"url":"\/37.2-707\/"},{"id":87324,"section_number":"38.2-2800","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/38.2-2800\/"},{"id":57686,"section_number":"54.1-2400.01:2","catch_line":"Ophthalmic prescription defined; 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As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“Acupuncturist” means an individual approved by the Board<\/span> to practice acupuncture. This is limited to “licensed acupuncturist<\/span>” which means an individual other than a doctor of medicine, osteopathy, chiropractic or podiatry who has successfully completed the requirements for licensure established by the Board<\/span> (approved titles are limited to: Licensed Acupuncturist<\/span>, Lic.Ac., and L.Ac.).\n\t\t“Advanced practice registered nurse<\/span>” means a certified nurse midwife<\/span>, certified registered nurse anesthetist<\/span>, clinical nurse specialist<\/span>, or nurse practitioner<\/span> who is jointly licensed by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Nursing pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957<\/a>, has completed an advanced graduate-level education program in a specialty category of nursing, and has passed a national certifying examination for that specialty.\n\t\t“Auricular acupuncture<\/span>” means the subcutaneous insertion of sterile, disposable acupuncture needles in predetermined, bilateral locations in the outer ear.\n\t\t“Birth control<\/span>” means contraceptive methods that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Birth control<\/span>” shall not be considered abortion for the purposes of Title 18.2.\n\t\t“Board<\/span>” means the Board<\/span> of Medicine.\n\t\t“Certified nurse midwife<\/span>” means an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span> who is certified in the specialty of nurse midwifery and who is jointly licensed by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span> pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957<\/a>.\n\t\t“Certified registered nurse anesthetist<\/span>” means an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span> who is certified in the specialty of nurse anesthesia, who is jointly licensed by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span> pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957<\/a>, and who practices under the supervision of a doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or dentistry but is not subject to the practice agreement requirement described in \u00a7 54.1-2957<\/a>.\n\t\t“Clinical nurse specialist<\/span>” means an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span> who is certified in the specialty of clinical nurse specialist<\/span> and who is jointly licensed by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span> pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957<\/a>.\n\t\t“Collaboration<\/span>” means the communication and decision-making process among health care providers who are members of a patient care team<\/span> related to the treatment of a patient that includes the degree of cooperation necessary to provide treatment and care of the patient and includes (i) communication of data and information about the treatment and care of a patient, including the exchange of clinical observations and assessments, and (ii) development of an appropriate plan of care, including decisions regarding the health care provided, accessing and assessment of appropriate additional resources or expertise, and arrangement of appropriate referrals, testing, or studies.\n\t\t“Consultation<\/span>” means communicating data and information, exchanging clinical observations and assessments, accessing and assessing additional resources and expertise, problem-solving, and arranging for referrals, testing, or studies.\n\t\t“Genetic counselor<\/span>” means a person licensed by the Board<\/span> to engage in the practice of genetic counseling<\/span>.\n\t\t“Healing arts<\/span>” means the arts and sciences dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and cure or alleviation of human physical or mental ailments, conditions, diseases, pain or infirmities.\n\t\t“Licensed certified midwife<\/span>” means a person who is licensed as a certified midwife by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Nursing.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice judgment<\/span>” means any final order<\/span> of any court<\/span> entering judgment against a licensee of the Board<\/span> that arises out of any tort<\/span> action or breach of contract<\/span> action for personal injuries or wrongful death, based on health care or professional services rendered, or that should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice settlement<\/span>” means any written agreement and release entered into by or on behalf of a licensee of the Board<\/span> in response to a written claim for money damages<\/span> that arises out of any personal injuries or wrongful death, based on health care or professional services rendered, or that should have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Nurse practitioner<\/span>” means an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span>, other than an advanced practice registered nurse<\/span> licensed by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Nursing in the category of certified nurse midwife<\/span>, certified registered nurse anesthetist<\/span>, or clinical nurse specialist<\/span>, who is jointly licensed by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Nursing pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957<\/a>.\n\t\t“Occupational therapy assistant<\/span>” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board<\/span> for licensure and who works under the supervision of a licensed occupational therapist to assist in the practice of occupational therapy<\/span>.\n\t\t“Patient care team<\/span>” means a multidisciplinary team of health care providers actively functioning as a unit with the management and leadership of one or more patient care team<\/span> physicians<\/span> for the purpose of providing and delivering health care to a patient or group of patients.\n\t\t“Patient care team<\/span> physician<\/span>” means a physician who is actively licensed to practice medicine in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices medicine in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the care of patients as part of a patient care team<\/span>.\n\t\t“Patient care team<\/span> podiatrist<\/span>” means a podiatrist who is actively licensed to practice podiatry in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices podiatry in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the care of patients as part of a patient care team<\/span>.\n\t\t“Physician assistant<\/span>” means a health care professional who has met the requirements of the Board<\/span> for licensure as a physician assistant<\/span>.\n\t\t“Practice of acupuncture<\/span>” means the stimulation of certain points on or near the surface of the body by the insertion of needles to prevent or modify the perception of pain or to normalize physiological functions, including pain control, for the treatment of certain ailments or conditions of the body and includes the techniques of electroacupuncture, cupping, and moxibustion. The practice of acupuncture<\/span> does not include the use of physical therapy, chiropractic, or osteopathic manipulative techniques; the use or prescribing of any drugs, medications, serums or vaccines; or the procedure of the five needle auricular acupuncture<\/span> protocol (5NP) as exempted in \u00a7 54.1-2901<\/a>.\n\t\t“Practice of athletic training<\/span>” means the prevention, recognition, evaluation, and treatment of injuries or conditions related to athletic or recreational activity that requires physical skill and utilizes strength, power, endurance, speed, flexibility, range of motion<\/span> or agility or a substantially similar injury or condition resulting from occupational activity immediately upon the onset of such injury or condition; and subsequent treatment and rehabilitation of such injuries or conditions, including in an inpatient or outpatient setting, under the direction of the patient’s physician or under the direction of any doctor of medicine, osteopathy, chiropractic, podiatry, or dentistry, while using heat, light, sound, cold, electricity, exercise or mechanical or other devices.\n\t\t“Practice of behavior analysis<\/span>” means the design, implementation, and evaluation of environmental modifications, using behavioral stimuli and consequences, to produce socially significant improvement in human behavior, including the use of direct observation, measurement, and functional analysis of the relationship between environment and behavior.\n\t\t“Practice of chiropractic<\/span>” means the adjustment of the 24 movable vertebrae of the spinal column, and assisting nature for the purpose of normalizing the transmission of nerve energy, but does not include the use of surgery, obstetrics, osteopathy, or the administration or prescribing of any drugs, medicines, serums, or vaccines. “Practice of chiropractic<\/span>” includes (i) requesting, receiving, and reviewing a patient’s medical and physical history, including information related to past surgical and nonsurgical treatment of the patient and controlled substances prescribed to the patient, and (ii) documenting in a patient’s record information related to the condition and symptoms of the patient, the examination and evaluation of the patient made by the doctor of chiropractic, and treatment provided to the patient by the doctor of chiropractic. “Practice of chiropractic<\/span>” further includes recommending or directing patients on the use of vitamins, minerals, or food supplements. “Practice of chiropractic<\/span>” also includes performing the physical examination of an applicant for a commercial driver’s license or commercial learner’s permit pursuant to \u00a7 46.2-341.12<\/a> if the practitioner has (a) applied for and received certification as a medical examiner pursuant to 49 C.F.R. Part 390, Subpart D and (b) registered with the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners.\n\t\t“Practice of genetic counseling<\/span>” means (i) obtaining and evaluating individual and family medical histories to assess the risk of genetic medical conditions and diseases in a patient, his offspring, and other family members; (ii) discussing the features, history, diagnosis, environmental factors, and risk management of genetic medical conditions and diseases; (iii) ordering genetic laboratory tests and other diagnostic studies necessary for genetic assessment; (iv) integrating the results with personal and family medical history to assess and communicate risk factors for genetic medical conditions and diseases; (v) evaluating the patient’s and family’s responses to the medical condition or risk of recurrence and providing client-centered counseling and anticipatory guidance; (vi) identifying and utilizing community resources that provide medical, educational, financial, and psychosocial support and advocacy; and (vii) providing written documentation of medical, genetic, and counseling information for families and health care professionals.\n\t\t“Practice of licensed certified midwifery<\/span>” means the provision of primary health care for preadolescents, adolescents, and adults within the scope of practice of a certified midwife established in accordance with the Standards for the Practice of Midwifery set by the American College of Nurse-Midwives, including (i) providing sexual and reproductive care and care during pregnancy and childbirth, postpartum care, and care for the newborn for up to 28 days following the birth of the child; (ii) prescribing of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies within the scope of the practice of midwifery; (iii) consulting or collaborating with or referring patients to such other health care providers as may be appropriate for the care of the patients; and (iv) serving as an educator in the theory and practice of midwifery.\n\t\t“Practice of medicine or osteopathic medicine<\/span>” means the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human physical or mental ailments, conditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities by any means or method.\n\t\t“Practice of occupational therapy<\/span>” means the therapeutic use of occupations for habilitation and rehabilitation to enhance physical health, mental health, and cognitive functioning and includes the evaluation, analysis, assessment, and delivery of education and training in basic and instrumental activities of daily living; the design, fabrication, and application of orthoses (splints); the design, selection, and use of adaptive equipment and assistive technologies; therapeutic activities to enhance functional performance; vocational evaluation and training; and consultation<\/span> concerning the adaptation of physical, sensory, and social environments.\n\t\t“Practice of podiatry<\/span>” means the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure or alleviation of physical conditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities of the human foot and ankle, including the medical, mechanical and surgical treatment of the ailments of the human foot and ankle, but does not include amputation of the foot proximal to the transmetatarsal level through the metatarsal shafts. Amputations proximal to the metatarsal-phalangeal joints may only be performed in a hospital or ambulatory surgery facility accredited by an organization listed in \u00a7 54.1-2939<\/a>. The practice includes the diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity ulcers; however, the treatment of severe lower extremity ulcers proximal to the foot and ankle may only be performed by appropriately trained, credentialed podiatrists in an approved hospital or ambulatory surgery center at which the podiatrist has privileges<\/span>, as described in \u00a7 54.1-2939<\/a>. The Board<\/span> of Medicine shall determine whether a specific type of treatment of the foot and ankle is within the scope of practice of podiatry<\/span>.\n\t\t“Practice of radiologic technology<\/span>” means the application of ionizing radiation to human beings for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.\n\t\t“Practice of respiratory care<\/span>” means the (i) administration of pharmacological, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents related to respiratory care procedures necessary to implement a treatment, disease prevention, pulmonary rehabilitative, or diagnostic regimen prescribed by a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine; (ii) transcription and implementation of the written or verbal orders<\/span> of a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine pertaining to the practice of respiratory care<\/span>; (iii) observation and monitoring of signs and symptoms, general behavior, general physical response to respiratory care treatment and diagnostic testing, including determination of whether such signs, symptoms, reactions, behavior or general physical response exhibit abnormal characteristics; and (iv) implementation of respiratory care procedures, based on observed abnormalities, or appropriate reporting, referral, respiratory care protocols or changes in treatment pursuant to the written or verbal orders<\/span> by a licensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine or the initiation of emergency procedures, pursuant to the Board<\/span>’s regulations or as otherwise authorized by law<\/span>. The practice of respiratory care<\/span> may be performed in any clinic, hospital, skilled nursing facility, private dwelling or other place deemed appropriate by the Board<\/span> in accordance with the written or verbal order of a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine, and shall be performed under qualified medical direction.\n\t\t“Practice of surgical assisting<\/span>” means the performance of significant surgical tasks, including manipulation of organs, suturing of tissue, placement of hemostatic agents, injection of local anesthetic, harvesting of veins, implementation of devices, and other duties as directed by a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry.\n\t\t“Qualified medical direction” means, in the context of the practice of respiratory care<\/span>, having readily accessible to the respiratory therapist a licensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine who has specialty training or experience in the management of acute and chronic respiratory disorders and who is responsible for the quality, safety, and appropriateness of the respiratory services provided by the respiratory therapist.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist<\/span>” means an individual, other than a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or chiropractic or a dentist licensed pursuant to Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700<\/a> et seq.), who (i) performs, may be called upon to perform, or is licensed to perform a comprehensive scope of diagnostic or therapeutic radiologic procedures employing ionizing radiation and (ii) is delegated or exercises responsibility for the operation of radiation-generating equipment, the shielding of patient and staff from unnecessary radiation, the appropriate exposure of radiographs, the administration of radioactive chemical compounds under the direction of an authorized user as specified by regulations of the Department of Health, or other procedures that contribute to any significant extent to the site or dosage of ionizing radiation to which a patient is exposed.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist<\/span>, limited<\/span>” means an individual, other than a licensed radiologic technologist<\/span>, dental hygienist, or person who is otherwise authorized by the Board<\/span> of Dentistry under Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700<\/a> et seq.) and the regulations pursuant thereto, who performs diagnostic radiographic procedures employing equipment that emits ionizing radiation that is limited to specific areas of the human body.\n\t\t“Radiologist assistant<\/span>” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board<\/span> for licensure as an advanced-level radiologic technologist<\/span> and who, under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine or osteopathy specializing in the field of radiology, is authorized to (i) assess and evaluate the physiological and psychological responsiveness of patients undergoing radiologic procedures; (ii) evaluate image quality, make initial observations, and communicate observations to the supervising radiologist; (iii) administer contrast media or other medications prescribed by the supervising radiologist; and (iv) perform, or assist the supervising radiologist to perform, any other procedure consistent with the guidelines adopted by the American College of Radiology, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists<\/span>, and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists<\/span>.\n\t\t“Respiratory care” means the practice of the allied health profession responsible for the direct and indirect services, including inhalation therapy and respiratory therapy, in the treatment, management, diagnostic testing, control, and care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system under qualified medical direction.\n\t\t“Surgical assistant<\/span>” means an individual who has met the requirements of the Board<\/span> for licensure as a surgical assistant<\/span> and who works under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS (\u00a7 54.1-2900)\n\nAs used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t“Acupuncturist” means an individual approved by the Board to\npractice acupuncture. This is limited to “licensed acupuncturist”\nwhich means an individual other than a doctor of medicine, osteopathy,\nchiropractic or podiatry who has successfully completed the requirements for\nlicensure established by the Board (approved titles are limited to: Licensed\nAcupuncturist, Lic.Ac., and L.Ac.).\n\t\t“Advanced practice registered nurse” means a certified nurse\nmidwife, certified registered nurse anesthetist, clinical nurse specialist, or\nnurse practitioner who is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing\npursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957, has completed an advanced graduate-level education\nprogram in a specialty category of nursing, and has passed a national certifying\nexamination for that specialty.\n\t\t“Auricular acupuncture” means the subcutaneous insertion of\nsterile, disposable acupuncture needles in predetermined, bilateral locations in\nthe outer ear.\n\t\t“Birth control” means contraceptive methods that are approved by\nthe U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Birth control” shall not be\nconsidered abortion for the purposes of Title 18.2.\n\t\t“Board” means the Board of Medicine.\n\t\t“Certified nurse midwife” means an advanced practice registered\nnurse who is certified in the specialty of nurse midwifery and who is jointly\nlicensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice\nregistered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Certified registered nurse anesthetist” means an advanced\npractice registered nurse who is certified in the specialty of nurse anesthesia,\nwho is jointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced\npractice registered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957, and who practices under the\nsupervision of a doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or dentistry but is\nnot subject to the practice agreement requirement described in \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Clinical nurse specialist” means an advanced practice registered\nnurse who is certified in the specialty of clinical nurse specialist and who is\njointly licensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing as an advanced practice\nregistered nurse pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Collaboration” means the communication and decision-making\nprocess among health care providers who are members of a patient care team\nrelated to the treatment of a patient that includes the degree of cooperation\nnecessary to provide treatment and care of the patient and includes (i)\ncommunication of data and information about the treatment and care of a patient,\nincluding the exchange of clinical observations and assessments, and (ii)\ndevelopment of an appropriate plan of care, including decisions regarding the\nhealth care provided, accessing and assessment of appropriate additional\nresources or expertise, and arrangement of appropriate referrals, testing, or\nstudies.\n\t\t“Consultation” means communicating data and information,\nexchanging clinical observations and assessments, accessing and assessing\nadditional resources and expertise, problem-solving, and arranging for\nreferrals, testing, or studies.\n\t\t“Genetic counselor” means a person licensed by the Board to engage\nin the practice of genetic counseling.\n\t\t“Healing arts” means the arts and sciences dealing with the\nprevention, diagnosis, treatment and cure or alleviation of human physical or\nmental ailments, conditions, diseases, pain or infirmities.\n\t\t“Licensed certified midwife” means a person who is licensed as a\ncertified midwife by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice judgment” means any final order of any court\nentering judgment against a licensee of the Board that arises out of any tort\naction or breach of contract action for personal injuries or wrongful death,\nbased on health care or professional services rendered, or that should have been\nrendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Medical malpractice settlement” means any written agreement and\nrelease entered into by or on behalf of a licensee of the Board in response to a\nwritten claim for money damages that arises out of any personal injuries or\nwrongful death, based on health care or professional services rendered, or that\nshould have been rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient.\n\t\t“Nurse practitioner” means an advanced practice registered nurse,\nother than an advanced practice registered nurse licensed by the Boards of\nMedicine and Nursing in the category of certified nurse midwife, certified\nregistered nurse anesthetist, or clinical nurse specialist, who is jointly\nlicensed by the Boards of Medicine and Nursing pursuant to \u00a7 54.1-2957.\n\t\t“Occupational therapy assistant” means an individual who has met\nthe requirements of the Board for licensure and who works under the supervision\nof a licensed occupational therapist to assist in the practice of occupational\ntherapy.\n\t\t“Patient care team” means a multidisciplinary team of health care\nproviders actively functioning as a unit with the management and leadership of\none or more patient care team physicians for the purpose of providing and\ndelivering health care to a patient or group of patients.\n\t\t“Patient care team physician” means a physician who is actively\nlicensed to practice medicine in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices\nmedicine in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the\ncare of patients as part of a patient care team.\n\t\t“Patient care team podiatrist” means a podiatrist who is actively\nlicensed to practice podiatry in the Commonwealth, who regularly practices\npodiatry in the Commonwealth, and who provides management and leadership in the\ncare of patients as part of a patient care team.\n\t\t“Physician assistant” means a health care professional who has met\nthe requirements of the Board for licensure as a physician assistant.\n\t\t“Practice of acupuncture” means the stimulation of certain points\non or near the surface of the body by the insertion of needles to prevent or\nmodify the perception of pain or to normalize physiological functions, including\npain control, for the treatment of certain ailments or conditions of the body\nand includes the techniques of electroacupuncture, cupping, and moxibustion. The\npractice of acupuncture does not include the use of physical therapy,\nchiropractic, or osteopathic manipulative techniques; the use or prescribing of\nany drugs, medications, serums or vaccines; or the procedure of the five needle\nauricular acupuncture protocol (5NP) as exempted in \u00a7 54.1-2901.\n\t\t“Practice of athletic training” means the prevention, recognition,\nevaluation, and treatment of injuries or conditions related to athletic or\nrecreational activity that requires physical skill and utilizes strength, power,\nendurance, speed, flexibility, range of motion or agility or a substantially\nsimilar injury or condition resulting from occupational activity immediately\nupon the onset of such injury or condition; and subsequent treatment and\nrehabilitation of such injuries or conditions, including in an inpatient or\noutpatient setting, under the direction of the patient’s physician or\nunder the direction of any doctor of medicine, osteopathy, chiropractic,\npodiatry, or dentistry, while using heat, light, sound, cold, electricity,\nexercise or mechanical or other devices.\n\t\t“Practice of behavior analysis” means the design, implementation,\nand evaluation of environmental modifications, using behavioral stimuli and\nconsequences, to produce socially significant improvement in human behavior,\nincluding the use of direct observation, measurement, and functional analysis of\nthe relationship between environment and behavior.\n\t\t“Practice of chiropractic” means the adjustment of the 24 movable\nvertebrae of the spinal column, and assisting nature for the purpose of\nnormalizing the transmission of nerve energy, but does not include the use of\nsurgery, obstetrics, osteopathy, or the administration or prescribing of any\ndrugs, medicines, serums, or vaccines. “Practice of chiropractic”\nincludes (i) requesting, receiving, and reviewing a patient’s medical and\nphysical history, including information related to past surgical and nonsurgical\ntreatment of the patient and controlled substances prescribed to the patient,\nand (ii) documenting in a patient’s record information related to the\ncondition and symptoms of the patient, the examination and evaluation of the\npatient made by the doctor of chiropractic, and treatment provided to the\npatient by the doctor of chiropractic. “Practice of chiropractic”\nfurther includes recommending or directing patients on the use of vitamins,\nminerals, or food supplements. “Practice of chiropractic” also\nincludes performing the physical examination of an applicant for a commercial\ndriver’s license or commercial learner’s permit pursuant to \u00a7\n46.2-341.12 if the practitioner has (a) applied for and received certification\nas a medical examiner pursuant to 49 C.F.R. Part 390, Subpart D and (b)\nregistered with the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners.\n\t\t“Practice of genetic counseling” means (i) obtaining and\nevaluating individual and family medical histories to assess the risk of genetic\nmedical conditions and diseases in a patient, his offspring, and other family\nmembers; (ii) discussing the features, history, diagnosis, environmental\nfactors, and risk management of genetic medical conditions and diseases; (iii)\nordering genetic laboratory tests and other diagnostic studies necessary for\ngenetic assessment; (iv) integrating the results with personal and family\nmedical history to assess and communicate risk factors for genetic medical\nconditions and diseases; (v) evaluating the patient’s and family’s\nresponses to the medical condition or risk of recurrence and providing\nclient-centered counseling and anticipatory guidance; (vi) identifying and\nutilizing community resources that provide medical, educational, financial, and\npsychosocial support and advocacy; and (vii) providing written documentation of\nmedical, genetic, and counseling information for families and health care\nprofessionals.\n\t\t“Practice of licensed certified midwifery” means the provision of\nprimary health care for preadolescents, adolescents, and adults within the scope\nof practice of a certified midwife established in accordance with the Standards\nfor the Practice of Midwifery set by the American College of Nurse-Midwives,\nincluding (i) providing sexual and reproductive care and care during pregnancy\nand childbirth, postpartum care, and care for the newborn for up to 28 days\nfollowing the birth of the child; (ii) prescribing of pharmacological and\nnon-pharmacological therapies within the scope of the practice of midwifery;\n(iii) consulting or collaborating with or referring patients to such other\nhealth care providers as may be appropriate for the care of the patients; and\n(iv) serving as an educator in the theory and practice of midwifery.\n\t\t“Practice of medicine or osteopathic medicine” means the\nprevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human physical or mental ailments,\nconditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities by any means or method.\n\t\t“Practice of occupational therapy” means the therapeutic use of\noccupations for habilitation and rehabilitation to enhance physical health,\nmental health, and cognitive functioning and includes the evaluation, analysis,\nassessment, and delivery of education and training in basic and instrumental\nactivities of daily living; the design, fabrication, and application of orthoses\n(splints); the design, selection, and use of adaptive equipment and assistive\ntechnologies; therapeutic activities to enhance functional performance;\nvocational evaluation and training; and consultation concerning the adaptation\nof physical, sensory, and social environments.\n\t\t“Practice of podiatry” means the prevention, diagnosis, treatment,\nand cure or alleviation of physical conditions, diseases, pain, or infirmities\nof the human foot and ankle, including the medical, mechanical and surgical\ntreatment of the ailments of the human foot and ankle, but does not include\namputation of the foot proximal to the transmetatarsal level through the\nmetatarsal shafts. Amputations proximal to the metatarsal-phalangeal joints may\nonly be performed in a hospital or ambulatory surgery facility accredited by an\norganization listed in \u00a7 54.1-2939. The practice includes the diagnosis and\ntreatment of lower extremity ulcers; however, the treatment of severe lower\nextremity ulcers proximal to the foot and ankle may only be performed by\nappropriately trained, credentialed podiatrists in an approved hospital or\nambulatory surgery center at which the podiatrist has privileges, as described\nin \u00a7 54.1-2939. The Board of Medicine shall determine whether a specific type\nof treatment of the foot and ankle is within the scope of practice of podiatry.\n\t\t“Practice of radiologic technology” means the application of\nionizing radiation to human beings for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.\n\t\t“Practice of respiratory care” means the (i) administration of\npharmacological, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents related to respiratory care\nprocedures necessary to implement a treatment, disease prevention, pulmonary\nrehabilitative, or diagnostic regimen prescribed by a practitioner of medicine\nor osteopathic medicine; (ii) transcription and implementation of the written or\nverbal orders of a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine pertaining\nto the practice of respiratory care; (iii) observation and monitoring of signs\nand symptoms, general behavior, general physical response to respiratory care\ntreatment and diagnostic testing, including determination of whether such signs,\nsymptoms, reactions, behavior or general physical response exhibit abnormal\ncharacteristics; and (iv) implementation of respiratory care procedures, based\non observed abnormalities, or appropriate reporting, referral, respiratory care\nprotocols or changes in treatment pursuant to the written or verbal orders by a\nlicensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine or the initiation of\nemergency procedures, pursuant to the Board’s regulations or as otherwise\nauthorized by law. The practice of respiratory care may be performed in any\nclinic, hospital, skilled nursing facility, private dwelling or other place\ndeemed appropriate by the Board in accordance with the written or verbal order\nof a practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine, and shall be performed\nunder qualified medical direction.\n\t\t“Practice of surgical assisting” means the performance of\nsignificant surgical tasks, including manipulation of organs, suturing of\ntissue, placement of hemostatic agents, injection of local anesthetic,\nharvesting of veins, implementation of devices, and other duties as directed by\na licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry under the direct\nsupervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry.\n\t\t“Qualified medical direction” means, in the context of the\npractice of respiratory care, having readily accessible to the respiratory\ntherapist a licensed practitioner of medicine or osteopathic medicine who has\nspecialty training or experience in the management of acute and chronic\nrespiratory disorders and who is responsible for the quality, safety, and\nappropriateness of the respiratory services provided by the respiratory\ntherapist.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist” means an individual, other than a\nlicensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, podiatry, or chiropractic or a dentist\nlicensed pursuant to Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700 et seq.), who (i) performs, may be\ncalled upon to perform, or is licensed to perform a comprehensive scope of\ndiagnostic or therapeutic radiologic procedures employing ionizing radiation and\n(ii) is delegated or exercises responsibility for the operation of\nradiation-generating equipment, the shielding of patient and staff from\nunnecessary radiation, the appropriate exposure of radiographs, the\nadministration of radioactive chemical compounds under the direction of an\nauthorized user as specified by regulations of the Department of Health, or\nother procedures that contribute to any significant extent to the site or dosage\nof ionizing radiation to which a patient is exposed.\n\t\t“Radiologic technologist, limited” means an individual, other than\na licensed radiologic technologist, dental hygienist, or person who is otherwise\nauthorized by the Board of Dentistry under Chapter 27 (\u00a7 54.1-2700 et seq.) and\nthe regulations pursuant thereto, who performs diagnostic radiographic\nprocedures employing equipment that emits ionizing radiation that is limited to\nspecific areas of the human body.\n\t\t“Radiologist assistant” means an individual who has met the\nrequirements of the Board for licensure as an advanced-level radiologic\ntechnologist and who, under the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of\nmedicine or osteopathy specializing in the field of radiology, is authorized to\n(i) assess and evaluate the physiological and psychological responsiveness of\npatients undergoing radiologic procedures; (ii) evaluate image quality, make\ninitial observations, and communicate observations to the supervising\nradiologist; (iii) administer contrast media or other medications prescribed by\nthe supervising radiologist; and (iv) perform, or assist the supervising\nradiologist to perform, any other procedure consistent with the guidelines\nadopted by the American College of Radiology, the American Society of Radiologic\nTechnologists, and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.\n\t\t“Respiratory care” means the practice of the allied health\nprofession responsible for the direct and indirect services, including\ninhalation therapy and respiratory therapy, in the treatment, management,\ndiagnostic testing, control, and care of patients with deficiencies and\nabnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system under qualified medical\ndirection.\n\t\t“Surgical assistant” means an individual who has met the\nrequirements of the Board for licensure as a surgical assistant and who works\nunder the direct supervision of a licensed doctor of medicine, osteopathy, or\npodiatry.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 54-273; 1950, p. 110; 1958, c. 161; 1960, c. 268; 1966,\nc. 657; 1970, c. 69; 1973, c. 529; 1975, cc. 508, 512; 1977, c. 127; 1980, c.\n157; 1986, c. 439; 1987, cc. 522, 543; 1988, cc. 737, 765; 1991, c. 643; 1994,\nc. 803; 1995, c. 777; 1996, cc. 152, 158, 470, 937, 980; 1998, cc. 319, 557,\n593; 1999, cc. 639, 682, 747, 779; 2000, cc. 688, 814; 2001, c. 533; 2004, c.\n731; 2007, c. 861; 2008, cc. 64, 89; 2009, cc. 83, 507; 2010, cc. 715, 725;\n2011, cc. 121, 187; 2012, cc. 3, 110, 168, 213, 399; 2014, cc. 10, 266; 2015, c.\n302; 2016, c. 93; 2017, c. 171; 2019, cc. 92, 137; 2020, cc. 357, 420, 1222;\n2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 157, 200, 201; 2022, c. 151; 2023, c. 183; 2024, cc. 222,\n548; 2025, cc. 184, 197.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}