{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-335.2.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-335.2.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-335.2.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-335.2.html"}],"law_id":73880,"edition_id":1,"section_id":73880,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.2","catch_line":"Definitions","history":"1989, cc. 651, 655; 1990, c. 3; 2003, c. 359; 2023, c. 110.","full_text":"In this chapter the following words have the following meanings:\n\t\t“Attorney General” means the Office of the Attorney General of Virginia.\n\t\t“Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services, or a member of his staff to whom he may delegate his duties under this chapter.\n\t\t“Consumer” means any individual who is solicited to purchase or who purchases the services of a credit services business.\n\t\t“Consumer report” means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer’s creditworthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which (i) is furnished or (ii) is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for:\n\n1\n\nCredit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; or2\n\nEmployment purposes; or3\n\nOther purposes which shall be limited to the following circumstances:\n\t\t\ta. In response to the order of a court having jurisdiction to issue the order.\n\t\t\tb. In accordance with the written instructions of the consumer to whom the report relates.\n\t\t\tc. To a person which the agency has reason to believe:i\n\nIntends to use the information in connection with a credit transaction involving the consumer on whom the information is to be furnished and involving the extension of credit to or review or collection of an account of, the consumer; orii\n\nIntends to use the information for employment purposes; oriii\n\nIntends to use the information in connection with the underwriting of insurance involving the consumer; oriv\n\nIntends to use the information in connection with a determination of the consumer’s eligibility for a license or other benefit granted by a governmental instrumentality required by law to consider an applicant’s financial responsibility or status; orv\n\nOtherwise has a legitimate business need for the information in connection with a business transaction involving the consumer.\n\t\t\t\tThe term “consumer report” does not include:1\n\nAny report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person making the report;2\n\nAny authorization or approval of a specific extension of credit directly or indirectly by the issuer of a credit card or similar device; or3\n\nAny report in which a person who has been requested by a third party to make a specific extension of credit directly or indirectly to a consumer conveys his decision with respect to the request, if the third party advises the consumer of the name and address of the person to whom the request was made and the person makes the disclosures to the consumer as to the exact nature of the request and the effect of the report on its decision to extend credit.\n\t\t\t“Consumer reporting agency” means any person that, for monetary fees, dues, or on a cooperative nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties and that uses any means or facility of commerce for the purpose of preparing or furnishing consumer reports. “Consumer reporting agency” does not include a private investigator registered under the provisions of Article 4 (§ 9.1-138 et seq.) of Chapter 1 of Title 9.1.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business” means any person that, with respect to the extension of credit by others, sells, provides, or performs, or represents that such person can or will sell, provide, or perform, any of the following services in return for the payment of money or other valuable consideration:1\n\nImproving a consumer’s credit record, history, or rating;2\n\nObtaining an extension of credit for a consumer; or3\n\nProviding advice or assistance to a consumer with regard to either subdivision 1 or 2.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business” does not include:i\n\nAny person authorized to make, arrange, or negotiate loans or extensions of credit under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United States;ii\n\nAny bank, trust company, savings bank, or savings institution whose deposits or accounts are eligible for insurance by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or other federal insurance agency, or any credit union organized and chartered under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United States;iii\n\nAny nonprofit organization exempt from taxation under § 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c) (3));iv\n\nAny person licensed as a real estate broker by the Commonwealth where the person is acting within the course and scope of that license;v\n\nAny person licensed to practice law in the Commonwealth where the person renders services within the course and scope of that person’s practice as a lawyer;vi\n\nAny broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission where the broker-dealer is acting within the course and scope of that regulation;vii\n\nAny consumer reporting agency as defined in the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.); orviii\n\nAny person selling personal, family, or household goods to a consumer who, in connection with the seller’s sale of its goods to the consumer, assists the consumer in obtaining a loan or extension of credit or extends credit to the consumer.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Extension of credit” means the right to defer payment of debt or to incur debt and defer its payment, offered or granted primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.\n\t\t\t\t\t“File” when used in connection with information on any consumer, means all of the information on that consumer recorded and retained by a consumer reporting agency regardless of how the information is stored.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Investigative consumer report” means a consumer report or portion of it in which information on a consumer’s character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living is obtained through personal interviews with neighbors, friends, or associates of the consumer reported on or with others with whom he is acquainted or who may have knowledge concerning any items of information. However, the information does not include specific factual information on a consumer’s credit record obtained directly from a creditor of the consumer or from a consumer reporting agency when the information was obtained directly from a creditor of the consumer or from the consumer.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Person” includes an individual, corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, and any other legal or commercial entity.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":265669,"text":"In this chapter the following words have the following meanings:\n\t\t“Attorney General” means the Office of the Attorney General of Virginia.\n\t\t“Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services, or a member of his staff to whom he may delegate his duties under this chapter.\n\t\t“Consumer” means any individual who is solicited to purchase or who purchases the services of a credit services business.\n\t\t“Consumer report” means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer’s creditworthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which (i) is furnished or (ii) is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for:","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":"1"},"1":{"id":265670,"text":"Credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; or","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"","next_prefix":"2"},"2":{"id":265671,"text":"Employment purposes; or","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"3"},"3":{"id":265672,"text":"Other purposes which shall be limited to the following circumstances:\n\t\t\ta. In response to the order of a court having jurisdiction to issue the order.\n\t\t\tb. In accordance with the written instructions of the consumer to whom the report relates.\n\t\t\tc. To a person which the agency has reason to believe:","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2","next_prefix":"3i"},"4":{"id":265673,"text":"Intends to use the information in connection with a credit transaction involving the consumer on whom the information is to be furnished and involving the extension of credit to or review or collection of an account of, the consumer; or","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i"],"prefix":"i","entire_prefix":"3i","prefix_anchor":"3i","level":2,"prior_prefix":"3","next_prefix":"3iii"},"5":{"id":265674,"text":"Intends to use the information for employment purposes; or","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i","ii"],"prefix":"ii","entire_prefix":"3iii","prefix_anchor":"3iii","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3i","next_prefix":"3iiii"},"6":{"id":265675,"text":"Intends to use the information in connection with the underwriting of insurance involving the consumer; or","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i","iii"],"prefix":"iii","entire_prefix":"3iiii","prefix_anchor":"3iiii","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3iii","next_prefix":"3iiv"},"7":{"id":265676,"text":"Intends to use the information in connection with a determination of the consumer’s eligibility for a license or other benefit granted by a governmental instrumentality required by law to consider an applicant’s financial responsibility or status; or","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i","iv"],"prefix":"iv","entire_prefix":"3iiv","prefix_anchor":"3iiv","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3iiii","next_prefix":"3v"},"8":{"id":265677,"text":"Otherwise has a legitimate business need for the information in connection with a business transaction involving the consumer.\n\t\t\t\tThe term “consumer report” does not include:","type":"section","prefixes":["3","v"],"prefix":"v","entire_prefix":"3v","prefix_anchor":"3v","level":2,"prior_prefix":"3iiv","next_prefix":"1"},"9":{"id":265678,"text":"Any report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person making the report;","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"3v","next_prefix":"2"},"10":{"id":265679,"text":"Any authorization or approval of a specific extension of credit directly or indirectly by the issuer of a credit card or similar device; or","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"3"},"11":{"id":265680,"text":"Any report in which a person who has been requested by a third party to make a specific extension of credit directly or indirectly to a consumer conveys his decision with respect to the request, if the third party advises the consumer of the name and address of the person to whom the request was made and the person makes the disclosures to the consumer as to the exact nature of the request and the effect of the report on its decision to extend credit.\n\t\t\t“Consumer reporting agency” means any person that, for monetary fees, dues, or on a cooperative nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties and that uses any means or facility of commerce for the purpose of preparing or furnishing consumer reports. “Consumer reporting agency” does not include a private investigator registered under the provisions of Article 4 (§ 9.1-138 et seq.) of Chapter 1 of Title 9.1.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business” means any person that, with respect to the extension of credit by others, sells, provides, or performs, or represents that such person can or will sell, provide, or perform, any of the following services in return for the payment of money or other valuable consideration:","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2","next_prefix":"1"},"12":{"id":265681,"text":"Improving a consumer’s credit record, history, or rating;","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"3","next_prefix":"2"},"13":{"id":265682,"text":"Obtaining an extension of credit for a consumer; or","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"3"},"14":{"id":265683,"text":"Providing advice or assistance to a consumer with regard to either subdivision 1 or 2.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business” does not include:","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2","next_prefix":"3i"},"15":{"id":265684,"text":"Any person authorized to make, arrange, or negotiate loans or extensions of credit under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United States;","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i"],"prefix":"i","entire_prefix":"3i","prefix_anchor":"3i","level":2,"prior_prefix":"3","next_prefix":"3iii"},"16":{"id":265685,"text":"Any bank, trust company, savings bank, or savings institution whose deposits or accounts are eligible for insurance by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or other federal insurance agency, or any credit union organized and chartered under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United States;","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i","ii"],"prefix":"ii","entire_prefix":"3iii","prefix_anchor":"3iii","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3i","next_prefix":"3iiii"},"17":{"id":265686,"text":"Any nonprofit organization exempt from taxation under § 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c) (3));","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i","iii"],"prefix":"iii","entire_prefix":"3iiii","prefix_anchor":"3iiii","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3iii","next_prefix":"3iiv"},"18":{"id":265687,"text":"Any person licensed as a real estate broker by the Commonwealth where the person is acting within the course and scope of that license;","type":"section","prefixes":["3","i","iv"],"prefix":"iv","entire_prefix":"3iiv","prefix_anchor":"3iiv","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3iiii","next_prefix":"3v"},"19":{"id":265688,"text":"Any person licensed to practice law in the Commonwealth where the person renders services within the course and scope of that person’s practice as a lawyer;","type":"section","prefixes":["3","v"],"prefix":"v","entire_prefix":"3v","prefix_anchor":"3v","level":2,"prior_prefix":"3iiv","next_prefix":"3vvi"},"20":{"id":265689,"text":"Any broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission where the broker-dealer is acting within the course and scope of that regulation;","type":"section","prefixes":["3","v","vi"],"prefix":"vi","entire_prefix":"3vvi","prefix_anchor":"3vvi","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3v","next_prefix":"3vvii"},"21":{"id":265690,"text":"Any consumer reporting agency as defined in the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.); or","type":"section","prefixes":["3","v","vii"],"prefix":"vii","entire_prefix":"3vvii","prefix_anchor":"3vvii","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3vvi","next_prefix":"3vviii"},"22":{"id":265691,"text":"Any person selling personal, family, or household goods to a consumer who, in connection with the seller’s sale of its goods to the consumer, assists the consumer in obtaining a loan or extension of credit or extends credit to the consumer.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Extension of credit” means the right to defer payment of debt or to incur debt and defer its payment, offered or granted primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.\n\t\t\t\t\t“File” when used in connection with information on any consumer, means all of the information on that consumer recorded and retained by a consumer reporting agency regardless of how the information is stored.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Investigative consumer report” means a consumer report or portion of it in which information on a consumer’s character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living is obtained through personal interviews with neighbors, friends, or associates of the consumer reported on or with others with whom he is acquainted or who may have knowledge concerning any items of information. However, the information does not include specific factual information on a consumer’s credit record obtained directly from a creditor of the consumer or from a consumer reporting agency when the information was obtained directly from a creditor of the consumer or from the consumer.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Person” includes an individual, corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, and any other legal or commercial entity.","type":"section","prefixes":["3","v","viii"],"prefix":"viii","entire_prefix":"3vviii","prefix_anchor":"3vviii","level":3,"prior_prefix":"3vvii"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14892,"edition_id":1,"name":"Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act","identifier":"25.1","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:50:37","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:50:37","permalink":{"id":260865,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14892,"identifier":"25.1","token":"59.1\/25.1","url":"\/59.1\/25.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":75984,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.1","catch_line":"Title","url":"\/59.1-335.1\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.1","metadata":false},{"id":72344,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.10","catch_line":"Liability to consumer","url":"\/59.1-335.10\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.10","metadata":false},{"id":81308,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.11","catch_line":"Statute of limitations","url":"\/59.1-335.11\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.11","metadata":false},{"id":72551,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.12","catch_line":"Violations of chapter; enforcement","url":"\/59.1-335.12\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.12","metadata":false},{"id":73880,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.2","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/59.1-335.2\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.2","metadata":false},{"id":63390,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.3","catch_line":"Registration; fees","url":"\/59.1-335.3\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.3","metadata":false},{"id":56862,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.4","catch_line":"Bond or letter of credit required","url":"\/59.1-335.4\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.4","metadata":false},{"id":62805,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.5","catch_line":"Prohibited practices","url":"\/59.1-335.5\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.5","metadata":false},{"id":79483,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.6","catch_line":"Information statement required","url":"\/59.1-335.6\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.6","metadata":false},{"id":60837,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.7","catch_line":"Contents of information statement","url":"\/59.1-335.7\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.7","metadata":false},{"id":77844,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.8","catch_line":"Contents of contracts","url":"\/59.1-335.8\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.8","metadata":false},{"id":84563,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.9","catch_line":"Breach; null and void contract","url":"\/59.1-335.9\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":72551,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.12","catch_line":"Violations of chapter; enforcement","url":"\/59.1-335.12\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.12","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":63390,"structure_id":14892,"section_number":"59.1-335.3","catch_line":"Registration; fees","url":"\/59.1-335.3\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.3","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/59.1-335.2\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1989. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 651 and 655 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1989 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1990, chapter 3; in 2003, chapter 359<\/a>; in 2023, chapter 110<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":69682,"section_number":"9.1-138","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/9.1-138\/"}],"permalink":{"id":260883,"object_type":"law","relational_id":73880,"identifier":"59.1-335.2","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.2","url":"\/59.1-335.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-335.2\/","token":"59.1\/25.1\/59.1-335.2","dublin_core":{"Title":"Definitions","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-335.2","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

In this chapter the following words have the following meanings:\n\t\t“Attorney General<\/span>” means the Office of the Attorney General<\/span> of Virginia.\n\t\t“Commissioner<\/span>” means the Commissioner<\/span> of Agriculture and Consumer Services, or a member of his staff to whom he may delegate his duties under this chapter.\n\t\t“Consumer” means any individual who is solicited to purchase or who purchases the services of a credit services business<\/span>.\n\t\t“Consumer report<\/span>” means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency<\/span> bearing on a consumer’s creditworthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which (i) is furnished or (ii) is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for:<\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Employment purposes; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Other purposes which shall be limited to the following circumstances:\n\t\t\ta. In response to the order<\/span> of a court<\/span> having jurisdiction<\/span> to issue<\/span> the order<\/span>.\n\t\t\tb. In accordance with the written instructions of the consumer to whom the report relates.\n\t\t\tc. To a person<\/span> which the agency has reason to believe: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

i.<\/span> Intends to use the information in connection with a credit transaction involving the consumer on whom the information is to be furnished and involving the extension of credit<\/span> to or review or collection of an account of, the consumer; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

ii.<\/span> Intends to use the information for employment purposes; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

iii.<\/span> Intends to use the information in connection with the underwriting of insurance involving the consumer; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

iv.<\/span> Intends to use the information in connection with a determination of the consumer’s eligibility for a license or other benefit granted by a governmental instrumentality required by law<\/span> to consider an applicant’s financial responsibility or status; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

v.<\/span> Otherwise has a legitimate business need for the information in connection with a business transaction involving the consumer.\n\t\t\t\tThe term “consumer report<\/span>” does not include: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Any report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person<\/span> making the report; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Any authorization or approval of a specific extension of credit<\/span> directly or indirectly by the issuer of a credit card or similar device; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Any report in which a person<\/span> who has been requested by a third party<\/span> to make a specific extension of credit<\/span> directly or indirectly to a consumer conveys his decision with respect to the request, if the third party<\/span> advises the consumer of the name and address of the person<\/span> to whom the request was made and the person<\/span> makes the disclosures to the consumer as to the exact nature of the request and the effect of the report on its decision to extend credit.\n\t\t\t“Consumer reporting agency<\/span>” means any person<\/span> that, for monetary fees, dues, or on a cooperative nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information or other information on consumers<\/span> for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports<\/span> to third parties and that uses any means or facility of commerce for the purpose of preparing or furnishing consumer reports<\/span>. “Consumer reporting agency<\/span>” does not include a private investigator registered under the provisions of Article 4 (§ 9.1-138<\/a> et seq.) of Chapter 1 of Title 9.1.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business<\/span>” means any person<\/span> that, with respect to the extension of credit<\/span> by others, sells, provides, or performs, or represents that such person<\/span> can or will sell, provide, or perform, any of the following services in return for the payment of money or other valuable consideration: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Improving a consumer’s credit record, history, or rating; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Obtaining an extension of credit<\/span> for a consumer; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Providing advice or assistance to a consumer with regard to either subdivision 1 or 2.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business<\/span>” does not include: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

i.<\/span> Any person<\/span> authorized to make, arrange, or negotiate loans or extensions of credit under the laws<\/span> of the Commonwealth or the United States; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

ii.<\/span> Any bank, trust company, savings bank, or savings institution whose deposits or accounts are eligible for insurance by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or other federal insurance agency, or any credit union organized and chartered under the laws<\/span> of the Commonwealth or the United States; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

iii.<\/span> Any nonprofit organization exempt from taxation under § 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c) (3)); <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

iv.<\/span> Any person<\/span> licensed as a real estate broker by the Commonwealth where the person<\/span> is acting within the course and scope of that license; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

v.<\/span> Any person<\/span> licensed to practice law<\/span> in the Commonwealth where the person<\/span> renders services within the course and scope of that person<\/span>’s practice as a lawyer; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

vi.<\/span> Any broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission where the broker-dealer is acting within the course and scope of that regulation; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

vii.<\/span> Any consumer reporting agency<\/span> as defined in the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.); or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

viii.<\/span> Any person<\/span> selling personal, family, or household goods to a consumer who, in connection with the seller’s sale of its goods to the consumer, assists the consumer in obtaining a loan or extension of credit<\/span> or extends credit to the consumer.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Extension of credit<\/span>” means the right to defer payment of debt or to incur debt and defer its payment, offered or granted primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.\n\t\t\t\t\t“File<\/span>” when used in connection with information on any consumer, means all of the information on that consumer recorded and retained by a consumer reporting agency<\/span> regardless of how the information is stored.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Investigative consumer report<\/span>” means a consumer report or portion of it in which information on a consumer’s character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living is obtained through personal interviews with neighbors, friends, or associates of the consumer reported on or with others with whom he is acquainted or who may have knowledge concerning any items of information. However, the information does not include specific factual information on a consumer’s credit record obtained directly from a creditor<\/span> of the consumer or from a consumer reporting agency<\/span> when the information was obtained directly from a creditor<\/span> of the consumer or from the consumer.\n\t\t\t\t\t“Person<\/span>” includes an individual, corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, two or more persons<\/span> having a joint or common interest, and any other legal or commercial entity. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS (\u00a7 59.1-335.2)\n\nIn this chapter the following words have the following meanings:\n\t\t“Attorney General” means the Office of the Attorney General of\nVirginia.\n\t\t“Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer\nServices, or a member of his staff to whom he may delegate his duties under this\nchapter.\n\t\t“Consumer” means any individual who is solicited to purchase or\nwho purchases the services of a credit services business.\n\t\t“Consumer report” means any written, oral, or other communication\nof any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer’s\ncreditworthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general\nreputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which (i) is furnished\nor (ii) is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the\npurpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility\nfor:\n\n1. Credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household\npurposes; or\n\n2. Employment purposes; or\n\n3. Other purposes which shall be limited to the following circumstances:\n\t\t\ta. In response to the order of a court having jurisdiction to issue the\norder.\n\t\t\tb. In accordance with the written instructions of the consumer to whom the\nreport relates.\n\t\t\tc. To a person which the agency has reason to believe:\n\n i. Intends to use the information in connection with a credit transaction\n involving the consumer on whom the information is to be furnished and\n involving the extension of credit to or review or collection of an account of,\n the consumer; or\n\n ii. Intends to use the information for employment purposes; or\n\n iii. Intends to use the information in connection with the underwriting of\n insurance involving the consumer; or\n\n iv. Intends to use the information in connection with a determination of the\n consumer’s eligibility for a license or other benefit granted by a\n governmental instrumentality required by law to consider an\n applicant’s financial responsibility or status; or\n\n v. Otherwise has a legitimate business need for the information in connection\n with a business transaction involving the consumer.\n \t\t\t\tThe term “consumer report” does not include:\n\n1. Any report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences\nbetween the consumer and the person making the report;\n\n2. Any authorization or approval of a specific extension of credit directly or\nindirectly by the issuer of a credit card or similar device; or\n\n3. Any report in which a person who has been requested by a third party to make\na specific extension of credit directly or indirectly to a consumer conveys his\ndecision with respect to the request, if the third party advises the consumer of\nthe name and address of the person to whom the request was made and the person\nmakes the disclosures to the consumer as to the exact nature of the request and\nthe effect of the report on its decision to extend credit.\n\t\t\t“Consumer reporting agency” means any person that, for monetary\nfees, dues, or on a cooperative nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or\nin part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information\nor other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports\nto third parties and that uses any means or facility of commerce for the purpose\nof preparing or furnishing consumer reports. “Consumer reporting\nagency” does not include a private investigator registered under the\nprovisions of Article 4 (§ 9.1-138 et seq.) of Chapter 1 of Title 9.1.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business” means any person that, with respect to\nthe extension of credit by others, sells, provides, or performs, or represents\nthat such person can or will sell, provide, or perform, any of the following\nservices in return for the payment of money or other valuable consideration:\n\n1. Improving a consumer’s credit record, history, or rating;\n\n2. Obtaining an extension of credit for a consumer; or\n\n3. Providing advice or assistance to a consumer with regard to either\nsubdivision 1 or 2.\n\t\t\t“Credit services business” does not include:\n\n i. Any person authorized to make, arrange, or negotiate loans or extensions of\n credit under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United States;\n\n ii. Any bank, trust company, savings bank, or savings institution whose\n deposits or accounts are eligible for insurance by the Federal Deposit\n Insurance Corporation or other federal insurance agency, or any credit union\n organized and chartered under the laws of the Commonwealth or the United\n States;\n\n iii. Any nonprofit organization exempt from taxation under § 501(c) (3)\n of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c) (3));\n\n iv. Any person licensed as a real estate broker by the Commonwealth where\n the person is acting within the course and scope of that license;\n\n v. Any person licensed to practice law in the Commonwealth where the person\n renders services within the course and scope of that person’s practice\n as a lawyer;\n\n vi. Any broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission\n or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission where the broker-dealer is\n acting within the course and scope of that regulation;\n\n vii. Any consumer reporting agency as defined in the Federal Fair Credit\n Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.); or\n\n viii. Any person selling personal, family, or household goods to a consumer\n who, in connection with the seller’s sale of its goods to the\n consumer, assists the consumer in obtaining a loan or extension of credit or\n extends credit to the consumer.\n \t\t\t\t\t“Extension of credit” means the right to defer payment of\n debt or to incur debt and defer its payment, offered or granted primarily\n for personal, family, or household purposes.\n \t\t\t\t\t“File” when used in connection with information on any\n consumer, means all of the information on that consumer recorded and\n retained by a consumer reporting agency regardless of how the information is\n stored.\n \t\t\t\t\t“Investigative consumer report” means a consumer report or\n portion of it in which information on a consumer’s character, general\n reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living is obtained through\n personal interviews with neighbors, friends, or associates of the consumer\n reported on or with others with whom he is acquainted or who may have\n knowledge concerning any items of information. However, the information does\n not include specific factual information on a consumer’s credit record\n obtained directly from a creditor of the consumer or from a consumer\n reporting agency when the information was obtained directly from a creditor\n of the consumer or from the consumer.\n \t\t\t\t\t“Person” includes an individual, corporation, government or\n governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust,\n partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common\n interest, and any other legal or commercial entity.\n\nHISTORY: 1989, cc. 651, 655; 1990, c. 3; 2003, c. 359; 2023, c. 110.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}