{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/54.1-3448.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/54.1-3448.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/54.1-3448.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/54.1-3448.html"}],"law_id":56998,"edition_id":1,"section_id":56998,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3448","catch_line":"Schedule II","history":"1972, c. 798, \u00a7 54-524.84:6; 1976, c. 614; 1977, c. 302; 1978, c. 833; 1979, c. 387; 1981, c. 30; 1984, c. 192; 1986, c. 463; 1988, cc. 283, 765; 1992, c. 737; 1994, c. 763; 1998, c. 105; 2000, c. 135; 2005, c. 119; 2008, c. 74; 2010, c. 423; 2011, c. 700; 2017, c. 612; 2019, c. 85; 2022, cc. 114, 115; 2024, cc. 62, 228.","full_text":"The controlled substances listed in this section are included in Schedule II:\n\n1\n\nAny of the following substances, except those narcotic drugs listed in other schedules, whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by combination of extraction and chemical synthesis:\n\t\t\tOpium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate, excluding apomorphine, thebaine-derived butorphanol, dextrorphan, nalbuphine, naldemedine, nalmefene, naloxone, naltrexone and their respective salts, but including the following:\n\t\t\tRaw opium;\n\t\t\tOpium extracts;\n\t\t\tOpium fluid extracts;\n\t\t\tPowdered opium;\n\t\t\tGranulated opium;\n\t\t\tTincture of opium;\n\t\t\tCodeine;\n\t\t\tDihydroetorphine;\n\t\t\tEthylmorphine;\n\t\t\tEtorphine hydrochloride;\n\t\t\tHydrocodone;\n\t\t\tHydromorphone;\n\t\t\tMetopon;\n\t\t\tOripavine (3-O-demethylthebaine or 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4, 5-alpha-epoxy-6-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol);\n\t\t\tMorphine;\n\t\t\tNoroxymorphone;\n\t\t\tOxycodone;\n\t\t\tOxymorphone;\n\t\t\tThebaine.\n\t\t\tAny salt, compound, isomer, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in this subdivision, but not including the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.\n\t\t\tOpium poppy and poppy straw.\n\t\t\tCoca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca leaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, but not including decocainized coca leaves or extractions which do not contain cocaine or ecgonine; cocaine or any salt or isomer thereof.\n\t\t\tConcentrate of poppy straw, the crude extract of poppy straw in either liquid, solid or powder form, which contains the phenanthrene alkaloids of the opium poppy.2\n\nAny of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:\n\t\t\tAlfentanil;\n\t\t\tAlphaprodine;\n\t\t\tAnileridine;\n\t\t\tBezitramide;\n\t\t\tBulk dextropropoxyphene (nondosage forms);\n\t\t\tCarfentanil;\n\t\t\tDihydrocodeine;\n\t\t\tDiphenoxylate;\n\t\t\tFentanyl;\n\t\t\tIsomethadone;\n\t\t\tLevo-alphacetylmethadol (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol)(levomethadyl acetate)(LAAM);\n\t\t\tLevomethorphan;\n\t\t\tLevorphanol;\n\t\t\tMetazocine;\n\t\t\tMethadone;\n\t\t\tMethadone — Intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl butane;\n\t\t\tMoramide — Intermediate, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1, 1-diphenyl-propane-carboxylicacid;\n\t\t\tOliceridine;\n\t\t\tPethidine (other name: meperidine);\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — A, 4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — B, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — C, 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid;\n\t\t\tPhenazocine;\n\t\t\tPiminodine;\n\t\t\tRacemethorphan;\n\t\t\tRacemorphan;\n\t\t\tRemifentanil;\n\t\t\tSufentanil;\n\t\t\tTapentadol;\n\t\t\tThiafentanil.3\n\nAny material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a potential for abuse associated with a stimulant effect on the central nervous system:\n\t\t\tAmphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical isomers;\n\t\t\tPhenmetrazine and its salts;\n\t\t\tAny substance which contains any quantity of methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers;\n\t\t\tMethylphenidate;\n\t\t\tLisdexamfetamine, its salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers.4\n\nUnless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:\n\t\t\tAmobarbital;\n\t\t\tGlutethimide;\n\t\t\tSecobarbital;\n\t\t\tPentobarbital;\n\t\t\tPhencyclidine.5\n\nThe following hallucinogenic substances:\n\t\t\tNabilone;\n\t\t\tDronabinol ((-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol) in an oral solution in a drug product approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.6\n\nUnless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances which are:\n\t\t\ta. Immediate precursors to amphetamine and methamphetamine:\n\t\t\tPhenylacetone.\n\t\t\tb. Immediate precursor to phencyclidine:\n\t\t\t1-phenylcyclohexylamine;\n\t\t\t1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (other name: PCC).\n\t\t\tc. Immediate precursor to fentanyl:\n\t\t\t4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine (ANPP).","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":208767,"text":"The controlled substances listed in this section are included in Schedule II:","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":"1"},"1":{"id":208768,"text":"Any of the following substances, except those narcotic drugs listed in other schedules, whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by combination of extraction and chemical synthesis:\n\t\t\tOpium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate, excluding apomorphine, thebaine-derived butorphanol, dextrorphan, nalbuphine, naldemedine, nalmefene, naloxone, naltrexone and their respective salts, but including the following:\n\t\t\tRaw opium;\n\t\t\tOpium extracts;\n\t\t\tOpium fluid extracts;\n\t\t\tPowdered opium;\n\t\t\tGranulated opium;\n\t\t\tTincture of opium;\n\t\t\tCodeine;\n\t\t\tDihydroetorphine;\n\t\t\tEthylmorphine;\n\t\t\tEtorphine hydrochloride;\n\t\t\tHydrocodone;\n\t\t\tHydromorphone;\n\t\t\tMetopon;\n\t\t\tOripavine (3-O-demethylthebaine or 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4, 5-alpha-epoxy-6-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol);\n\t\t\tMorphine;\n\t\t\tNoroxymorphone;\n\t\t\tOxycodone;\n\t\t\tOxymorphone;\n\t\t\tThebaine.\n\t\t\tAny salt, compound, isomer, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in this subdivision, but not including the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.\n\t\t\tOpium poppy and poppy straw.\n\t\t\tCoca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca leaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, but not including decocainized coca leaves or extractions which do not contain cocaine or ecgonine; cocaine or any salt or isomer thereof.\n\t\t\tConcentrate of poppy straw, the crude extract of poppy straw in either liquid, solid or powder form, which contains the phenanthrene alkaloids of the opium poppy.","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"","next_prefix":"2"},"2":{"id":208769,"text":"Any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:\n\t\t\tAlfentanil;\n\t\t\tAlphaprodine;\n\t\t\tAnileridine;\n\t\t\tBezitramide;\n\t\t\tBulk dextropropoxyphene (nondosage forms);\n\t\t\tCarfentanil;\n\t\t\tDihydrocodeine;\n\t\t\tDiphenoxylate;\n\t\t\tFentanyl;\n\t\t\tIsomethadone;\n\t\t\tLevo-alphacetylmethadol (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol)(levomethadyl acetate)(LAAM);\n\t\t\tLevomethorphan;\n\t\t\tLevorphanol;\n\t\t\tMetazocine;\n\t\t\tMethadone;\n\t\t\tMethadone — Intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl butane;\n\t\t\tMoramide — Intermediate, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1, 1-diphenyl-propane-carboxylicacid;\n\t\t\tOliceridine;\n\t\t\tPethidine (other name: meperidine);\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — A, 4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — B, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — C, 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid;\n\t\t\tPhenazocine;\n\t\t\tPiminodine;\n\t\t\tRacemethorphan;\n\t\t\tRacemorphan;\n\t\t\tRemifentanil;\n\t\t\tSufentanil;\n\t\t\tTapentadol;\n\t\t\tThiafentanil.","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"3"},"3":{"id":208770,"text":"Any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a potential for abuse associated with a stimulant effect on the central nervous system:\n\t\t\tAmphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical isomers;\n\t\t\tPhenmetrazine and its salts;\n\t\t\tAny substance which contains any quantity of methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers;\n\t\t\tMethylphenidate;\n\t\t\tLisdexamfetamine, its salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers.","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2","next_prefix":"4"},"4":{"id":208771,"text":"Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:\n\t\t\tAmobarbital;\n\t\t\tGlutethimide;\n\t\t\tSecobarbital;\n\t\t\tPentobarbital;\n\t\t\tPhencyclidine.","type":"section","prefixes":["4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"4","prefix_anchor":"4","level":1,"prior_prefix":"3","next_prefix":"5"},"5":{"id":208772,"text":"The following hallucinogenic substances:\n\t\t\tNabilone;\n\t\t\tDronabinol ((-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol) in an oral solution in a drug product approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.","type":"section","prefixes":["5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"5","prefix_anchor":"5","level":1,"prior_prefix":"4","next_prefix":"6"},"6":{"id":208773,"text":"Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances which are:\n\t\t\ta. Immediate precursors to amphetamine and methamphetamine:\n\t\t\tPhenylacetone.\n\t\t\tb. Immediate precursor to phencyclidine:\n\t\t\t1-phenylcyclohexylamine;\n\t\t\t1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (other name: PCC).\n\t\t\tc. Immediate precursor to fentanyl:\n\t\t\t4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine (ANPP).","type":"section","prefixes":["6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"6","prefix_anchor":"6","level":1,"prior_prefix":"5"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13782,"edition_id":1,"name":"Standards and Schedules","identifier":"5","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13240,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:52","permalink":{"id":243623,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13782,"identifier":"5","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5","url":"\/54.1\/III\/34\/5\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13240,"edition_id":1,"name":"Drug Control Act","identifier":"34","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12758,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:30","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:30","permalink":{"id":243223,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13240,"identifier":"34","token":"54.1\/III\/34","url":"\/54.1\/III\/34\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12758,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations Regulated by Boards Within the Department of Health Professions","identifier":"III","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12754,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":241105,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12758,"identifier":"III","token":"54.1\/III","url":"\/54.1\/III\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12754,"edition_id":1,"name":"Professions and Occupations","identifier":"54.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":239313,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12754,"identifier":"54.1","token":"54.1","url":"\/54.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":66818,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3443","catch_line":"Board to administer article","url":"\/54.1-3443\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3443","metadata":false},{"id":70506,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3444","catch_line":"Controlled substances included by whatever name designated","url":"\/54.1-3444\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3444","metadata":false},{"id":55398,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3445","catch_line":"Placement of substance in Schedule I","url":"\/54.1-3445\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3445","metadata":false},{"id":61892,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3446","catch_line":"Schedule 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analog","url":"\/54.1-3456\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3456","metadata":false},{"id":54792,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3456.1","catch_line":"Drugs of concern","url":"\/54.1-3456.1\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3456.1","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":65202,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3447","catch_line":"Placement of substance in Schedule II","url":"\/54.1-3447\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3447","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":62478,"structure_id":13782,"section_number":"54.1-3449","catch_line":"Placement of substance in Schedule III","url":"\/54.1-3449\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3449","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/54.1-3448\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1972. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 798 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1972 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 20 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1976, chapter 614; in 1977, chapter 302; in 1978, chapter 833; in 1979, chapter 387; in 1981, chapter 30; in 1984, chapter 192; in 1986, chapter 463; in 1988, chapters 283 and 765; in 1992, chapter 737; in 1994, chapter 763<\/a>; in 1998, chapter 105<\/a>; in 2000, chapter 135<\/a>; in 2005, chapter 119<\/a>; in 2008, chapter 74<\/a>; in 2010, chapter 423<\/a>; in 2011, chapter 700<\/a>; in 2017, chapter 612<\/a>; in 2019, chapter 85<\/a>; in 2022, chapters 114<\/a> and 115<\/a>; in 2024, chapters 62<\/a> and 228<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":54127,"section_number":"54.1-3222","catch_line":"TPA certification; certification for treatment of diseases or abnormal conditions with therapeutic pharmaceutical agents (TPAs)","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-3222\/"},{"id":85347,"section_number":"54.1-3303","catch_line":"Prescriptions to be issued and drugs to be dispensed for medical or therapeutic purposes only","order_by":null,"url":"\/54.1-3303\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":243645,"object_type":"law","relational_id":56998,"identifier":"54.1-3448","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3448","url":"\/54.1-3448\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/54.1-3448\/","token":"54.1\/III\/34\/5\/54.1-3448","dublin_core":{"Title":"Schedule II","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 54.1-3448","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

The controlled substances<\/span> listed in this section are included in Schedule II:<\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Any of the following substances, except those narcotic drugs<\/span> listed in other schedules<\/span>, whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by combination of extraction and chemical synthesis:\n\t\t\tOpium and opiate<\/span>, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate<\/span>, excluding apomorphine, thebaine-derived butorphanol, dextrorphan, nalbuphine, naldemedine, nalmefene, naloxone, naltrexone and their respective salts, but including the following:\n\t\t\tRaw opium;\n\t\t\tOpium extracts;\n\t\t\tOpium fluid extracts;\n\t\t\tPowdered opium;\n\t\t\tGranulated opium;\n\t\t\tTincture of opium;\n\t\t\tCodeine;\n\t\t\tDihydroetorphine;\n\t\t\tEthylmorphine;\n\t\t\tEtorphine hydrochloride;\n\t\t\tHydrocodone;\n\t\t\tHydromorphone;\n\t\t\tMetopon;\n\t\t\tOripavine (3-O-demethylthebaine or 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4, 5-alpha-epoxy-6-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol);\n\t\t\tMorphine;\n\t\t\tNoroxymorphone;\n\t\t\tOxycodone;\n\t\t\tOxymorphone;\n\t\t\tThebaine.\n\t\t\tAny salt, compound, isomer<\/span>, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in this subdivision, but not including the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.\n\t\t\tOpium poppy<\/span> and poppy straw<\/span>.\n\t\t\tCoca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca leaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, but not including decocainized coca leaves or extractions which do not contain cocaine or ecgonine; cocaine or any salt or isomer<\/span> thereof.\n\t\t\tConcentrate of poppy straw<\/span>, the crude extract of poppy straw<\/span> in either liquid, solid or powder form, which contains the phenanthrene alkaloids of the opium poppy<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Any of the following opiates<\/span>, including their isomers<\/span>, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers<\/span>, whenever the existence of these isomers<\/span>, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:\n\t\t\tAlfentanil;\n\t\t\tAlphaprodine;\n\t\t\tAnileridine;\n\t\t\tBezitramide;\n\t\t\tBulk dextropropoxyphene (nondosage forms);\n\t\t\tCarfentanil;\n\t\t\tDihydrocodeine;\n\t\t\tDiphenoxylate;\n\t\t\tFentanyl;\n\t\t\tIsomethadone;\n\t\t\tLevo-alphacetylmethadol (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol)(levomethadyl acetate)(LAAM);\n\t\t\tLevomethorphan;\n\t\t\tLevorphanol;\n\t\t\tMetazocine;\n\t\t\tMethadone;\n\t\t\tMethadone — Intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl butane;\n\t\t\tMoramide — Intermediate, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1, 1-diphenyl-propane-carboxylicacid;\n\t\t\tOliceridine;\n\t\t\tPethidine (other name: meperidine);\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — A, 4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — B, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — C, 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid;\n\t\t\tPhenazocine;\n\t\t\tPiminodine;\n\t\t\tRacemethorphan;\n\t\t\tRacemorphan;\n\t\t\tRemifentanil;\n\t\t\tSufentanil;\n\t\t\tTapentadol;\n\t\t\tThiafentanil. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Any material<\/span>, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a potential for abuse associated with a stimulant effect on the central nervous system:\n\t\t\tAmphetamine, its salts, optical isomers<\/span>, and salts of its optical isomers<\/span>;\n\t\t\tPhenmetrazine and its salts;\n\t\t\tAny substance which contains any quantity of methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers<\/span>, and salts of isomers<\/span>;\n\t\t\tMethylphenidate;\n\t\t\tLisdexamfetamine, its salts, isomers<\/span>, and salts of its isomers<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material<\/span>, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers<\/span>, and salts of isomers<\/span> whenever the existence of such salts, isomers<\/span>, and salts of isomers<\/span> is possible within the specific chemical designation:\n\t\t\tAmobarbital;\n\t\t\tGlutethimide;\n\t\t\tSecobarbital;\n\t\t\tPentobarbital;\n\t\t\tPhencyclidine. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> The following hallucinogenic substances:\n\t\t\tNabilone;\n\t\t\tDronabinol ((-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol<\/span>) in an oral solution in a drug product<\/span> approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

6.<\/span> Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material<\/span>, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances which are:\n\t\t\ta. Immediate precursors<\/span> to amphetamine and methamphetamine:\n\t\t\tPhenylacetone.\n\t\t\tb. Immediate precursor<\/span> to phencyclidine:\n\t\t\t1-phenylcyclohexylamine;\n\t\t\t1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (other name: PCC).\n\t\t\tc. Immediate precursor<\/span> to fentanyl:\n\t\t\t4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine (ANPP). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nSCHEDULE II (\u00a7 54.1-3448)\n\nThe controlled substances listed in this section are included in Schedule II:\n\n1. Any of the following substances, except those narcotic drugs listed in other\nschedules, whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances\nof vegetable origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by\ncombination of extraction and chemical synthesis:\n\t\t\tOpium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium\nor opiate, excluding apomorphine, thebaine-derived butorphanol, dextrorphan,\nnalbuphine, naldemedine, nalmefene, naloxone, naltrexone and their respective\nsalts, but including the following:\n\t\t\tRaw opium;\n\t\t\tOpium extracts;\n\t\t\tOpium fluid extracts;\n\t\t\tPowdered opium;\n\t\t\tGranulated opium;\n\t\t\tTincture of opium;\n\t\t\tCodeine;\n\t\t\tDihydroetorphine;\n\t\t\tEthylmorphine;\n\t\t\tEtorphine hydrochloride;\n\t\t\tHydrocodone;\n\t\t\tHydromorphone;\n\t\t\tMetopon;\n\t\t\tOripavine (3-O-demethylthebaine or 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4,\n5-alpha-epoxy-6-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol);\n\t\t\tMorphine;\n\t\t\tNoroxymorphone;\n\t\t\tOxycodone;\n\t\t\tOxymorphone;\n\t\t\tThebaine.\n\t\t\tAny salt, compound, isomer, derivative, or preparation thereof which is\nchemically equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in\nthis subdivision, but not including the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.\n\t\t\tOpium poppy and poppy straw.\n\t\t\tCoca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca\nleaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is\nchemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, but not\nincluding decocainized coca leaves or extractions which do not contain cocaine\nor ecgonine; cocaine or any salt or isomer thereof.\n\t\t\tConcentrate of poppy straw, the crude extract of poppy straw in either\nliquid, solid or powder form, which contains the phenanthrene alkaloids of the\nopium poppy.\n\n2. Any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts,\nand salts of isomers, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers\nand salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:\n\t\t\tAlfentanil;\n\t\t\tAlphaprodine;\n\t\t\tAnileridine;\n\t\t\tBezitramide;\n\t\t\tBulk dextropropoxyphene (nondosage forms);\n\t\t\tCarfentanil;\n\t\t\tDihydrocodeine;\n\t\t\tDiphenoxylate;\n\t\t\tFentanyl;\n\t\t\tIsomethadone;\n\t\t\tLevo-alphacetylmethadol (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol)(levomethadyl\nacetate)(LAAM);\n\t\t\tLevomethorphan;\n\t\t\tLevorphanol;\n\t\t\tMetazocine;\n\t\t\tMethadone;\n\t\t\tMethadone — Intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl\nbutane;\n\t\t\tMoramide — Intermediate, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,\n1-diphenyl-propane-carboxylicacid;\n\t\t\tOliceridine;\n\t\t\tPethidine (other name: meperidine);\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — A,\n4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — B,\nethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate;\n\t\t\tPethidine — Intermediate — C,\n1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid;\n\t\t\tPhenazocine;\n\t\t\tPiminodine;\n\t\t\tRacemethorphan;\n\t\t\tRacemorphan;\n\t\t\tRemifentanil;\n\t\t\tSufentanil;\n\t\t\tTapentadol;\n\t\t\tThiafentanil.\n\n3. Any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of\nthe following substances having a potential for abuse associated with a\nstimulant effect on the central nervous system:\n\t\t\tAmphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical isomers;\n\t\t\tPhenmetrazine and its salts;\n\t\t\tAny substance which contains any quantity of methamphetamine, including its\nsalts, isomers, and salts of isomers;\n\t\t\tMethylphenidate;\n\t\t\tLisdexamfetamine, its salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers.\n\n4. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any\nmaterial, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the\nfollowing substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system,\nincluding its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of\nsuch salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific\nchemical designation:\n\t\t\tAmobarbital;\n\t\t\tGlutethimide;\n\t\t\tSecobarbital;\n\t\t\tPentobarbital;\n\t\t\tPhencyclidine.\n\n5. The following hallucinogenic substances:\n\t\t\tNabilone;\n\t\t\tDronabinol ((-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol) in an oral solution in a\ndrug product approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\n\n6. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any\nmaterial, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the\nfollowing substances which are:\n\t\t\ta. Immediate precursors to amphetamine and methamphetamine:\n\t\t\tPhenylacetone.\n\t\t\tb. Immediate precursor to phencyclidine:\n\t\t\t1-phenylcyclohexylamine;\n\t\t\t1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (other name: PCC).\n\t\t\tc. Immediate precursor to fentanyl:\n\t\t\t4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine (ANPP).\n\nHISTORY: 1972, c. 798, \u00a7 54-524.84:6; 1976, c. 614; 1977, c. 302; 1978, c. 833;\n1979, c. 387; 1981, c. 30; 1984, c. 192; 1986, c. 463; 1988, cc. 283, 765; 1992,\nc. 737; 1994, c. 763; 1998, c. 105; 2000, c. 135; 2005, c. 119; 2008, c. 74;\n2010, c. 423; 2011, c. 700; 2017, c. 612; 2019, c. 85; 2022, cc. 114, 115; 2024,\ncc. 62, 228.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}