{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/54.1-2952.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/54.1-2952.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/54.1-2952.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/54.1-2952.html"}],"law_id":77494,"edition_id":1,"section_id":77494,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2952","catch_line":"Role of patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist on patient care teams; services that may be performed by physician assistants; responsibility of licensee; employment of physician assistants","history":"1973, c. 529, \u00a7\u00a7 54-281.4, 54-281.5; 1975, cc. 508, 565; 1985, c. 316; 1988, c. 765; 1992, c. 793; 1996, c. 779; 2000, cc. 467, 497; 2002, c. 387; 2005, c. 662; 2008, c. 281; 2012, c. 81; 2014, c. 89; 2015, c. 107; 2016, c. 450; 2019, cc. 92, 137; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 210; 2022, c. 151; 2024, c. 116.","full_text":"A\n\nA patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist licensed under this chapter may serve on a patient care team with physician assistants and shall provide collaboration and consultation to such physician assistants. No patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist shall be allowed to collaborate or consult with more than six physician assistants on a patient care team at any one time.\n\t\t\tService as part of a patient care team by a patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist shall not, by the existence of such service alone, establish or create vicarious liability for the actions or inactions of other team members.B\n\nPhysician assistants may practice medicine to the extent and in the manner authorized by the Board. A patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist shall be available at all times to collaborate and consult with physician assistants. Each patient care team shall identify the relevant physician assistant’s scope of practice and an evaluation process for the physician assistant’s performance.C\n\nPhysician assistants appointed as medical examiners pursuant to § 32.1-282 may practice without a written or electronic practice agreement.D\n\nAny professional corporation or partnership of any licensee, any hospital and any commercial enterprise having medical facilities for its employees that are supervised by one or more physicians or podiatrists may employ one or more physician assistants in accordance with the provisions of this section.\n\t\t\tActivities shall be performed in a manner consistent with sound medical practice and the protection of the health and safety of the patient. Such activities shall be set forth in a practice agreement or by the credentialing and privileging practice arrangement requirements of a facility described in subsection E of § 54.1-2951.1 and may include health care services that are educational, diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive, including establishing a diagnosis, providing treatment, and performing procedures. Prescribing or dispensing of drugs may be permitted as provided in § 54.1-2952.1. In addition, a physician assistant may perform initial and ongoing evaluation and treatment of any patient in a hospital, including its emergency department, in accordance with the practice agreement or the credentialing and privileging practice arrangement requirements of a facility described in subsection E of § 54.1-2951.1, including tasks performed, relating to the provision of medical care in an emergency department.\n\t\t\tA patient care team physician or the on-duty emergency department physician shall be available at all times for collaboration and consultation with both the physician assistant and the emergency department physician. No person shall have responsibility for any physician assistant who is not employed by the person or the person’s business entity.E\n\nNo physician assistant shall perform any acts beyond those set forth in the practice agreement or authorized as part of the patient care team. No physician assistant practicing in a hospital shall render care to a patient unless the physician responsible for that patient is available for collaboration or consultation, pursuant to regulations of the Board.F\n\nNotwithstanding the provisions of § 54.1-2956.8:1, a licensed physician assistant who (i) is working in the field of radiology or orthopedics as part of a patient care team, (ii) has been trained in the proper use of equipment for the purpose of performing radiologic technology procedures consistent with Board regulations, and (iii) has successfully completed the exam administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists for physician assistants for the purpose of performing radiologic technology procedures may use fluoroscopy for guidance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":277992,"text":"A patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist licensed under this chapter may serve on a patient care team with physician assistants and shall provide collaboration and consultation to such physician assistants. No patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist shall be allowed to collaborate or consult with more than six physician assistants on a patient care team at any one time.\n\t\t\tService as part of a patient care team by a patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist shall not, by the existence of such service alone, establish or create vicarious liability for the actions or inactions of other team members.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":277993,"text":"Physician assistants may practice medicine to the extent and in the manner authorized by the Board. A patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist shall be available at all times to collaborate and consult with physician assistants. Each patient care team shall identify the relevant physician assistant’s scope of practice and an evaluation process for the physician assistant’s performance.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":277994,"text":"Physician assistants appointed as medical examiners pursuant to § 32.1-282 may practice without a written or electronic practice agreement.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":277995,"text":"Any professional corporation or partnership of any licensee, any hospital and any commercial enterprise having medical facilities for its employees that are supervised by one or more physicians or podiatrists may employ one or more physician assistants in accordance with the provisions of this section.\n\t\t\tActivities shall be performed in a manner consistent with sound medical practice and the protection of the health and safety of the patient. Such activities shall be set forth in a practice agreement or by the credentialing and privileging practice arrangement requirements of a facility described in subsection E of § 54.1-2951.1 and may include health care services that are educational, diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive, including establishing a diagnosis, providing treatment, and performing procedures. Prescribing or dispensing of drugs may be permitted as provided in § 54.1-2952.1. In addition, a physician assistant may perform initial and ongoing evaluation and treatment of any patient in a hospital, including its emergency department, in accordance with the practice agreement or the credentialing and privileging practice arrangement requirements of a facility described in subsection E of § 54.1-2951.1, including tasks performed, relating to the provision of medical care in an emergency department.\n\t\t\tA patient care team physician or the on-duty emergency department physician shall be available at all times for collaboration and consultation with both the physician assistant and the emergency department physician. No person shall have responsibility for any physician assistant who is not employed by the person or the person’s business entity.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"4":{"id":277996,"text":"No physician assistant shall perform any acts beyond those set forth in the practice agreement or authorized as part of the patient care team. No physician assistant practicing in a hospital shall render care to a patient unless the physician responsible for that patient is available for collaboration or consultation, pursuant to regulations of the Board.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"5":{"id":277997,"text":"Notwithstanding the provisions of § 54.1-2956.8:1, a licensed physician assistant who (i) is working in the field of radiology or orthopedics as part of a patient care team, (ii) has been trained in the proper use of equipment for the purpose of performing radiologic technology procedures consistent with Board regulations, and (iii) has successfully completed the exam administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists for physician assistants for the purpose of performing radiologic technology procedures may use fluoroscopy for guidance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14243,"edition_id":1,"name":"Licensure and Certification of Other Practitioners of the Healing Arts","identifier":"4","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12759,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:26","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:26","permalink":{"id":242191,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14243,"identifier":"4","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/4\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12759,"edition_id":1,"name":"Medicine and Other Healing Arts","identifier":"29","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12758,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241933,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12759,"identifier":"29","token":"54.1\/III\/29","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12758,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations Regulated by Boards Within the Department of Health Professions","identifier":"III","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12754,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241105,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12758,"identifier":"III","token":"54.1\/III","url":"\/54.1\/III\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12754,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations","identifier":"54.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":239313,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12754,"identifier":"54.1","token":"54.1","url":"\/54.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":83532,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2942","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2942\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2942","metadata":false},{"id":78472,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2949","catch_line":"License required","url":"\/54.1-2949\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2949","metadata":false},{"id":81411,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2950","catch_line":"Requisite training and educational achievements of assistants","url":"\/54.1-2950\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2950","metadata":false},{"id":64376,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2950.1","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Physician Assistants; membership; qualifications","url":"\/54.1-2950.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2950.1","metadata":false},{"id":81540,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2951\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951","metadata":false},{"id":56449,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.1","catch_line":"Requirements for licensure and practice as a physician assistant; licensure by endorsement","url":"\/54.1-2951.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.1","metadata":false},{"id":85870,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.2","catch_line":"Issuance of a license","url":"\/54.1-2951.2\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.2","metadata":false},{"id":65581,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.3","catch_line":"Restricted volunteer license for certain physician assistants","url":"\/54.1-2951.3\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.3","metadata":false},{"id":70303,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.4","catch_line":"Exception to physician assistant license requirement; 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requisite training and educational requirements; powers of the Board concerning athletic training","url":"\/54.1-2957.4\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.4","metadata":false},{"id":74771,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.5","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Athletic Training established; duties; composition; appointment; terms","url":"\/54.1-2957.5\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.5","metadata":false},{"id":74486,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.6","catch_line":"Exceptions to athletic trainer licensure","url":"\/54.1-2957.6\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.6","metadata":false},{"id":58401,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.7","catch_line":"Licensed midwife and practice of midwifery; definitions","url":"\/54.1-2957.7\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.7","metadata":false},{"id":56270,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.8","catch_line":"Licensure of midwives; requisite training and educational requirements; fees","url":"\/54.1-2957.8\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.8","metadata":false},{"id":65541,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.9","catch_line":"Regulation of the practice of midwifery","url":"\/54.1-2957.9\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":70303,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.4","catch_line":"Exception to physician assistant license requirement; physician assistant student","url":"\/54.1-2951.4\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.4","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":70057,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2952.1","catch_line":"Prescription of certain controlled substances and devices by licensed physician assistants","url":"\/54.1-2952.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2952.1","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/54.1-2952\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1973. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 529 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1973 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 16 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1975, chapters 508 and 565; in 1985, chapter 316; in 1988, chapter 765; in 1992, chapter 793; in 1996, chapter 779<\/a>; in 2000, chapters 467<\/a> and 497<\/a>; in 2002, chapter 387<\/a>; in 2005, chapter 662<\/a>; in 2008, chapter 281<\/a>; in 2012, chapter 81<\/a>; in 2014, chapter 89<\/a>; in 2015, chapter 107<\/a>; in 2016, chapter 450<\/a>; in 2019, chapters 92<\/a> and 137<\/a>; in 2022, chapter 151<\/a>; in 2024, chapter 116<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":65973,"section_number":"32.1-282","catch_line":"Medical examiners","order_by":null,"url":"\/32.1-282\/"},{"id":56449,"section_number":"54.1-2951.1","catch_line":"Requirements for licensure and practice as a physician assistant; licensure by endorsement","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2951.1\/"},{"id":74475,"section_number":"54.1-2973.1","catch_line":"Practice of laser hair removal","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2973.1\/"},{"id":62896,"section_number":"8.01-401.2","catch_line":"Chiropractor, physician assistant, advanced practice registered nurse, or optometrist as expert witness","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.01-401.2\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":65973,"section_number":"32.1-282","catch_line":"Medical examiners","order_by":null,"url":"\/32.1-282\/"},{"id":56449,"section_number":"54.1-2951.1","catch_line":"Requirements for licensure and practice as a physician assistant; licensure by endorsement","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2951.1\/"},{"id":70057,"section_number":"54.1-2952.1","catch_line":"Prescription of certain controlled substances and devices by licensed physician assistants","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2952.1\/"},{"id":68529,"section_number":"54.1-2956.8:1","catch_line":"Unlawful to practice radiologic technology without license; unlawful designation as a radiologist assistant, radiologic technologist, or radiologic technologist, limited; Board to regulate radiologist assistants and radiologic technologists","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2956.8_1\/"}],"permalink":{"id":242229,"object_type":"law","relational_id":77494,"identifier":"54.1-2952","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2952","url":"\/54.1-2952\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/54.1-2952\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2952","dublin_core":{"Title":"Role of patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist on patient care teams; services that may be performed by physician assistants; responsibility of licensee; employment of physician assistants","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 54.1-2952","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> A patient care team<\/span> physician<\/span> or patient care team<\/span> podiatrist<\/span> licensed under this chapter may serve on a patient care team<\/span> with physician assistants<\/span> and shall provide collaboration<\/span> and consultation<\/span> to such physician assistants<\/span>. No patient care team<\/span> physician<\/span> or patient care team<\/span> podiatrist<\/span> shall be allowed to collaborate or consult with more than six physician assistants<\/span> on a patient care team<\/span> at any one time.\n\t\t\tService as part of a patient care team<\/span> by a patient care team<\/span> physician<\/span> or patient care team<\/span> podiatrist<\/span> shall not, by the existence of such service alone, establish or create vicarious liability for the actions or inactions of other team members. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Physician assistants<\/span> may practice medicine to the extent and in the manner authorized by the Board<\/span>. A patient care team<\/span> physician<\/span> or patient care team<\/span> podiatrist<\/span> shall be available at all times to collaborate and consult with physician assistants<\/span>. Each patient care team<\/span> shall identify the relevant physician assistant<\/span>’s scope of practice and an evaluation process for the physician assistant<\/span>’s performance. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> Physician assistants<\/span> appointed as medical examiners pursuant to § 32.1-282<\/a> may practice without a written or electronic practice agreement. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> Any professional corporation or partnership of any licensee, any hospital and any commercial enterprise having medical facilities for its employees that are supervised by one or more physicians or podiatrists may employ one or more physician assistants<\/span> in accordance with the provisions of this section.\n\t\t\tActivities shall be performed in a manner consistent with sound medical practice and the protection of the health and safety of the patient. Such activities shall be set forth in a practice agreement or by the credentialing and privileging practice arrangement requirements of a facility described in subsection E of § 54.1-2951.1<\/a> and may include health care services that are educational, diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive, including establishing a diagnosis, providing treatment, and performing procedures. Prescribing or dispensing of drugs may be permitted as provided in § 54.1-2952.1<\/a>. In addition, a physician assistant<\/span> may perform initial and ongoing evaluation and treatment of any patient in a hospital, including its emergency department, in accordance with the practice agreement or the credentialing and privileging practice arrangement requirements of a facility described in subsection E of § 54.1-2951.1<\/a>, including tasks performed, relating to the provision of medical care in an emergency department.\n\t\t\tA patient care team<\/span> physician<\/span> or the on-duty emergency department physician shall be available at all times for collaboration<\/span> and consultation<\/span> with both the physician assistant<\/span> and the emergency department physician. No person shall have responsibility for any physician assistant<\/span> who is not employed by the person or the person’s business entity. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> No physician assistant<\/span> shall perform any acts beyond those set forth in the practice agreement or authorized as part of the patient care team<\/span>. No physician assistant<\/span> practicing in a hospital shall render care to a patient unless the physician responsible for that patient is available for collaboration<\/span> or consultation<\/span>, pursuant to regulations of the Board<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> Notwithstanding the provisions of § 54.1-2956.8:1<\/a>, a licensed physician assistant<\/span> who (i) is working in the field of radiology or orthopedics as part of a patient care team<\/span>, (ii) has been trained in the proper use of equipment for the purpose of performing radiologic technology procedures consistent with Board<\/span> regulations, and (iii) has successfully completed the exam administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists<\/span> for physician assistants<\/span> for the purpose of performing radiologic technology procedures may use fluoroscopy for guidance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nROLE OF PATIENT CARE TEAM PHYSICIAN OR PATIENT CARE TEAM PODIATRIST ON PATIENT\nCARE TEAMS; SERVICES THAT MAY BE PERFORMED BY PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS;\nRESPONSIBILITY OF LICENSEE; EMPLOYMENT OF PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS (\u00a7 54.1-2952)\n\nA. A patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist licensed under\nthis chapter may serve on a patient care team with physician assistants and\nshall provide collaboration and consultation to such physician assistants. No\npatient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist shall be allowed to\ncollaborate or consult with more than six physician assistants on a patient care\nteam at any one time.\n\t\t\tService as part of a patient care team by a patient care team physician or\npatient care team podiatrist shall not, by the existence of such service alone,\nestablish or create vicarious liability for the actions or inactions of other\nteam members.\n\nB. Physician assistants may practice medicine to the extent and in the manner\nauthorized by the Board. A patient care team physician or patient care team\npodiatrist shall be available at all times to collaborate and consult with\nphysician assistants. Each patient care team shall identify the relevant\nphysician assistant’s scope of practice and an evaluation process for the\nphysician assistant’s performance.\n\nC. Physician assistants appointed as medical examiners pursuant to §\n32.1-282 may practice without a written or electronic practice agreement.\n\nD. Any professional corporation or partnership of any licensee, any hospital and\nany commercial enterprise having medical facilities for its employees that are\nsupervised by one or more physicians or podiatrists may employ one or more\nphysician assistants in accordance with the provisions of this section.\n\t\t\tActivities shall be performed in a manner consistent with sound medical\npractice and the protection of the health and safety of the patient. Such\nactivities shall be set forth in a practice agreement or by the credentialing\nand privileging practice arrangement requirements of a facility described in\nsubsection E of § 54.1-2951.1 and may include health care services that are\neducational, diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive, including establishing a\ndiagnosis, providing treatment, and performing procedures. Prescribing or\ndispensing of drugs may be permitted as provided in § 54.1-2952.1. In\naddition, a physician assistant may perform initial and ongoing evaluation and\ntreatment of any patient in a hospital, including its emergency department, in\naccordance with the practice agreement or the credentialing and privileging\npractice arrangement requirements of a facility described in subsection E of\n§ 54.1-2951.1, including tasks performed, relating to the provision of\nmedical care in an emergency department.\n\t\t\tA patient care team physician or the on-duty emergency department physician\nshall be available at all times for collaboration and consultation with both the\nphysician assistant and the emergency department physician. No person shall have\nresponsibility for any physician assistant who is not employed by the person or\nthe person’s business entity.\n\nE. No physician assistant shall perform any acts beyond those set forth in the\npractice agreement or authorized as part of the patient care team. No physician\nassistant practicing in a hospital shall render care to a patient unless the\nphysician responsible for that patient is available for collaboration or\nconsultation, pursuant to regulations of the Board.\n\nF. Notwithstanding the provisions of § 54.1-2956.8:1, a licensed physician\nassistant who (i) is working in the field of radiology or orthopedics as part of\na patient care team, (ii) has been trained in the proper use of equipment for\nthe purpose of performing radiologic technology procedures consistent with Board\nregulations, and (iii) has successfully completed the exam administered by the\nAmerican Registry of Radiologic Technologists for physician assistants for the\npurpose of performing radiologic technology procedures may use fluoroscopy for\nguidance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.\n\nHISTORY: 1973, c. 529, \u00a7\u00a7 54-281.4, 54-281.5; 1975, cc. 508, 565; 1985, c.\n316; 1988, c. 765; 1992, c. 793; 1996, c. 779; 2000, cc. 467, 497; 2002, c. 387;\n2005, c. 662; 2008, c. 281; 2012, c. 81; 2014, c. 89; 2015, c. 107; 2016, c.\n450; 2019, cc. 92, 137; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 210; 2022, c. 151; 2024, c. 116.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}