{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-470.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-470.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-470.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-470.html"}],"law_id":60689,"edition_id":1,"section_id":60689,"structure_id":14165,"section_number":"59.1-470","catch_line":"Definitions","history":"1998, cc. 67, 242.","full_text":"As used in this chapter:\n\t\t“Assistive device dealer” means a person or company that is in the business of selling assistive devices, including a manufacturer who sells assistive technology devices directly to consumers.\n\t\t“Assistive device lessor” means a person or company that leases an assistive device to a consumer, or who holds the lessor’s rights, under a written lease.\n\t\t“Assistive technology device,” “assistive device,” or “device” means any new device, including a demonstrator, that a consumer purchases or accepts transfer of in this Commonwealth which is used for a major life activity or any other assistive device that enables a person with a disability to communicate, see, hear, or maneuver. These devices include (i) manual wheelchairs, motorized wheelchairs, motorized scooters, and other aids that enhance the mobility of an individual; (ii) hearing aids, telephone communication devices for the deaf (TTD\/TTY), assistive listening devices, visual and audible signal systems, and other aides that enhance an individual’s ability to hear; and (iii) voice-synthesized computer modules, optical scanners, talking software, Braille printers, and other devices that enhance a sight-impaired individual’s ability to communicate.\n\t\t“Authorized dealer” means any seller of an assistive device that (i) has, within a specified geographic area, an exclusive distribution arrangement with any person or entity that manufacturers or assembles such device or (ii) is designated by the person or company that manufactures or assembles such device to repair or accept for repair such device.\n\t\t“Collateral costs” means expenses incurred by a consumer in connection with the repair of a nonconformity, including the reasonable costs of obtaining an alternative assistive device.\n\t\t“Consumer” means:\n\n1\n\nA person with a disability as defined in the Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2), or his legal representative, (i) who has purchased an assistive device from an assistive device dealer or manufacturer for purposes other than resale; (ii) to whom the assistive device is transferred for purposes other than resale, if the transfer occurs before the expiration of any warranty established by this chapter; or (iii) who leases a new assistive device from an assistive device lessor under a written lease;2\n\nAn entity which purchases or leases an assistive device using state or federal funds for the use of a person with a disability; or3\n\nAn insurer or self-insurer which purchases or leases an assistive device for the use of a person with a disability.\n\t\t\t“Demonstrator” means an assistive device used primarily for the purpose of demonstration to the public.\n\t\t\t“Manufacturer” means a person or company that manufactures or assembles assistive devices and agents of that person or company, including an authorized dealer, an importer, a distributor, factory branch, distributor branch and any warrantors of the manufacturer’s assistive device, but does not include a professional who fabricates, without charge, a device for use in the course of treatment.\n\t\t\t“Nonconformity” means a condition or defect that significantly impairs the use, value, function or safety of an assistive device or any of its components, but does not include a condition or defect of the device that is the result of (i) abuse, misuse or neglect by a consumer, (ii) modifications or alterations not authorized by the manufacturer, (iii) normal wear, (iv) normal use which may be resolved through a fitting adjustment, routine maintenance, preventative maintenance or proper care, or (v) a consumer’s failure to follow any manufacturer’s written service and maintenance guidelines furnished to the customer at the time of purchase.\n\t\t\t“Reasonable attempt to repair” means that within one year after the date of first delivery of the assistive device:1\n\nThe same nonconformity has been subject to repair three or more times by the manufacturer, assistive device lessor or any assistive device dealer authorized by the manufacturer to repair such device, and the nonconformity continues to exist and interfere with the device’s operation; or2\n\nThe assistive device is out of service, with no fungible loaner available, for a cumulative total of at least thirty days, exclusive of any necessary time in shipment, due to repair by the manufacturer, assistive device lessor or any assistive device dealer authorized by the manufacturer to repair such device, all of which is due to warranty nonconformities. The provisions of this subdivision shall not be applicable if the repairs could not be performed because of conditions beyond the control of the manufacturer, its agents or authorized dealers, including war, invasion, strike, fire, flood or other natural disasters.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":221860,"text":"As used in this chapter:\n\t\t“Assistive device dealer” means a person or company that is in the business of selling assistive devices, including a manufacturer who sells assistive technology devices directly to consumers.\n\t\t“Assistive device lessor” means a person or company that leases an assistive device to a consumer, or who holds the lessor’s rights, under a written lease.\n\t\t“Assistive technology device,” “assistive device,” or “device” means any new device, including a demonstrator, that a consumer purchases or accepts transfer of in this Commonwealth which is used for a major life activity or any other assistive device that enables a person with a disability to communicate, see, hear, or maneuver. These devices include (i) manual wheelchairs, motorized wheelchairs, motorized scooters, and other aids that enhance the mobility of an individual; (ii) hearing aids, telephone communication devices for the deaf (TTD\/TTY), assistive listening devices, visual and audible signal systems, and other aides that enhance an individual’s ability to hear; and (iii) voice-synthesized computer modules, optical scanners, talking software, Braille printers, and other devices that enhance a sight-impaired individual’s ability to communicate.\n\t\t“Authorized dealer” means any seller of an assistive device that (i) has, within a specified geographic area, an exclusive distribution arrangement with any person or entity that manufacturers or assembles such device or (ii) is designated by the person or company that manufactures or assembles such device to repair or accept for repair such device.\n\t\t“Collateral costs” means expenses incurred by a consumer in connection with the repair of a nonconformity, including the reasonable costs of obtaining an alternative assistive device.\n\t\t“Consumer” means:","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":"1"},"1":{"id":221861,"text":"A person with a disability as defined in the Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2), or his legal representative, (i) who has purchased an assistive device from an assistive device dealer or manufacturer for purposes other than resale; (ii) to whom the assistive device is transferred for purposes other than resale, if the transfer occurs before the expiration of any warranty established by this chapter; or (iii) who leases a new assistive device from an assistive device lessor under a written lease;","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"","next_prefix":"2"},"2":{"id":221862,"text":"An entity which purchases or leases an assistive device using state or federal funds for the use of a person with a disability; or","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"3"},"3":{"id":221863,"text":"An insurer or self-insurer which purchases or leases an assistive device for the use of a person with a disability.\n\t\t\t“Demonstrator” means an assistive device used primarily for the purpose of demonstration to the public.\n\t\t\t“Manufacturer” means a person or company that manufactures or assembles assistive devices and agents of that person or company, including an authorized dealer, an importer, a distributor, factory branch, distributor branch and any warrantors of the manufacturer’s assistive device, but does not include a professional who fabricates, without charge, a device for use in the course of treatment.\n\t\t\t“Nonconformity” means a condition or defect that significantly impairs the use, value, function or safety of an assistive device or any of its components, but does not include a condition or defect of the device that is the result of (i) abuse, misuse or neglect by a consumer, (ii) modifications or alterations not authorized by the manufacturer, (iii) normal wear, (iv) normal use which may be resolved through a fitting adjustment, routine maintenance, preventative maintenance or proper care, or (v) a consumer’s failure to follow any manufacturer’s written service and maintenance guidelines furnished to the customer at the time of purchase.\n\t\t\t“Reasonable attempt to repair” means that within one year after the date of first delivery of the assistive device:","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2","next_prefix":"1"},"4":{"id":221864,"text":"The same nonconformity has been subject to repair three or more times by the manufacturer, assistive device lessor or any assistive device dealer authorized by the manufacturer to repair such device, and the nonconformity continues to exist and interfere with the device’s operation; or","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"3","next_prefix":"2"},"5":{"id":221865,"text":"The assistive device is out of service, with no fungible loaner available, for a cumulative total of at least thirty days, exclusive of any necessary time in shipment, due to repair by the manufacturer, assistive device lessor or any assistive device dealer authorized by the manufacturer to repair such device, all of which is due to warranty nonconformities. The provisions of this subdivision shall not be applicable if the repairs could not be performed because of conditions beyond the control of the manufacturer, its agents or authorized dealers, including war, invasion, strike, fire, flood or other natural disasters.","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14165,"edition_id":1,"name":"Virginia Assistive Technology Device Warranties Act","identifier":"40","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:06","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:06","permalink":{"id":261749,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14165,"identifier":"40","token":"59.1\/40","url":"\/59.1\/40\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":60689,"structure_id":14165,"section_number":"59.1-470","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/59.1-470\/","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-470","metadata":false},{"id":81758,"structure_id":14165,"section_number":"59.1-471","catch_line":"Implied warranty; responsibility for repair, return, or replacement","url":"\/59.1-471\/","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-471","metadata":false},{"id":74477,"structure_id":14165,"section_number":"59.1-472","catch_line":"Returned devices; subsequent sale or lease; disclosure","url":"\/59.1-472\/","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-472","metadata":false},{"id":55331,"structure_id":14165,"section_number":"59.1-473","catch_line":"Legal action or arbitration","url":"\/59.1-473\/","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-473","metadata":false},{"id":65247,"structure_id":14165,"section_number":"59.1-474","catch_line":"Certain actions deemed void","url":"\/59.1-474\/","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-474","metadata":false}],"next_section":{"id":81758,"structure_id":14165,"section_number":"59.1-471","catch_line":"Implied warranty; responsibility for repair, return, or replacement","url":"\/59.1-471\/","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-471","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/59.1-470\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1998. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 67<\/a> and 242<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":261751,"object_type":"law","relational_id":60689,"identifier":"59.1-470","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-470","url":"\/59.1-470\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-470\/","token":"59.1\/40\/59.1-470","dublin_core":{"Title":"Definitions","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-470","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

As used in this chapter:\n\t\t“Assistive device dealer<\/span>” means a person or company that is in the business of selling assistive devices<\/span>, including a manufacturer<\/span> who sells assistive technology devices<\/span> directly to consumers.\n\t\t“Assistive device lessor<\/span>” means a person or company that leases an assistive device to a consumer, or who holds the lessor’s rights, under a written lease.\n\t\t“Assistive technology device,” “assistive device,” or “device” means any new device, including a demonstrator<\/span>, that a consumer purchases or accepts transfer of in this Commonwealth which is used for a major life activity or any other assistive device that enables a person with a disability to communicate, see, hear, or maneuver. These devices<\/span> include (i) manual wheelchairs, motorized wheelchairs, motorized scooters, and other aids that enhance the mobility of an individual; (ii) hearing<\/span> aids, telephone communication devices<\/span> for the deaf (TTD\/TTY), assistive listening devices<\/span>, visual and audible signal systems, and other aides that enhance an individual’s ability to hear; and (iii) voice-synthesized computer modules, optical scanners, talking software, Braille printers, and other devices<\/span> that enhance a sight-impaired individual’s ability to communicate.\n\t\t“Authorized dealer<\/span>” means any seller of an assistive device that (i) has, within a specified geographic area, an exclusive distribution arrangement with any person or entity that manufacturers<\/span> or assembles such device or (ii) is designated by the person or company that manufactures or assembles such device to repair or accept for repair such device.\n\t\t“Collateral costs<\/span>” means expenses incurred by a consumer in connection with the repair of a nonconformity<\/span>, including the reasonable costs of obtaining an alternative assistive device.\n\t\t“Consumer” means:<\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> A person with a disability as defined in the Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2), or his legal representative, (i) who has purchased an assistive device from an assistive device dealer<\/span> or manufacturer<\/span> for purposes other than resale; (ii) to whom the assistive device is transferred for purposes other than resale, if the transfer occurs before the expiration of any warranty established by this chapter; or (iii) who leases a new assistive device from an assistive device lessor<\/span> under a written lease; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> An entity which purchases or leases an assistive device using state or federal funds for the use of a person with a disability; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> An insurer or self-insurer which purchases or leases an assistive device for the use of a person with a disability.\n\t\t\t“Demonstrator<\/span>” means an assistive device used primarily for the purpose of demonstration to the public.\n\t\t\t“Manufacturer<\/span>” means a person or company that manufactures or assembles assistive devices<\/span> and agents of that person or company, including an authorized dealer<\/span>, an importer, a distributor, factory branch, distributor branch and any warrantors of the manufacturer<\/span>’s assistive device, but does not include a professional who fabricates, without charge, a device for use in the course of treatment.\n\t\t\t“Nonconformity<\/span>” means a condition or defect that significantly impairs the use, value, function or safety of an assistive device or any of its components, but does not include a condition or defect of the device that is the result of (i) abuse, misuse or neglect by a consumer, (ii) modifications or alterations not authorized by the manufacturer<\/span>, (iii) normal wear, (iv) normal use which may be resolved through a fitting adjustment, routine maintenance, preventative maintenance or proper care, or (v) a consumer’s failure to follow any manufacturer<\/span>’s written service and maintenance guidelines furnished to the customer at the time of purchase.\n\t\t\t“Reasonable attempt to repair<\/span>” means that within one year after the date of first delivery of the assistive device: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The same nonconformity<\/span> has been subject to repair three or more times by the manufacturer<\/span>, assistive device lessor<\/span> or any assistive device dealer<\/span> authorized by the manufacturer<\/span> to repair such device, and the nonconformity<\/span> continues to exist and interfere with the device’s operation; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The assistive device is out of service, with no fungible loaner available, for a cumulative total of at least thirty days, exclusive of any necessary time in shipment, due to repair by the manufacturer<\/span>, assistive device lessor<\/span> or any assistive device dealer<\/span> authorized by the manufacturer<\/span> to repair such device, all of which is due to warranty nonconformities. The provisions of this subdivision shall not be applicable if the repairs could not be performed because of conditions beyond the control of the manufacturer<\/span>, its agents or authorized dealers<\/span>, including war, invasion, strike, fire, flood or other natural disasters. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS (\u00a7 59.1-470)\n\nAs used in this chapter:\n\t\t“Assistive device dealer” means a person or company that is in the\nbusiness of selling assistive devices, including a manufacturer who sells\nassistive technology devices directly to consumers.\n\t\t“Assistive device lessor” means a person or company that leases an\nassistive device to a consumer, or who holds the lessor’s rights, under a\nwritten lease.\n\t\t“Assistive technology device,” “assistive device,” or\n“device” means any new device, including a demonstrator, that a\nconsumer purchases or accepts transfer of in this Commonwealth which is used for\na major life activity or any other assistive device that enables a person with a\ndisability to communicate, see, hear, or maneuver. These devices include (i)\nmanual wheelchairs, motorized wheelchairs, motorized scooters, and other aids\nthat enhance the mobility of an individual; (ii) hearing aids, telephone\ncommunication devices for the deaf (TTD\/TTY), assistive listening devices,\nvisual and audible signal systems, and other aides that enhance an\nindividual’s ability to hear; and (iii) voice-synthesized computer\nmodules, optical scanners, talking software, Braille printers, and other devices\nthat enhance a sight-impaired individual’s ability to communicate.\n\t\t“Authorized dealer” means any seller of an assistive device that\n(i) has, within a specified geographic area, an exclusive distribution\narrangement with any person or entity that manufacturers or assembles such\ndevice or (ii) is designated by the person or company that manufactures or\nassembles such device to repair or accept for repair such device.\n\t\t“Collateral costs” means expenses incurred by a consumer in\nconnection with the repair of a nonconformity, including the reasonable costs of\nobtaining an alternative assistive device.\n\t\t“Consumer” means:\n\n1. A person with a disability as defined in the Americans With Disabilities Act,\n42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2), or his legal representative, (i) who has purchased\nan assistive device from an assistive device dealer or manufacturer for purposes\nother than resale; (ii) to whom the assistive device is transferred for purposes\nother than resale, if the transfer occurs before the expiration of any warranty\nestablished by this chapter; or (iii) who leases a new assistive device from an\nassistive device lessor under a written lease;\n\n2. An entity which purchases or leases an assistive device using state or\nfederal funds for the use of a person with a disability; or\n\n3. An insurer or self-insurer which purchases or leases an assistive device for\nthe use of a person with a disability.\n\t\t\t“Demonstrator” means an assistive device used primarily for the\npurpose of demonstration to the public.\n\t\t\t“Manufacturer” means a person or company that manufactures or\nassembles assistive devices and agents of that person or company, including an\nauthorized dealer, an importer, a distributor, factory branch, distributor\nbranch and any warrantors of the manufacturer’s assistive device, but does\nnot include a professional who fabricates, without charge, a device for use in\nthe course of treatment.\n\t\t\t“Nonconformity” means a condition or defect that significantly\nimpairs the use, value, function or safety of an assistive device or any of its\ncomponents, but does not include a condition or defect of the device that is the\nresult of (i) abuse, misuse or neglect by a consumer, (ii) modifications or\nalterations not authorized by the manufacturer, (iii) normal wear, (iv) normal\nuse which may be resolved through a fitting adjustment, routine maintenance,\npreventative maintenance or proper care, or (v) a consumer’s failure to\nfollow any manufacturer’s written service and maintenance guidelines\nfurnished to the customer at the time of purchase.\n\t\t\t“Reasonable attempt to repair” means that within one year after\nthe date of first delivery of the assistive device:\n\n1. The same nonconformity has been subject to repair three or more times by the\nmanufacturer, assistive device lessor or any assistive device dealer authorized\nby the manufacturer to repair such device, and the nonconformity continues to\nexist and interfere with the device’s operation; or\n\n2. The assistive device is out of service, with no fungible loaner available,\nfor a cumulative total of at least thirty days, exclusive of any necessary time\nin shipment, due to repair by the manufacturer, assistive device lessor or any\nassistive device dealer authorized by the manufacturer to repair such device,\nall of which is due to warranty nonconformities. The provisions of this\nsubdivision shall not be applicable if the repairs could not be performed\nbecause of conditions beyond the control of the manufacturer, its agents or\nauthorized dealers, including war, invasion, strike, fire, flood or other\nnatural disasters.\n\nHISTORY: 1998, cc. 67, 242.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}