{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/54.1-2915.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/54.1-2915.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/54.1-2915.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/54.1-2915.html"}],"law_id":80430,"edition_id":1,"section_id":80430,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2915","catch_line":"Unprofessional conduct; grounds for refusal or disciplinary action","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 54-316, 54-317; 1954, c. 627; 1958, cc. 161, 461; 1966, cc. 166, 657; 1968, c. 582; 1970, c. 69; 1973, c. 529; 1975, c. 508; 1978, c. 622; 1979, c. 727; 1980, c. 157; 1985, c. 96; 1986, cc. 86, 434; 1988, c. 765; 1993, c. 991; 1997, c. 801; 2003, cc. 753, 762; 2004, c. 64; 2005, c. 163; 2013, c. 144; 2017, c. 171; 2019, cc. 213, 224; 2020, cc. 1080, 1081.","full_text":"A\n\nThe Board may refuse to issue a certificate or license to any applicant; reprimand any person; place any person on probation for such time as it may designate; impose a monetary penalty or terms as it may designate on any person; suspend any license for a stated period of time or indefinitely; or revoke any license for any of the following acts of unprofessional conduct:1\n\nFalse statements or representations or fraud or deceit in obtaining admission to the practice, or fraud or deceit in the practice of any branch of the healing arts;2\n\nSubstance abuse rendering him unfit for the performance of his professional obligations and duties;3\n\nIntentional or negligent conduct in the practice of any branch of the healing arts that causes or is likely to cause injury to a patient or patients;4\n\nMental or physical incapacity or incompetence to practice his profession with safety to his patients and the public;5\n\nRestriction of a license to practice a branch of the healing arts in another state, the District of Columbia, a United States possession or territory, or a foreign jurisdiction, or for an entity of the federal government;6\n\nUndertaking in any manner or by any means whatsoever to procure or perform or aid or abet in procuring or performing a criminal abortion;7\n\nEngaging in the practice of any of the healing arts under a false or assumed name, or impersonating another practitioner of a like, similar, or different name;8\n\nPrescribing or dispensing any controlled substance with intent or knowledge that it will be used otherwise than medicinally, or for accepted therapeutic purposes, or with intent to evade any law with respect to the sale, use, or disposition of such drug;9\n\nViolating provisions of this chapter on division of fees or practicing any branch of the healing arts in violation of the provisions of this chapter;10\n\nKnowingly and willfully committing an act that is a felony under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United States, or any act that is a misdemeanor under such laws and involves moral turpitude;11\n\nAiding or abetting, having professional connection with, or lending his name to any person known to him to be practicing illegally any of the healing arts;12\n\nConducting his practice in a manner contrary to the standards of ethics of his branch of the healing arts;13\n\nConducting his practice in such a manner as to be a danger to the health and welfare of his patients or to the public;14\n\nInability to practice with reasonable skill or safety because of illness or substance abuse;15\n\nPublishing in any manner an advertisement relating to his professional practice that contains a claim of superiority or violates Board regulations governing advertising;16\n\nPerforming any act likely to deceive, defraud, or harm the public;17\n\nViolating any provision of statute or regulation, state or federal, relating to the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, or administration of drugs;18\n\nViolating or cooperating with others in violating any of the provisions of Chapters 1 (&#xA7; 54.1-100 et seq.), 24 (&#xA7; 54.1-2400 et seq.) and this chapter or regulations of the Board;19\n\nEngaging in sexual contact with a patient concurrent with and by virtue of the practitioner and patient relationship or otherwise engaging at any time during the course of the practitioner and patient relationship in conduct of a sexual nature that a reasonable patient would consider lewd and offensive;20\n\nConviction in any state, territory, or country of any felony or of any crime involving moral turpitude;21\n\nAdjudication of legal incompetence or incapacity in any state if such adjudication is in effect and the person has not been declared restored to competence or capacity;22\n\nPerforming the services of a medical examiner as defined in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.5 if, at the time such services are performed, the person performing such services is not listed on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.109 or fails to meet the requirements for continuing to be listed on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.111;23\n\nFailing or refusing to complete and file electronically using the Electronic Death Registration System any medical certification in accordance with the requirements of subsection C of &#xA7; 32.1-263. However, failure to complete and file a medical certification electronically using the Electronic Death Registration System in accordance with the requirements of subsection C of &#xA7; 32.1-263 shall not constitute unprofessional conduct if such failure was the result of a temporary technological or electrical failure or other temporary extenuating circumstance that prevented the electronic completion and filing of the medical certification using the Electronic Death Registration System; or24\n\nEngaging in a pattern of violations of &#xA7; 38.2-3445.01.B\n\nThe commission or conviction of an offense in another state, territory, or country, which if committed in Virginia would be a felony, shall be treated as a felony conviction or commission under this section regardless of its designation in the other state, territory, or country.C\n\nThe Board shall refuse to issue a certificate or license to any applicant if the candidate or applicant has had his certificate or license to practice a branch of the healing arts revoked or suspended, and has not had his certificate or license to so practice reinstated, in another state, the District of Columbia, a United States possession or territory, or a foreign jurisdiction.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":288099,"text":"The Board may refuse to issue a certificate or license to any applicant; reprimand any person; place any person on probation for such time as it may designate; impose a monetary penalty or terms as it may designate on any person; suspend any license for a stated period of time or indefinitely; or revoke any license for any of the following acts of unprofessional conduct:","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"A1"},"1":{"id":288100,"text":"False statements or representations or fraud or deceit in obtaining admission to the practice, or fraud or deceit in the practice of any branch of the healing arts;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"A1","prefix_anchor":"A1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"A2"},"2":{"id":288101,"text":"Substance abuse rendering him unfit for the performance of his professional obligations and duties;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"A2","prefix_anchor":"A2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A1","next_prefix":"A3"},"3":{"id":288102,"text":"Intentional or negligent conduct in the practice of any branch of the healing arts that causes or is likely to cause injury to a patient or patients;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"A3","prefix_anchor":"A3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A2","next_prefix":"A4"},"4":{"id":288103,"text":"Mental or physical incapacity or incompetence to practice his profession with safety to his patients and the public;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"A4","prefix_anchor":"A4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A3","next_prefix":"A5"},"5":{"id":288104,"text":"Restriction of a license to practice a branch of the healing arts in another state, the District of Columbia, a United States possession or territory, or a foreign jurisdiction, or for an entity of the federal government;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"A5","prefix_anchor":"A5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A4","next_prefix":"A6"},"6":{"id":288105,"text":"Undertaking in any manner or by any means whatsoever to procure or perform or aid or abet in procuring or performing a criminal abortion;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"A6","prefix_anchor":"A6","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A5","next_prefix":"A7"},"7":{"id":288106,"text":"Engaging in the practice of any of the healing arts under a false or assumed name, or impersonating another practitioner of a like, similar, or different name;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","7"],"prefix":"7","entire_prefix":"A7","prefix_anchor":"A7","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A6","next_prefix":"A8"},"8":{"id":288107,"text":"Prescribing or dispensing any controlled substance with intent or knowledge that it will be used otherwise than medicinally, or for accepted therapeutic purposes, or with intent to evade any law with respect to the sale, use, or disposition of such drug;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","8"],"prefix":"8","entire_prefix":"A8","prefix_anchor":"A8","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A7","next_prefix":"A9"},"9":{"id":288108,"text":"Violating provisions of this chapter on division of fees or practicing any branch of the healing arts in violation of the provisions of this chapter;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","9"],"prefix":"9","entire_prefix":"A9","prefix_anchor":"A9","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A8","next_prefix":"A10"},"10":{"id":288109,"text":"Knowingly and willfully committing an act that is a felony under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United States, or any act that is a misdemeanor under such laws and involves moral turpitude;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","10"],"prefix":"10","entire_prefix":"A10","prefix_anchor":"A10","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A9","next_prefix":"A11"},"11":{"id":288110,"text":"Aiding or abetting, having professional connection with, or lending his name to any person known to him to be practicing illegally any of the healing arts;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","11"],"prefix":"11","entire_prefix":"A11","prefix_anchor":"A11","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A10","next_prefix":"A12"},"12":{"id":288111,"text":"Conducting his practice in a manner contrary to the standards of ethics of his branch of the healing arts;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","12"],"prefix":"12","entire_prefix":"A12","prefix_anchor":"A12","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A11","next_prefix":"A13"},"13":{"id":288112,"text":"Conducting his practice in such a manner as to be a danger to the health and welfare of his patients or to the public;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","13"],"prefix":"13","entire_prefix":"A13","prefix_anchor":"A13","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A12","next_prefix":"A14"},"14":{"id":288113,"text":"Inability to practice with reasonable skill or safety because of illness or substance abuse;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","14"],"prefix":"14","entire_prefix":"A14","prefix_anchor":"A14","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A13","next_prefix":"A15"},"15":{"id":288114,"text":"Publishing in any manner an advertisement relating to his professional practice that contains a claim of superiority or violates Board regulations governing advertising;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","15"],"prefix":"15","entire_prefix":"A15","prefix_anchor":"A15","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A14","next_prefix":"A16"},"16":{"id":288115,"text":"Performing any act likely to deceive, defraud, or harm the public;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","16"],"prefix":"16","entire_prefix":"A16","prefix_anchor":"A16","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A15","next_prefix":"A17"},"17":{"id":288116,"text":"Violating any provision of statute or regulation, state or federal, relating to the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, or administration of drugs;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","17"],"prefix":"17","entire_prefix":"A17","prefix_anchor":"A17","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A16","next_prefix":"A18"},"18":{"id":288117,"text":"Violating or cooperating with others in violating any of the provisions of Chapters 1 (&#xA7; 54.1-100 et seq.), 24 (&#xA7; 54.1-2400 et seq.) and this chapter or regulations of the Board;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","18"],"prefix":"18","entire_prefix":"A18","prefix_anchor":"A18","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A17","next_prefix":"A19"},"19":{"id":288118,"text":"Engaging in sexual contact with a patient concurrent with and by virtue of the practitioner and patient relationship or otherwise engaging at any time during the course of the practitioner and patient relationship in conduct of a sexual nature that a reasonable patient would consider lewd and offensive;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","19"],"prefix":"19","entire_prefix":"A19","prefix_anchor":"A19","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A18","next_prefix":"A20"},"20":{"id":288119,"text":"Conviction in any state, territory, or country of any felony or of any crime involving moral turpitude;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","20"],"prefix":"20","entire_prefix":"A20","prefix_anchor":"A20","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A19","next_prefix":"A21"},"21":{"id":288120,"text":"Adjudication of legal incompetence or incapacity in any state if such adjudication is in effect and the person has not been declared restored to competence or capacity;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","21"],"prefix":"21","entire_prefix":"A21","prefix_anchor":"A21","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A20","next_prefix":"A22"},"22":{"id":288121,"text":"Performing the services of a medical examiner as defined in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.5 if, at the time such services are performed, the person performing such services is not listed on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.109 or fails to meet the requirements for continuing to be listed on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.111;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","22"],"prefix":"22","entire_prefix":"A22","prefix_anchor":"A22","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A21","next_prefix":"A23"},"23":{"id":288122,"text":"Failing or refusing to complete and file electronically using the Electronic Death Registration System any medical certification in accordance with the requirements of subsection C of &#xA7; 32.1-263. However, failure to complete and file a medical certification electronically using the Electronic Death Registration System in accordance with the requirements of subsection C of &#xA7; 32.1-263 shall not constitute unprofessional conduct if such failure was the result of a temporary technological or electrical failure or other temporary extenuating circumstance that prevented the electronic completion and filing of the medical certification using the Electronic Death Registration System; or","type":"section","prefixes":["A","23"],"prefix":"23","entire_prefix":"A23","prefix_anchor":"A23","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A22","next_prefix":"A24"},"24":{"id":288123,"text":"Engaging in a pattern of violations of &#xA7; 38.2-3445.01.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","24"],"prefix":"24","entire_prefix":"A24","prefix_anchor":"A24","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A23","next_prefix":"B"},"25":{"id":288124,"text":"The commission or conviction of an offense in another state, territory, or country, which if committed in Virginia would be a felony, shall be treated as a felony conviction or commission under this section regardless of its designation in the other state, territory, or country.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A24","next_prefix":"C"},"26":{"id":288125,"text":"The Board shall refuse to issue a certificate or license to any applicant if the candidate or applicant has had his certificate or license to practice a branch of the healing arts revoked or suspended, and has not had his certificate or license to so practice reinstated, in another state, the District of Columbia, a United States possession or territory, or a foreign jurisdiction.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B"}},"ancestry":[{"id":15945,"edition_id":1,"name":"Board of Medicine","identifier":"2","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12759,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 04:02:27","date_modified":"2026-06-26 04:02:27","permalink":{"id":242015,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15945,"identifier":"2","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12759,"edition_id":1,"name":"Medicine and Other Healing Arts","identifier":"29","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12758,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241933,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12759,"identifier":"29","token":"54.1\/III\/29","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12758,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations Regulated by Boards Within the Department of Health Professions","identifier":"III","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12754,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241105,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12758,"identifier":"III","token":"54.1\/III","url":"\/54.1\/III\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12754,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations","identifier":"54.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":239313,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12754,"identifier":"54.1","token":"54.1","url":"\/54.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":84959,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2911","catch_line":"Board; membership; terms of office; change of residence; executive director; etc","url":"\/54.1-2911\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2911","metadata":false},{"id":84827,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2912","catch_line":"Nominations","url":"\/54.1-2912\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2912","metadata":false},{"id":80842,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2912.1","catch_line":"Continued competency and office-based anesthesia requirements","url":"\/54.1-2912.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2912.1","metadata":false},{"id":76512,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2912.2","catch_line":"Board may endorse certain document","url":"\/54.1-2912.2\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2912.2","metadata":false},{"id":81436,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2912.3","catch_line":"Competency assessments of certain practitioners","url":"\/54.1-2912.3\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2912.3","metadata":false},{"id":70956,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2912.4","catch_line":"Board to post autism information","url":"\/54.1-2912.4\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2912.4","metadata":false},{"id":73769,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2912.5","catch_line":"Standard of care pertaining to prenatal and postnatal and other depression; Communication of information","url":"\/54.1-2912.5\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2912.5","metadata":false},{"id":73565,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2913","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2913\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2913","metadata":false},{"id":63542,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2913.1","catch_line":"Acceptance of other examinations","url":"\/54.1-2913.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2913.1","metadata":false},{"id":70411,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2914","catch_line":"Sale of controlled substances and medical devices or appliances; requirements for vision care services","url":"\/54.1-2914\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2914","metadata":false},{"id":80430,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2915","catch_line":"Unprofessional conduct; grounds for refusal or disciplinary action","url":"\/54.1-2915\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2915","metadata":false},{"id":62035,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2916","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2916\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2916","metadata":false},{"id":72288,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2917","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2917\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2917","metadata":false},{"id":65537,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2918","catch_line":"Suspension or revocation for violation of facility licensing laws","url":"\/54.1-2918\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2918","metadata":false},{"id":83965,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2919","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2919\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2919","metadata":false},{"id":74481,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2920","catch_line":"Notice and opportunity to be heard required before suspension or revocation of license; allegations to be in writing; practice pending appeal; notice to patients","url":"\/54.1-2920\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2920","metadata":false},{"id":82905,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2921","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2921\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2921","metadata":false},{"id":73523,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2922","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2922\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2922","metadata":false},{"id":77073,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2923.1","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2923.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2923.1","metadata":false},{"id":87485,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2924","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2924\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2924","metadata":false},{"id":65860,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2924.1","catch_line":"Expired","url":"\/54.1-2924.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2924.1","metadata":false},{"id":66883,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2925","catch_line":"Use of experts in disciplinary proceedings","url":"\/54.1-2925\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2925","metadata":false},{"id":62965,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2926","catch_line":"Powers of Board with respect to practitioners licensed to practice pharmacy","url":"\/54.1-2926\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2926","metadata":false},{"id":67353,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2927","catch_line":"Applicants from other states without reciprocity; temporary licenses or certificates for certain practitioners of the healing arts","url":"\/54.1-2927\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2927","metadata":false},{"id":85302,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2928","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2928\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2928","metadata":false},{"id":67409,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2928.1","catch_line":"Restricted volunteer license","url":"\/54.1-2928.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2928.1","metadata":false},{"id":84522,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2928.2","catch_line":"Board to adopt regulations related to prescribing of opioids and buprenorphine","url":"\/54.1-2928.2\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2928.2","metadata":false},{"id":86062,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2928.3","catch_line":"Continuing learning activities","url":"\/54.1-2928.3\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2928.3","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":70411,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2914","catch_line":"Sale of controlled substances and medical devices or appliances; requirements for vision care services","url":"\/54.1-2914\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2914","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":62035,"structure_id":15945,"section_number":"54.1-2916","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2916\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2916","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/54.1-2915\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 22 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1954, chapter 627; in 1958, chapters 161 and 461; in 1966, chapters 166 and 657; in 1968, chapter 582; in 1970, chapter 69; in 1973, chapter 529; in 1975, chapter 508; in 1978, chapter 622; in 1979, chapter 727; in 1980, chapter 157; in 1985, chapter 96; in 1986, chapters 86 and 434; in 1988, chapter 765; in 1993, chapter 991; in 1997, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?971+ful+CHAP0801\">801<\/a>; in 2003, chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?031+ful+CHAP0753\">753<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?031+ful+CHAP0762\">762<\/a>; in 2004, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?041+ful+CHAP0064\">64<\/a>; in 2005, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0163\">163<\/a>; in 2013, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?131+ful+CHAP0144\">144<\/a>; in 2017, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?171+ful+CHAP0171\">171<\/a>; in 2019, chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?191+ful+CHAP0213\">213<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?191+ful+CHAP0224\">224<\/a>; in 2020, chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?201+ful+CHAP1080\">1080<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?201+ful+CHAP1081\">1081<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":75296,"section_number":"54.1-2408.2","catch_line":"Minimum period for reinstatement after revocation","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2408.2\/"},{"id":78179,"section_number":"54.1-2953","catch_line":"Renewal, revocation, suspension, and refusal","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2953\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":68053,"section_number":"32.1-263","catch_line":"Filing death certificates; medical certification; investigation by Office of the Chief Medical Examiner","order_by":null,"url":"\/32.1-263\/"},{"id":66147,"section_number":"54.1-100","catch_line":"Regulations of professions and occupations","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-100\/"},{"id":65440,"section_number":"54.1-2400","catch_line":"General powers and duties of health regulatory boards","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2400\/"}],"permalink":{"id":242057,"object_type":"law","relational_id":80430,"identifier":"54.1-2915","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2915","url":"\/54.1-2915\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/54.1-2915\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/2\/54.1-2915","dublin_core":{"Title":"Unprofessional conduct; grounds for refusal or disciplinary action","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 54.1-2915","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> The <span class=\"dictionary\">Board<\/span> may refuse to <span class=\"dictionary\">issue<\/span> a certificate or license to any applicant; reprimand any person; place any person on <span class=\"dictionary\">probation<\/span> for such time as it may designate; impose a monetary <span class=\"dictionary\">penalty<\/span> or terms as it may designate on any person; suspend any license for a stated period of time or indefinitely; or revoke any license for any of the following acts of unprofessional conduct: <a id=\"paragraph-288099\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A1\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">1.<\/span> False statements or representations or <span class=\"dictionary\">fraud<\/span> or deceit in obtaining admission to the practice, or <span class=\"dictionary\">fraud<\/span> or deceit in the practice of any branch of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-288100\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A1\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A2\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">2.<\/span> Substance abuse rendering him unfit for the performance of his professional obligations and duties; <a id=\"paragraph-288101\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A2\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A3\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">3.<\/span> Intentional or negligent conduct in the practice of any branch of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span> that causes or is likely to cause injury to a patient or patients; <a id=\"paragraph-288102\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A3\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A4\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">4.<\/span> Mental or physical incapacity or incompetence to practice his profession with safety to his patients and the public; <a id=\"paragraph-288103\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A4\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A5\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">5.<\/span> Restriction of a license to practice a branch of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span> in another state, the District of Columbia, a United States <span class=\"dictionary\">possession<\/span> or territory, or a foreign <span class=\"dictionary\">jurisdiction<\/span>, or for an entity of the federal government; <a id=\"paragraph-288104\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A5\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A6\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">6.<\/span> Undertaking in any manner or by any means whatsoever to procure or perform or aid or abet in procuring or performing a criminal abortion; <a id=\"paragraph-288105\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A6\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A7\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">7.<\/span> Engaging in the practice of any of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span> under a false or assumed name, or impersonating another practitioner of a like, similar, or different name; <a id=\"paragraph-288106\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A7\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A8\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">8.<\/span> Prescribing or dispensing any controlled substance with <span class=\"dictionary\">intent<\/span> or knowledge that it will be used otherwise than medicinally, or for accepted therapeutic purposes, or with <span class=\"dictionary\">intent<\/span> to evade any <span class=\"dictionary\">law<\/span> with respect to the sale, use, or <span class=\"dictionary\">disposition<\/span> of such drug; <a id=\"paragraph-288107\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A8\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A9\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">9.<\/span> Violating provisions of this chapter on division of fees or practicing any branch of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span> in violation of the provisions of this chapter; <a id=\"paragraph-288108\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A9\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A10\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">10.<\/span> Knowingly and willfully committing an act that is a <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span> under the <span class=\"dictionary\">laws<\/span> of the Commonwealth or the United States, or any act that is a <span class=\"dictionary\">misdemeanor<\/span> under such <span class=\"dictionary\">laws<\/span> and involves <span class=\"dictionary\">moral turpitude<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-288109\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A10\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A11\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">11.<\/span> Aiding or abetting, having professional connection with, or lending his name to any person known to him to be practicing illegally any of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-288110\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A11\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A12\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">12.<\/span> Conducting his practice in a manner contrary to the standards of ethics of his branch of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-288111\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A12\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A13\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">13.<\/span> Conducting his practice in such a manner as to be a danger to the health and welfare of his patients or to the public; <a id=\"paragraph-288112\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A13\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A14\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">14.<\/span> Inability to practice with reasonable skill or safety because of illness or substance abuse; <a id=\"paragraph-288113\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A14\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A15\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">15.<\/span> Publishing in any manner an advertisement relating to his professional practice that contains a claim of superiority or violates <span class=\"dictionary\">Board<\/span> regulations governing advertising; <a id=\"paragraph-288114\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A15\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A16\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">16.<\/span> Performing any act likely to deceive, defraud, or harm the public; <a id=\"paragraph-288115\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A16\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A17\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">17.<\/span> Violating any provision of <span class=\"dictionary\">statute<\/span> or regulation, state or federal, relating to the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, or administration of drugs; <a id=\"paragraph-288116\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A17\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A18\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">18.<\/span> Violating or cooperating with others in violating any of the provisions of Chapters 1 (&#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Regulations of professions and occupations\" href=\"\/54.1-100\/\">54.1-100<\/a> et seq.), 24 (&#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"General powers and duties of health regulatory boards\" href=\"\/54.1-2400\/\">54.1-2400<\/a> et seq.) and this chapter or regulations of the <span class=\"dictionary\">Board<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-288117\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A18\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A19\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">19.<\/span> Engaging in sexual contact with a patient concurrent with and by virtue of the practitioner and patient relationship or otherwise engaging at any time during the course of the practitioner and patient relationship in conduct of a sexual nature that a reasonable patient would consider lewd and offensive; <a id=\"paragraph-288118\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A19\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A20\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">20.<\/span> <span class=\"dictionary\">Conviction<\/span> in any state, territory, or country of any <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span> or of any <span class=\"dictionary\">crime<\/span> involving <span class=\"dictionary\">moral turpitude<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-288119\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A20\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A21\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">21.<\/span> Adjudication of legal incompetence or incapacity in any state if such adjudication is in effect and the person has not been declared restored to competence or capacity; <a id=\"paragraph-288120\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A21\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A22\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">22.<\/span> Performing the services of a medical examiner as defined in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.5 if, at the time such services are performed, the person performing such services is not listed on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.109 or fails to meet the requirements for continuing to be listed on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.111; <a id=\"paragraph-288121\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A22\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A23\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">23.<\/span> Failing or refusing to complete and file electronically using the Electronic Death Registration System any medical certification in accordance with the requirements of subsection C of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Filing death certificates; medical certification; investigation by Office of the Chief Medical Examiner\" href=\"\/32.1-263\/\">32.1-263<\/a>. However, failure to complete and file a medical certification electronically using the Electronic Death Registration System in accordance with the requirements of subsection C of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Filing death certificates; medical certification; investigation by Office of the Chief Medical Examiner\" href=\"\/32.1-263\/\">32.1-263<\/a> shall not constitute unprofessional conduct if such failure was the result of a temporary technological or electrical failure or other temporary extenuating circumstance that prevented the electronic completion and filing of the medical certification using the Electronic Death Registration System; or <a id=\"paragraph-288122\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A23\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A24\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">24.<\/span> Engaging in a pattern of violations of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Balance billing for certain services; prohibited\" href=\"\/38.2-3445.01\/\">38.2-3445.01<\/a>. <a id=\"paragraph-288123\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#A24\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> The commission or <span class=\"dictionary\">conviction<\/span> of an <span class=\"dictionary\">offense<\/span> in another state, territory, or country, which if committed in Virginia would be a <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span>, shall be treated as a <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span> <span class=\"dictionary\">conviction<\/span> or commission under this section regardless of its designation in the other state, territory, or country. <a id=\"paragraph-288124\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> The <span class=\"dictionary\">Board<\/span> shall refuse to <span class=\"dictionary\">issue<\/span> a certificate or license to any applicant if the candidate or applicant has had his certificate or license to practice a branch of the <span class=\"dictionary\">healing arts<\/span> revoked or suspended, and has not had his certificate or license to so practice reinstated, in another state, the District of Columbia, a United States <span class=\"dictionary\">possession<\/span> or territory, or a foreign <span class=\"dictionary\">jurisdiction<\/span>. <a id=\"paragraph-288125\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/54.1-2915\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nUNPROFESSIONAL CONDUCT; GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL OR DISCIPLINARY ACTION (\u00a7\n54.1-2915)\n\nA. The Board may refuse to issue a certificate or license to any applicant;\nreprimand any person; place any person on probation for such time as it may\ndesignate; impose a monetary penalty or terms as it may designate on any person;\nsuspend any license for a stated period of time or indefinitely; or revoke any\nlicense for any of the following acts of unprofessional conduct:\n\n   1. False statements or representations or fraud or deceit in obtaining\n   admission to the practice, or fraud or deceit in the practice of any branch of\n   the healing arts;\n\n   2. Substance abuse rendering him unfit for the performance of his professional\n   obligations and duties;\n\n   3. Intentional or negligent conduct in the practice of any branch of the\n   healing arts that causes or is likely to cause injury to a patient or\n   patients;\n\n   4. Mental or physical incapacity or incompetence to practice his profession\n   with safety to his patients and the public;\n\n   5. Restriction of a license to practice a branch of the healing arts in\n   another state, the District of Columbia, a United States possession or\n   territory, or a foreign jurisdiction, or for an entity of the federal\n   government;\n\n   6. Undertaking in any manner or by any means whatsoever to procure or perform\n   or aid or abet in procuring or performing a criminal abortion;\n\n   7. Engaging in the practice of any of the healing arts under a false or\n   assumed name, or impersonating another practitioner of a like, similar, or\n   different name;\n\n   8. Prescribing or dispensing any controlled substance with intent or knowledge\n   that it will be used otherwise than medicinally, or for accepted therapeutic\n   purposes, or with intent to evade any law with respect to the sale, use, or\n   disposition of such drug;\n\n   9. Violating provisions of this chapter on division of fees or practicing any\n   branch of the healing arts in violation of the provisions of this chapter;\n\n   10. Knowingly and willfully committing an act that is a felony under the laws\n   of the Commonwealth or the United States, or any act that is a misdemeanor\n   under such laws and involves moral turpitude;\n\n   11. Aiding or abetting, having professional connection with, or lending his\n   name to any person known to him to be practicing illegally any of the healing\n   arts;\n\n   12. Conducting his practice in a manner contrary to the standards of ethics of\n   his branch of the healing arts;\n\n   13. Conducting his practice in such a manner as to be a danger to the health\n   and welfare of his patients or to the public;\n\n   14. Inability to practice with reasonable skill or safety because of illness\n   or substance abuse;\n\n   15. Publishing in any manner an advertisement relating to his professional\n   practice that contains a claim of superiority or violates Board regulations\n   governing advertising;\n\n   16. Performing any act likely to deceive, defraud, or harm the public;\n\n   17. Violating any provision of statute or regulation, state or federal,\n   relating to the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, or administration of\n   drugs;\n\n   18. Violating or cooperating with others in violating any of the provisions of\n   Chapters 1 (&#xA7; 54.1-100 et seq.), 24 (&#xA7; 54.1-2400 et seq.) and this\n   chapter or regulations of the Board;\n\n   19. Engaging in sexual contact with a patient concurrent with and by virtue of\n   the practitioner and patient relationship or otherwise engaging at any time\n   during the course of the practitioner and patient relationship in conduct of a\n   sexual nature that a reasonable patient would consider lewd and offensive;\n\n   20. Conviction in any state, territory, or country of any felony or of any\n   crime involving moral turpitude;\n\n   21. Adjudication of legal incompetence or incapacity in any state if such\n   adjudication is in effect and the person has not been declared restored to\n   competence or capacity;\n\n   22. Performing the services of a medical examiner as defined in 49 C.F.R.\n   &#xA7; 390.5 if, at the time such services are performed, the person\n   performing such services is not listed on the National Registry of Certified\n   Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.109 or fails to meet the\n   requirements for continuing to be listed on the National Registry of Certified\n   Medical Examiners as provided in 49 C.F.R. &#xA7; 390.111;\n\n   23. Failing or refusing to complete and file electronically using the\n   Electronic Death Registration System any medical certification in accordance\n   with the requirements of subsection C of &#xA7; 32.1-263. However, failure to\n   complete and file a medical certification electronically using the Electronic\n   Death Registration System in accordance with the requirements of subsection C\n   of &#xA7; 32.1-263 shall not constitute unprofessional conduct if such failure\n   was the result of a temporary technological or electrical failure or other\n   temporary extenuating circumstance that prevented the electronic completion\n   and filing of the medical certification using the Electronic Death\n   Registration System; or\n\n   24. Engaging in a pattern of violations of &#xA7; 38.2-3445.01.\n\nB. The commission or conviction of an offense in another state, territory, or\ncountry, which if committed in Virginia would be a felony, shall be treated as a\nfelony conviction or commission under this section regardless of its designation\nin the other state, territory, or country.\n\nC. The Board shall refuse to issue a certificate or license to any applicant if\nthe candidate or applicant has had his certificate or license to practice a\nbranch of the healing arts revoked or suspended, and has not had his certificate\nor license to so practice reinstated, in another state, the District of\nColumbia, a United States possession or territory, or a foreign jurisdiction.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 54-316, 54-317; 1954, c. 627; 1958, cc. 161, 461; 1966,\ncc. 166, 657; 1968, c. 582; 1970, c. 69; 1973, c. 529; 1975, c. 508; 1978, c.\n622; 1979, c. 727; 1980, c. 157; 1985, c. 96; 1986, cc. 86, 434; 1988, c. 765;\n1993, c. 991; 1997, c. 801; 2003, cc. 753, 762; 2004, c. 64; 2005, c. 163; 2013,\nc. 144; 2017, c. 171; 2019, cc. 213, 224; 2020, cc. 1080, 1081.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}