{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/54.1-3300.1.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/54.1-3300.1.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/54.1-3300.1.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/54.1-3300.1.html"}],"law_id":77902,"edition_id":1,"section_id":77902,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3300.1","catch_line":"Participation in collaborative agreements; regulations to be promulgated by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy","history":"1999, cc. 895, 1011; 2013, c. 192; 2018, c. 776; 2020, cc. 46, 232, 731; 2023, c. 183; 2025, c. 117.","full_text":"A\n\nA pharmacist and his designated alternate pharmacists involved directly in patient care may participate with (i) any person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry together with any person licensed, registered, or certified by a health regulatory board of the Department of Health Professions who provides health care services to patients of such person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry; (ii) a physician’s office as defined in § 32.1-276.3, provided that such collaborative agreement is signed by each physician participating in the collaborative agreement; (iii) any licensed physician assistant working in accordance with the provisions of § 54.1-2951.1; or (iv) any licensed advanced practice registered nurse working in accordance with the provisions of § 54.1-2957, involved directly in patient care in collaborative agreements which authorize cooperative procedures related to treatment using drug therapy, laboratory tests, or medical devices, under defined conditions or limitations, for the purpose of improving patient outcomes for patients who meet the criteria set forth in the collaborative agreement. However, no person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry, or licensed as an advanced practice registered nurse or physician assistant, shall be required to participate in a collaborative agreement with a pharmacist and his designated alternate pharmacists, regardless of whether a professional business entity on behalf of which the person is authorized to act enters into a collaborative agreement with a pharmacist and his designated alternate pharmacists.B\n\nA patient who meets the criteria for inclusion in the category of patients whose care is subject to a collaborative agreement and who chooses to not participate in a collaborative procedure shall notify the prescriber of his refusal to participate in such collaborative procedure. A prescriber may elect to have a patient not participate in a collaborative procedure by contacting the pharmacist or his designated alternative pharmacists or by documenting the same on the patient’s prescription.C\n\nCollaborative agreements may include prescribing, modification, continuation, or discontinuation of drug therapy pursuant to written or electronic protocols, provided implementation of drug therapy occurs following diagnosis by the licensed physician, podiatrist, advanced practice registered nurse, registered nurse, or physician assistant; the ordering of laboratory tests; or other patient care management measures related to monitoring or improving the outcomes of drug or device therapy. No such collaborative agreement shall exceed the scope of practice of the respective parties. Any pharmacist who deviates from or practices in a manner inconsistent with the terms of a collaborative agreement shall be in violation of § 54.1-2902; such violation shall constitute grounds for disciplinary action pursuant to §§ 54.1-2400 and 54.1-3316.D\n\nCollaborative agreements may only be used for conditions which have protocols that are clinically accepted as the standard of care, or are approved by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy. The Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy shall jointly develop and promulgate regulations to implement the provisions of this section and to facilitate the development and implementation of safe and effective collaborative agreements between the appropriate practitioners and pharmacists. The regulations shall include guidelines concerning the use of protocols, and a procedure to allow for the approval or disapproval of specific protocols by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy if review is requested by a practitioner or pharmacist.E\n\nNotwithstanding the provisions of §§ 54.1-3303 and 54.1-3408, a pharmacist may prescribe, modify, continue, or discontinue Schedule II through VI controlled substances in accordance with this section.F\n\nPrior to a pharmacist prescribing, modifying, continuing, or discontinuing a Schedule II through V controlled substance in accordance with this section, the pharmacist shall submit proof of the signed collaborative practice agreement to the Board and obtain authorization from the Board for such activity.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":279339,"text":"A pharmacist and his designated alternate pharmacists involved directly in patient care may participate with (i) any person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry together with any person licensed, registered, or certified by a health regulatory board of the Department of Health Professions who provides health care services to patients of such person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry; (ii) a physician’s office as defined in § 32.1-276.3, provided that such collaborative agreement is signed by each physician participating in the collaborative agreement; (iii) any licensed physician assistant working in accordance with the provisions of § 54.1-2951.1; or (iv) any licensed advanced practice registered nurse working in accordance with the provisions of § 54.1-2957, involved directly in patient care in collaborative agreements which authorize cooperative procedures related to treatment using drug therapy, laboratory tests, or medical devices, under defined conditions or limitations, for the purpose of improving patient outcomes for patients who meet the criteria set forth in the collaborative agreement. However, no person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry, or licensed as an advanced practice registered nurse or physician assistant, shall be required to participate in a collaborative agreement with a pharmacist and his designated alternate pharmacists, regardless of whether a professional business entity on behalf of which the person is authorized to act enters into a collaborative agreement with a pharmacist and his designated alternate pharmacists.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":279340,"text":"A patient who meets the criteria for inclusion in the category of patients whose care is subject to a collaborative agreement and who chooses to not participate in a collaborative procedure shall notify the prescriber of his refusal to participate in such collaborative procedure. A prescriber may elect to have a patient not participate in a collaborative procedure by contacting the pharmacist or his designated alternative pharmacists or by documenting the same on the patient’s prescription.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":279341,"text":"Collaborative agreements may include prescribing, modification, continuation, or discontinuation of drug therapy pursuant to written or electronic protocols, provided implementation of drug therapy occurs following diagnosis by the licensed physician, podiatrist, advanced practice registered nurse, registered nurse, or physician assistant; the ordering of laboratory tests; or other patient care management measures related to monitoring or improving the outcomes of drug or device therapy. No such collaborative agreement shall exceed the scope of practice of the respective parties. Any pharmacist who deviates from or practices in a manner inconsistent with the terms of a collaborative agreement shall be in violation of § 54.1-2902; such violation shall constitute grounds for disciplinary action pursuant to §§ 54.1-2400 and 54.1-3316.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":279342,"text":"Collaborative agreements may only be used for conditions which have protocols that are clinically accepted as the standard of care, or are approved by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy. The Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy shall jointly develop and promulgate regulations to implement the provisions of this section and to facilitate the development and implementation of safe and effective collaborative agreements between the appropriate practitioners and pharmacists. The regulations shall include guidelines concerning the use of protocols, and a procedure to allow for the approval or disapproval of specific protocols by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy if review is requested by a practitioner or pharmacist.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"4":{"id":279343,"text":"Notwithstanding the provisions of §§ 54.1-3303 and 54.1-3408, a pharmacist may prescribe, modify, continue, or discontinue Schedule II through VI controlled substances in accordance with this section.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"5":{"id":279344,"text":"Prior to a pharmacist prescribing, modifying, continuing, or discontinuing a Schedule II through V controlled substance in accordance with this section, the pharmacist shall submit proof of the signed collaborative practice agreement to the Board and obtain authorization from the Board for such activity.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14382,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13496,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:57","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:57","permalink":{"id":243095,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14382,"identifier":"1","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1","url":"\/54.1\/III\/33\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13496,"edition_id":1,"name":"Pharmacy","identifier":"33","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12758,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:04","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:04","permalink":{"id":243093,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13496,"identifier":"33","token":"54.1\/III\/33","url":"\/54.1\/III\/33\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12758,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations Regulated by Boards Within the Department of Health Professions","identifier":"III","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12754,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241105,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12758,"identifier":"III","token":"54.1\/III","url":"\/54.1\/III\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12754,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations","identifier":"54.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":239313,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12754,"identifier":"54.1","token":"54.1","url":"\/54.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":72064,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3300","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/54.1-3300\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3300","metadata":false},{"id":77902,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3300.1","catch_line":"Participation in collaborative agreements; regulations to be promulgated by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy","url":"\/54.1-3300.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3300.1","metadata":false},{"id":55719,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3301","catch_line":"Exceptions","url":"\/54.1-3301\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3301","metadata":false},{"id":68342,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3302","catch_line":"Restrictions on practitioners of the healing arts","url":"\/54.1-3302\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3302","metadata":false},{"id":85347,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3303","catch_line":"Prescriptions to be issued and drugs to be dispensed for medical or therapeutic purposes only","url":"\/54.1-3303\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3303","metadata":false},{"id":86967,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3303.1","catch_line":"Initiating of treatment with and dispensing and administering of controlled substances by pharmacists","url":"\/54.1-3303.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3303.1","metadata":false},{"id":58623,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3304","catch_line":"Licensing of physicians to dispense drugs; renewals","url":"\/54.1-3304\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3304","metadata":false},{"id":68921,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3304.1","catch_line":"Authority to license and regulate practitioners; permits","url":"\/54.1-3304.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3304.1","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":72064,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3300","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/54.1-3300\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3300","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":55719,"structure_id":14382,"section_number":"54.1-3301","catch_line":"Exceptions","url":"\/54.1-3301\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3301","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/54.1-3300.1\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1999. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 895<\/a> and 1011<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 5 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2013, chapter 192<\/a>; in 2018, chapter 776<\/a>; in 2020, chapters 46<\/a>, 232<\/a>, and 731<\/a>; in 2023, chapter 183<\/a>; in 2025, chapter 117<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":67276,"section_number":"32.1-276.3","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/32.1-276.3\/"},{"id":65440,"section_number":"54.1-2400","catch_line":"General powers and duties of health regulatory boards","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2400\/"},{"id":59538,"section_number":"54.1-2902","catch_line":"Unlawful to practice without license","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2902\/"},{"id":56449,"section_number":"54.1-2951.1","catch_line":"Requirements for licensure and practice as a physician assistant; licensure by endorsement","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2951.1\/"},{"id":64164,"section_number":"54.1-2957","catch_line":"Licensure and practice of advanced practice registered nurses; certified nurse midwives; independent practice of certified nurse midwives","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-2957\/"},{"id":85347,"section_number":"54.1-3303","catch_line":"Prescriptions to be issued and drugs to be dispensed for medical or therapeutic purposes only","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-3303\/"},{"id":77665,"section_number":"54.1-3408","catch_line":"Professional use by practitioners","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-3408\/"}],"permalink":{"id":243101,"object_type":"law","relational_id":77902,"identifier":"54.1-3300.1","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3300.1","url":"\/54.1-3300.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/54.1-3300.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/33\/1\/54.1-3300.1","dublin_core":{"Title":"Participation in collaborative agreements; regulations to be promulgated by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 54.1-3300.1","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> A pharmacist<\/span> and his designated alternate pharmacists<\/span> involved directly in patient care may participate with (i) any person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry together with any person licensed, registered, or certified by a health regulatory board<\/span> of the Department of Health Professions who provides health care services to patients of such person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry; (ii) a physician’s office as defined in § 32.1-276.3<\/a>, provided that such collaborative agreement<\/span> is signed by each physician participating in the collaborative agreement<\/span>; (iii) any licensed physician assistant working in accordance with the provisions of § 54.1-2951.1<\/a>; or (iv) any licensed advanced practice registered nurse working in accordance with the provisions of § 54.1-2957<\/a>, involved directly in patient care in collaborative agreements<\/span> which authorize cooperative procedures related to treatment using drug therapy, laboratory tests, or medical devices, under defined conditions or limitations, for the purpose of improving patient outcomes for patients who meet the criteria set forth in the collaborative agreement<\/span>. However, no person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry, or licensed as an advanced practice registered nurse or physician assistant, shall be required to participate in a collaborative agreement<\/span> with a pharmacist<\/span> and his designated alternate pharmacists<\/span>, regardless of whether a professional business entity on behalf of which the person is authorized to act enters into a collaborative agreement<\/span> with a pharmacist<\/span> and his designated alternate pharmacists<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> A patient who meets the criteria for inclusion in the category of patients whose care is subject to a collaborative agreement<\/span> and who chooses to not participate in a collaborative procedure shall notify the prescriber of his refusal to participate in such collaborative procedure. A prescriber may elect to have a patient not participate in a collaborative procedure by contacting the pharmacist<\/span> or his designated alternative pharmacists<\/span> or by documenting the same on the patient’s prescription. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> Collaborative agreements<\/span> may include prescribing, modification, continuation, or discontinuation of drug therapy pursuant to written or electronic protocols, provided implementation of drug therapy occurs following diagnosis by the licensed physician, podiatrist, advanced practice registered nurse, registered nurse, or physician assistant; the ordering of laboratory tests; or other patient care management measures related to monitoring or improving the outcomes of drug or device therapy. No such collaborative agreement<\/span> shall exceed the scope of practice of the respective parties. Any pharmacist<\/span> who deviates from or practices in a manner inconsistent with the terms of a collaborative agreement<\/span> shall be in violation of § 54.1-2902<\/a>; such violation shall constitute grounds for disciplinary action pursuant to §§ 54.1-2400<\/a> and 54.1-3316<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> Collaborative agreements<\/span> may only be used for conditions which have protocols that are clinically accepted as the standard of care, or are approved by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Pharmacy<\/span>. The Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Pharmacy<\/span> shall jointly develop and promulgate regulations to implement the provisions of this section and to facilitate the development and implementation of safe and effective collaborative agreements<\/span> between the appropriate practitioners and pharmacists<\/span>. The regulations shall include guidelines concerning the use of protocols, and a procedure to allow for the approval or disapproval of specific protocols by the Boards<\/span> of Medicine and Pharmacy<\/span> if review is requested by a practitioner or pharmacist<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> Notwithstanding the provisions of §§ 54.1-3303<\/a> and 54.1-3408<\/a>, a pharmacist<\/span> may prescribe, modify, continue, or discontinue Schedule II through VI controlled substances in accordance with this section. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> Prior to a pharmacist<\/span> prescribing, modifying, continuing, or discontinuing a Schedule II through V controlled substance in accordance with this section, the pharmacist<\/span> shall submit proof of the signed collaborative practice agreement to the Board<\/span> and obtain authorization from the Board<\/span> for such activity. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPARTICIPATION IN COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS; REGULATIONS TO BE PROMULGATED BY THE\nBOARDS OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY (\u00a7 54.1-3300.1)\n\nA. A pharmacist and his designated alternate pharmacists involved directly in\npatient care may participate with (i) any person licensed to practice medicine,\nosteopathy, or podiatry together with any person licensed, registered, or\ncertified by a health regulatory board of the Department of Health Professions\nwho provides health care services to patients of such person licensed to\npractice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry; (ii) a physician’s office as\ndefined in § 32.1-276.3, provided that such collaborative agreement is\nsigned by each physician participating in the collaborative agreement; (iii) any\nlicensed physician assistant working in accordance with the provisions of §\n54.1-2951.1; or (iv) any licensed advanced practice registered nurse working in\naccordance with the provisions of § 54.1-2957, involved directly in patient\ncare in collaborative agreements which authorize cooperative procedures related\nto treatment using drug therapy, laboratory tests, or medical devices, under\ndefined conditions or limitations, for the purpose of improving patient outcomes\nfor patients who meet the criteria set forth in the collaborative agreement.\nHowever, no person licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, or podiatry, or\nlicensed as an advanced practice registered nurse or physician assistant, shall\nbe required to participate in a collaborative agreement with a pharmacist and\nhis designated alternate pharmacists, regardless of whether a professional\nbusiness entity on behalf of which the person is authorized to act enters into a\ncollaborative agreement with a pharmacist and his designated alternate\npharmacists.\n\nB. A patient who meets the criteria for inclusion in the category of patients\nwhose care is subject to a collaborative agreement and who chooses to not\nparticipate in a collaborative procedure shall notify the prescriber of his\nrefusal to participate in such collaborative procedure. A prescriber may elect\nto have a patient not participate in a collaborative procedure by contacting the\npharmacist or his designated alternative pharmacists or by documenting the same\non the patient’s prescription.\n\nC. Collaborative agreements may include prescribing, modification, continuation,\nor discontinuation of drug therapy pursuant to written or electronic protocols,\nprovided implementation of drug therapy occurs following diagnosis by the\nlicensed physician, podiatrist, advanced practice registered nurse, registered\nnurse, or physician assistant; the ordering of laboratory tests; or other\npatient care management measures related to monitoring or improving the outcomes\nof drug or device therapy. No such collaborative agreement shall exceed the\nscope of practice of the respective parties. Any pharmacist who deviates from or\npractices in a manner inconsistent with the terms of a collaborative agreement\nshall be in violation of § 54.1-2902; such violation shall constitute\ngrounds for disciplinary action pursuant to §§ 54.1-2400 and\n54.1-3316.\n\nD. Collaborative agreements may only be used for conditions which have protocols\nthat are clinically accepted as the standard of care, or are approved by the\nBoards of Medicine and Pharmacy. The Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy shall\njointly develop and promulgate regulations to implement the provisions of this\nsection and to facilitate the development and implementation of safe and\neffective collaborative agreements between the appropriate practitioners and\npharmacists. The regulations shall include guidelines concerning the use of\nprotocols, and a procedure to allow for the approval or disapproval of specific\nprotocols by the Boards of Medicine and Pharmacy if review is requested by a\npractitioner or pharmacist.\n\nE. Notwithstanding the provisions of §§ 54.1-3303 and 54.1-3408, a\npharmacist may prescribe, modify, continue, or discontinue Schedule II through\nVI controlled substances in accordance with this section.\n\nF. Prior to a pharmacist prescribing, modifying, continuing, or discontinuing a\nSchedule II through V controlled substance in accordance with this section, the\npharmacist shall submit proof of the signed collaborative practice agreement to\nthe Board and obtain authorization from the Board for such activity.\n\nHISTORY: 1999, cc. 895, 1011; 2013, c. 192; 2018, c. 776; 2020, cc. 46, 232,\n731; 2023, c. 183; 2025, c. 117.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}