{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/54.1-2957.12.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/54.1-2957.12.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/54.1-2957.12.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/54.1-2957.12.html"}],"law_id":83336,"edition_id":1,"section_id":83336,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.12","catch_line":"Immunity","history":"2005, cc. 719, 917.","full_text":"No person other than the licensed midwife who provided care to the patient shall be liable for the midwife&#8217;s negligent, grossly negligent or willful and wanton acts or omissions. Except as otherwise provided by law, no other licensed midwife, doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency medical personnel, or hospital as defined in \u00a7 32.1-123, or agents thereof, shall be exempt from liability (i) for their own subsequent and independent negligent, grossly negligent or willful and wanton acts or omissions or (ii) if such person has a business relationship with the licensed midwife who provided care to the patient. A doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency medical person, or hospital as defined in \u00a7 32.1-123, or agents thereof, shall not be deemed to have established a business relationship or relationship of agency, employment, partnership, or joint venture with the licensed midwife solely by providing consultation to or accepting referral from the midwife.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":298579,"text":"No person other than the licensed midwife who provided care to the patient shall be liable for the midwife&#8217;s negligent, grossly negligent or willful and wanton acts or omissions. Except as otherwise provided by law, no other licensed midwife, doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency medical personnel, or hospital as defined in \u00a7 32.1-123, or agents thereof, shall be exempt from liability (i) for their own subsequent and independent negligent, grossly negligent or willful and wanton acts or omissions or (ii) if such person has a business relationship with the licensed midwife who provided care to the patient. A doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency medical person, or hospital as defined in \u00a7 32.1-123, or agents thereof, shall not be deemed to have established a business relationship or relationship of agency, employment, partnership, or joint venture with the licensed midwife solely by providing consultation to or accepting referral from the midwife.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":14243,"edition_id":1,"name":"Licensure and Certification of Other Practitioners of the Healing Arts","identifier":"4","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12759,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:26","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:26","permalink":{"id":242191,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14243,"identifier":"4","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/4\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12759,"edition_id":1,"name":"Medicine and Other Healing Arts","identifier":"29","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12758,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241933,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12759,"identifier":"29","token":"54.1\/III\/29","url":"\/54.1\/III\/29\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12758,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations Regulated by Boards Within the Department of Health Professions","identifier":"III","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12754,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241105,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12758,"identifier":"III","token":"54.1\/III","url":"\/54.1\/III\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12754,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations","identifier":"54.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":239313,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12754,"identifier":"54.1","token":"54.1","url":"\/54.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":83532,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2942","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2942\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2942","metadata":false},{"id":78472,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2949","catch_line":"License required","url":"\/54.1-2949\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2949","metadata":false},{"id":81411,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2950","catch_line":"Requisite training and educational achievements of assistants","url":"\/54.1-2950\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2950","metadata":false},{"id":64376,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2950.1","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Physician Assistants; membership; qualifications","url":"\/54.1-2950.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2950.1","metadata":false},{"id":81540,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2951\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951","metadata":false},{"id":56449,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.1","catch_line":"Requirements for licensure and practice as a physician assistant; licensure by endorsement","url":"\/54.1-2951.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.1","metadata":false},{"id":85870,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.2","catch_line":"Issuance of a license","url":"\/54.1-2951.2\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.2","metadata":false},{"id":65581,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.3","catch_line":"Restricted volunteer license for certain physician assistants","url":"\/54.1-2951.3\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.3","metadata":false},{"id":70303,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2951.4","catch_line":"Exception to physician assistant license requirement; physician assistant student","url":"\/54.1-2951.4\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2951.4","metadata":false},{"id":77494,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2952","catch_line":"Role of patient care team physician or patient care team podiatrist on patient care teams; services that may be performed by physician assistants; responsibility of licensee; employment of physician assistants","url":"\/54.1-2952\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2952","metadata":false},{"id":70057,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2952.1","catch_line":"Prescription of certain controlled substances and devices by licensed physician assistants","url":"\/54.1-2952.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2952.1","metadata":false},{"id":74655,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2952.2","catch_line":"When physician assistant signature accepted","url":"\/54.1-2952.2\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2952.2","metadata":false},{"id":78179,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2953","catch_line":"Renewal, revocation, suspension, and refusal","url":"\/54.1-2953\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2953","metadata":false},{"id":72731,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2953.1","catch_line":"PA Licensure Compact","url":"\/54.1-2953.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2953.1","metadata":false},{"id":62429,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2954","catch_line":"Respiratory therapist; definition","url":"\/54.1-2954\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2954","metadata":false},{"id":65651,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2954.1","catch_line":"Powers of Board concerning respiratory care","url":"\/54.1-2954.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2954.1","metadata":false},{"id":72255,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2955","catch_line":"Restriction of titles","url":"\/54.1-2955\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2955","metadata":false},{"id":78108,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Respiratory Care; appointment; terms; duties; etc","url":"\/54.1-2956\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956","metadata":false},{"id":86820,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.01","catch_line":"Exceptions to respiratory therapist's licensure","url":"\/54.1-2956.01\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.01","metadata":false},{"id":56016,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.1","catch_line":"Powers of Board concerning occupational therapy","url":"\/54.1-2956.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.1","metadata":false},{"id":84780,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.10","catch_line":"Requisite training and educational achievements of acupuncturists","url":"\/54.1-2956.10\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.10","metadata":false},{"id":66985,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.11","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Acupuncture; composition; appointment","url":"\/54.1-2956.11\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.11","metadata":false},{"id":60218,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.12","catch_line":"Registered surgical technologist; use of title; registration","url":"\/54.1-2956.12\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.12","metadata":false},{"id":81418,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.13","catch_line":"Licensure of surgical assistant; practice of surgical assisting; use of title","url":"\/54.1-2956.13\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.13","metadata":false},{"id":63963,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.14","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Surgical Assisting; appointments; terms; duties","url":"\/54.1-2956.14\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.14","metadata":false},{"id":76024,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.2","catch_line":"Advisory Board of Occupational Therapy","url":"\/54.1-2956.2\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.2","metadata":false},{"id":63150,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.3","catch_line":"Advisory Board of Occupational Therapy; composition; appointment","url":"\/54.1-2956.3\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.3","metadata":false},{"id":84383,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.4","catch_line":"Advisory Board of Occupational Therapy; powers","url":"\/54.1-2956.4\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.4","metadata":false},{"id":69194,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.5","catch_line":"Unlawful to practice occupational therapy without license","url":"\/54.1-2956.5\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.5","metadata":false},{"id":74911,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.6","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2956.6\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.6","metadata":false},{"id":58861,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.7:1","catch_line":"Occupational Therapy Interjurisdictional Licensure Compact","url":"\/54.1-2956.7_1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.7_1","metadata":false},{"id":74813,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.8","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Radiological Technology; appointments; terms; etc","url":"\/54.1-2956.8\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.8","metadata":false},{"id":68529,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.8:1","catch_line":"Unlawful to practice radiologic technology without license; unlawful designation as a radiologist assistant, radiologic technologist, or radiologic technologist, limited; Board to regulate radiologist assistants and radiologic technologists","url":"\/54.1-2956.8_1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.8_1","metadata":false},{"id":86528,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.8:2","catch_line":"Requisite training and educational achievements of radiologist assistants, radiologic technologists, and radiologic technologists, limited","url":"\/54.1-2956.8_2\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.8_2","metadata":false},{"id":84422,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2956.9","catch_line":"Unlawful to practice acupuncture without license; unlawful designation as acupuncturist; Board to regulate acupuncturists","url":"\/54.1-2956.9\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2956.9","metadata":false},{"id":64164,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957","catch_line":"Licensure and practice of advanced practice registered nurses; certified nurse midwives; independent practice of certified nurse midwives","url":"\/54.1-2957\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957","metadata":false},{"id":55474,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.001","catch_line":"Restricted volunteer license for advanced practice registered nurses","url":"\/54.1-2957.001\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.001","metadata":false},{"id":71447,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.01","catch_line":"Prescription of certain controlled substances and devices by licensed advanced practice registered nurses","url":"\/54.1-2957.01\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.01","metadata":false},{"id":69520,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.02","catch_line":"When advanced practice registered nurse signature accepted","url":"\/54.1-2957.02\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.02","metadata":false},{"id":79127,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.03","catch_line":"Certified nurse midwives; required disclosures; liability","url":"\/54.1-2957.03\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.03","metadata":false},{"id":83986,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.04","catch_line":"Licensure as a licensed certified midwife; practice as a licensed certified midwife; independent practice as a licensed certified midwife; use of title; required disclosures","url":"\/54.1-2957.04\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.04","metadata":false},{"id":82482,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.1","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/54.1-2957.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.1","metadata":false},{"id":74851,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.10","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Midwifery established; membership; duties; terms","url":"\/54.1-2957.10\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.10","metadata":false},{"id":84874,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.11","catch_line":"Requirements for disclosure","url":"\/54.1-2957.11\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.11","metadata":false},{"id":83336,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.12","catch_line":"Immunity","url":"\/54.1-2957.12\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.12","metadata":false},{"id":72547,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.13","catch_line":"Exceptions","url":"\/54.1-2957.13\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.13","metadata":false},{"id":59155,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.14","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Polysomnographic Technology; appointment; terms; duties","url":"\/54.1-2957.14\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.14","metadata":false},{"id":86240,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.15","catch_line":"Unlawful to practice as a polysomnographic technologist without a license","url":"\/54.1-2957.15\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.15","metadata":false},{"id":80185,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.16","catch_line":"Licensure of behavior analysts and assistant behavior analysts; requirements; powers of the Board","url":"\/54.1-2957.16\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.16","metadata":false},{"id":67678,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.17","catch_line":"Exceptions to licensure requirements","url":"\/54.1-2957.17\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.17","metadata":false},{"id":80152,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.18","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Behavior Analysis","url":"\/54.1-2957.18\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.18","metadata":false},{"id":58059,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.19","catch_line":"Genetic counseling; 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requisite training and educational requirements; powers of the Board concerning athletic training","url":"\/54.1-2957.4\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.4","metadata":false},{"id":74771,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.5","catch_line":"Advisory Board on Athletic Training established; duties; composition; appointment; terms","url":"\/54.1-2957.5\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.5","metadata":false},{"id":74486,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.6","catch_line":"Exceptions to athletic trainer licensure","url":"\/54.1-2957.6\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.6","metadata":false},{"id":58401,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.7","catch_line":"Licensed midwife and practice of midwifery; definitions","url":"\/54.1-2957.7\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.7","metadata":false},{"id":56270,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.8","catch_line":"Licensure of midwives; requisite training and educational requirements; fees","url":"\/54.1-2957.8\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.8","metadata":false},{"id":65541,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.9","catch_line":"Regulation of the practice of midwifery","url":"\/54.1-2957.9\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":84874,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.11","catch_line":"Requirements for disclosure","url":"\/54.1-2957.11\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.11","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":72547,"structure_id":14243,"section_number":"54.1-2957.13","catch_line":"Exceptions","url":"\/54.1-2957.13\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.13","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/54.1-2957.12\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 2005. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0719\">719<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0917\">917<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":[{"id":72547,"section_number":"54.1-2957.13","catch_line":"Exceptions","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2957.13\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":80727,"section_number":"32.1-123","catch_line":"(Effective January 1, 2026) Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/32.1-123\/"}],"permalink":{"id":242369,"object_type":"law","relational_id":83336,"identifier":"54.1-2957.12","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.12","url":"\/54.1-2957.12\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/54.1-2957.12\/","token":"54.1\/III\/29\/4\/54.1-2957.12","dublin_core":{"Title":"Immunity","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 54.1-2957.12","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>No person other than the licensed midwife who provided care to the patient shall be liable for the midwife&#8217;s negligent, grossly negligent or willful and wanton acts or omissions. Except as otherwise provided by <span class=\"dictionary\">law<\/span>, no other licensed midwife, doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency medical personnel, or hospital as defined in \u00a7&nbsp;<a class=\"law\" title=\"(Effective January 1, 2026) Definitions\" href=\"\/32.1-123\/\">32.1-123<\/a>, or agents thereof, shall be exempt from liability (i) for their own subsequent and independent negligent, grossly negligent or willful and wanton acts or omissions or (ii) if such person has a business relationship with the licensed midwife who provided care to the patient. A doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency medical person, or hospital as defined in \u00a7&nbsp;<a class=\"law\" title=\"(Effective January 1, 2026) Definitions\" href=\"\/32.1-123\/\">32.1-123<\/a>, or agents thereof, shall not be deemed to have established a business relationship or relationship of agency, employment, partnership, or joint venture with the licensed midwife solely by providing <span class=\"dictionary\">consultation<\/span> to or accepting referral from the midwife.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nIMMUNITY (\u00a7 54.1-2957.12)\n\nNo person other than the licensed midwife who provided care to the patient shall\nbe liable for the midwife&#8217;s negligent, grossly negligent or willful and\nwanton acts or omissions. Except as otherwise provided by law, no other licensed\nmidwife, doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency medical\npersonnel, or hospital as defined in \u00a7 32.1-123, or agents thereof, shall be\nexempt from liability (i) for their own subsequent and independent negligent,\ngrossly negligent or willful and wanton acts or omissions or (ii) if such person\nhas a business relationship with the licensed midwife who provided care to the\npatient. A doctor of medicine or osteopathy, nurse, prehospital emergency\nmedical person, or hospital as defined in \u00a7 32.1-123, or agents thereof, shall\nnot be deemed to have established a business relationship or relationship of\nagency, employment, partnership, or joint venture with the licensed midwife\nsolely by providing consultation to or accepting referral from the midwife.\n\nHISTORY: 2005, cc. 719, 917.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}