{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/55.1-1832.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/55.1-1832.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/55.1-1832.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/55.1-1832.html"}],"law_id":66064,"edition_id":1,"section_id":66064,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1832","catch_line":"Use of technology","history":"2010, c. 432, \u00a7 55-515.3; 2019, c. 712; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 9, 494.","full_text":"A\n\nUnless expressly prohibited by the declaration, (i) any notice required to be sent or received or (ii) any signature, vote, consent, or approval required to be obtained under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter may be accomplished using electronic means.B\n\nThe association, the lot owners, and those entitled to occupy a lot may perform any obligation or exercise any right under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter by use of electronic means.C\n\nAn electronic signature meeting the requirements of applicable law shall satisfy any requirement for a signature under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter.D\n\nVoting on, consent to, and approval of any matter under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter may be accomplished by electronic means, provided that a record is created as evidence of such vote, consent, or approval and maintained as long as such record would be required to be maintained in nonelectronic form. If the vote, consent, or approval is required to be obtained by secret ballot, the electronic means shall protect the identity of the voter. If the electronic means cannot protect the identity of the voter, another means of voting shall be used.E\n\nSubject to other provisions of law, no action required or permitted by any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter need be acknowledged before a notary public if the identity and signature of such person can otherwise be authenticated to the satisfaction of the board of directors.F\n\nAny meeting of the association, the board of directors, or any committee may be held entirely or partially by electronic means, provided that the board of directors has adopted guidelines for the use of electronic means for such meetings. Such guidelines shall ensure that persons accessing such meetings are authorized to do so and that persons entitled to participate in such meetings have an opportunity to do so. The board of directors shall determine whether any such meeting may be held entirely or partially by electronic means.G\n\nIf any person does not have the capability or desire to conduct business using electronic means, the association shall make available a reasonable alternative, at its expense, for such person to conduct business with the association without use of such electronic means.H\n\nThis section shall not apply to any notice related to an enforcement action by the association, an assessment lien, or foreclosure proceedings in enforcement of an assessment lien.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":240033,"text":"Unless expressly prohibited by the declaration, (i) any notice required to be sent or received or (ii) any signature, vote, consent, or approval required to be obtained under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter may be accomplished using electronic means.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":240034,"text":"The association, the lot owners, and those entitled to occupy a lot may perform any obligation or exercise any right under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter by use of electronic means.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":240035,"text":"An electronic signature meeting the requirements of applicable law shall satisfy any requirement for a signature under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"3":{"id":240036,"text":"Voting on, consent to, and approval of any matter under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter may be accomplished by electronic means, provided that a record is created as evidence of such vote, consent, or approval and maintained as long as such record would be required to be maintained in nonelectronic form. If the vote, consent, or approval is required to be obtained by secret ballot, the electronic means shall protect the identity of the voter. If the electronic means cannot protect the identity of the voter, another means of voting shall be used.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"4":{"id":240037,"text":"Subject to other provisions of law, no action required or permitted by any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter need be acknowledged before a notary public if the identity and signature of such person can otherwise be authenticated to the satisfaction of the board of directors.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"5":{"id":240038,"text":"Any meeting of the association, the board of directors, or any committee may be held entirely or partially by electronic means, provided that the board of directors has adopted guidelines for the use of electronic means for such meetings. Such guidelines shall ensure that persons accessing such meetings are authorized to do so and that persons entitled to participate in such meetings have an opportunity to do so. The board of directors shall determine whether any such meeting may be held entirely or partially by electronic means.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"G"},"6":{"id":240039,"text":"If any person does not have the capability or desire to conduct business using electronic means, the association shall make available a reasonable alternative, at its expense, for such person to conduct business with the association without use of such electronic means.","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F","next_prefix":"H"},"7":{"id":240040,"text":"This section shall not apply to any notice related to an enforcement action by the association, an assessment lien, or foreclosure proceedings in enforcement of an assessment lien.","type":"section","prefixes":["H"],"prefix":"H","entire_prefix":"H","prefix_anchor":"H","level":1,"prior_prefix":"G"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14602,"edition_id":1,"name":"Operation and Management of Association","identifier":"3","label":"article","depth":4,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13840,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:48:50","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:48:50","permalink":{"id":246517,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14602,"identifier":"3","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3","url":"\/55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13840,"edition_id":1,"name":"Property Owners' Association Act","identifier":"18","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12914,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:02","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:02","permalink":{"id":246475,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13840,"identifier":"18","token":"55.1\/IV\/18","url":"\/55.1\/IV\/18\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12914,"edition_id":1,"name":"Common Interest Communities","identifier":"IV","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12707,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:01","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:01","permalink":{"id":246473,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12914,"identifier":"IV","token":"55.1\/IV","url":"\/55.1\/IV\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12707,"edition_id":1,"name":"Property and Conveyances","identifier":"55.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:49","permalink":{"id":244769,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12707,"identifier":"55.1","token":"55.1","url":"\/55.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":82116,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1815","catch_line":"Access to association records; association meetings; notice","url":"\/55.1-1815\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1815","metadata":false},{"id":58953,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1816","catch_line":"Meetings of the board of directors","url":"\/55.1-1816\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1816","metadata":false},{"id":71423,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1817","catch_line":"Distribution of information by members","url":"\/55.1-1817\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1817","metadata":false},{"id":74786,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1818","catch_line":"Common areas; notice of pesticide application","url":"\/55.1-1818\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1818","metadata":false},{"id":77313,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1819","catch_line":"Adoption and enforcement of rules","url":"\/55.1-1819\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1819","metadata":false},{"id":62295,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1819.1","catch_line":"Limitation of smoking in development","url":"\/55.1-1819.1\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1819.1","metadata":false},{"id":77241,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1820","catch_line":"Display of the flag of the United States; necessary supporting structures; affirmative defense","url":"\/55.1-1820\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1820","metadata":false},{"id":84984,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1820.1","catch_line":"Installation of solar energy collection devices","url":"\/55.1-1820.1\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1820.1","metadata":false},{"id":56111,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1821","catch_line":"Home-based businesses permitted; compliance with local ordinances","url":"\/55.1-1821\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1821","metadata":false},{"id":80736,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1822","catch_line":"Use of for sale signs in connection with sale","url":"\/55.1-1822\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1822","metadata":false},{"id":81871,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1823","catch_line":"Designation of authorized representative","url":"\/55.1-1823\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1823","metadata":false},{"id":67080,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1823.1","catch_line":"Electric vehicle charging stations permitted","url":"\/55.1-1823.1\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1823.1","metadata":false},{"id":83860,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1824","catch_line":"Assessments; late fees","url":"\/55.1-1824\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1824","metadata":false},{"id":69838,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1825","catch_line":"Authority to levy additional assessments; authority to borrow","url":"\/55.1-1825\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1825","metadata":false},{"id":63899,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1826","catch_line":"Annual budget; reserve study; reserves for capital components","url":"\/55.1-1826\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1826","metadata":false},{"id":68443,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1827","catch_line":"Deposit of funds; fidelity bond","url":"\/55.1-1827\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1827","metadata":false},{"id":72141,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1828","catch_line":"Compliance with declaration","url":"\/55.1-1828\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1828","metadata":false},{"id":58609,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1829","catch_line":"Amendment to declaration and bylaws; consent of mortgagee","url":"\/55.1-1829\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1829","metadata":false},{"id":65977,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1830","catch_line":"Validity of declaration; corrective amendments","url":"\/55.1-1830\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1830","metadata":false},{"id":62302,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1831","catch_line":"Reformation of declaration; judicial procedure","url":"\/55.1-1831\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1831","metadata":false},{"id":66064,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1832","catch_line":"Use of technology","url":"\/55.1-1832\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1832","metadata":false},{"id":74192,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1833","catch_line":"Lien for assessments; foreclosure","url":"\/55.1-1833\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1833","metadata":false},{"id":74729,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1834","catch_line":"Notice of sale under deed of trust","url":"\/55.1-1834\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1834","metadata":false},{"id":78030,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1835","catch_line":"Annual report by association","url":"\/55.1-1835\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1835","metadata":false},{"id":63125,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1836","catch_line":"Condemnation of common area; procedure","url":"\/55.1-1836\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1836","metadata":false},{"id":64074,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1837","catch_line":"Termination and duration of certain management contracts","url":"\/55.1-1837\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1837","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":62302,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1831","catch_line":"Reformation of declaration; judicial procedure","url":"\/55.1-1831\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1831","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":74192,"structure_id":14602,"section_number":"55.1-1833","catch_line":"Lien for assessments; foreclosure","url":"\/55.1-1833\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1833","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/55.1-1832\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2010. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 432<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 2019, chapter 712<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":246599,"object_type":"law","relational_id":66064,"identifier":"55.1-1832","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1832","url":"\/55.1-1832\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/55.1-1832\/","token":"55.1\/IV\/18\/3\/55.1-1832","dublin_core":{"Title":"Use of technology","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 55.1-1832","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> Unless expressly prohibited by the declaration<\/span>, (i) any notice required to be sent or received or (ii) any signature, vote, consent, or approval required to be obtained under any declaration<\/span> or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter may be accomplished using electronic means<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> The association<\/span>, the lot owners<\/span>, and those entitled to occupy a lot may perform any obligation or exercise any right under any declaration<\/span> or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter by use of electronic means<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> An electronic signature meeting the requirements of applicable law<\/span> shall satisfy any requirement for a signature under any declaration<\/span> or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> Voting on, consent to, and approval of any matter under any declaration<\/span> or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter may be accomplished by electronic means<\/span>, provided that a record is created as evidence<\/span> of such vote, consent, or approval and maintained as long as such record would be required to be maintained in nonelectronic form. If the vote, consent, or approval is required to be obtained by secret ballot, the electronic means<\/span> shall protect the identity of the voter. If the electronic means<\/span> cannot protect the identity of the voter, another means of voting shall be used. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> Subject to other provisions of law<\/span>, no action required or permitted by any declaration<\/span> or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter need be acknowledged before a notary public if the identity and signature of such person can otherwise be authenticated to the satisfaction of the board of directors<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> Any meeting of the association<\/span>, the board of directors<\/span>, or any committee may be held entirely or partially by electronic means<\/span>, provided that the board of directors<\/span> has adopted guidelines for the use of electronic means<\/span> for such meetings. Such guidelines shall ensure that persons accessing such meetings are authorized to do so and that persons entitled to participate in such meetings have an opportunity to do so. The board of directors<\/span> shall determine whether any such meeting may be held entirely or partially by electronic means<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> If any person does not have the capability or desire to conduct business using electronic means<\/span>, the association<\/span> shall make available a reasonable alternative, at its expense, for such person to conduct business with the association<\/span> without use of such electronic means<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

H.<\/span> This section shall not apply to any notice related to an enforcement action by the association<\/span>, an assessment lien<\/span>, or foreclosure proceedings in enforcement of an assessment lien<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nUSE OF TECHNOLOGY (\u00a7 55.1-1832)\n\nA. Unless expressly prohibited by the declaration, (i) any notice required to be\nsent or received or (ii) any signature, vote, consent, or approval required to\nbe obtained under any declaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this\nchapter may be accomplished using electronic means.\n\nB. The association, the lot owners, and those entitled to occupy a lot may\nperform any obligation or exercise any right under any declaration or bylaw\nprovision or any provision of this chapter by use of electronic means.\n\nC. An electronic signature meeting the requirements of applicable law shall\nsatisfy any requirement for a signature under any declaration or bylaw provision\nor any provision of this chapter.\n\nD. Voting on, consent to, and approval of any matter under any declaration or\nbylaw provision or any provision of this chapter may be accomplished by\nelectronic means, provided that a record is created as evidence of such vote,\nconsent, or approval and maintained as long as such record would be required to\nbe maintained in nonelectronic form. If the vote, consent, or approval is\nrequired to be obtained by secret ballot, the electronic means shall protect the\nidentity of the voter. If the electronic means cannot protect the identity of\nthe voter, another means of voting shall be used.\n\nE. Subject to other provisions of law, no action required or permitted by any\ndeclaration or bylaw provision or any provision of this chapter need be\nacknowledged before a notary public if the identity and signature of such person\ncan otherwise be authenticated to the satisfaction of the board of directors.\n\nF. Any meeting of the association, the board of directors, or any committee may\nbe held entirely or partially by electronic means, provided that the board of\ndirectors has adopted guidelines for the use of electronic means for such\nmeetings. Such guidelines shall ensure that persons accessing such meetings are\nauthorized to do so and that persons entitled to participate in such meetings\nhave an opportunity to do so. The board of directors shall determine whether any\nsuch meeting may be held entirely or partially by electronic means.\n\nG. If any person does not have the capability or desire to conduct business\nusing electronic means, the association shall make available a reasonable\nalternative, at its expense, for such person to conduct business with the\nassociation without use of such electronic means.\n\nH. This section shall not apply to any notice related to an enforcement action\nby the association, an assessment lien, or foreclosure proceedings in\nenforcement of an assessment lien.\n\nHISTORY: 2010, c. 432, \u00a7 55-515.3; 2019, c. 712; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 9, 494.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}