{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-493.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-493.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-493.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-493.html"}],"law_id":67829,"edition_id":1,"section_id":67829,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-493","catch_line":"Time and place of sending and receipt","history":"2000, c. 995.","full_text":"a\n\nUnless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is sent when it:1\n\nIs addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record;2\n\nIs in a form capable of being processed by that system; and3\n\nEnters an information processing system outside the control of the sender or of a person that sent the electronic record on behalf of the sender or enters a region of the information processing system designated or used by the recipient which is under the control of the recipient.b\n\nUnless otherwise agreed between a sender and the recipient, an electronic record is received when:1\n\nIt enters an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record; and2\n\nIt is in a form capable of being processed by that system.c\n\nSubsection (b) applies even if the place the information processing system is located is different from the place the electronic record is deemed to be received under subsection (d).d\n\nUnless otherwise expressly provided in the electronic record or agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is deemed to be sent from the sender’s place of business and to be received at the recipient’s place of business. For purposes of this subsection, the following rules apply:1\n\nIf the sender or recipient has more than one place of business, the place of business of that person is the place having the closest relationship to the underlying transaction.2\n\nIf the sender or the recipient does not have a place of business, the place of business is the sender’s or recipient’s residence, as the case may be.e\n\nAn electronic record is received under subsection (b) even if no individual is aware of its receipt.f\n\nReceipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing system described in subsection (b) establishes that a record was received but, by itself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content received.g\n\nIf a person is aware that an electronic record purportedly sent under subsection (a), or purportedly received under subsection (b), was not actually sent or received, the legal effect of the sending or receipt is determined by other applicable law. Except to the extent permitted by the other law, the requirements of this subsection may not be varied by agreement.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":245656,"text":"Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is sent when it:","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"a1"},"1":{"id":245657,"text":"Is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record;","type":"section","prefixes":["a","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"a1","prefix_anchor":"a1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"a2"},"2":{"id":245658,"text":"Is in a form capable of being processed by that system; and","type":"section","prefixes":["a","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"a2","prefix_anchor":"a2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a1","next_prefix":"a3"},"3":{"id":245659,"text":"Enters an information processing system outside the control of the sender or of a person that sent the electronic record on behalf of the sender or enters a region of the information processing system designated or used by the recipient which is under the control of the recipient.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"a3","prefix_anchor":"a3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a2","next_prefix":"b"},"4":{"id":245660,"text":"Unless otherwise agreed between a sender and the recipient, an electronic record is received when:","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a3","next_prefix":"b1"},"5":{"id":245661,"text":"It enters an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record; and","type":"section","prefixes":["b","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"b1","prefix_anchor":"b1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"b2"},"6":{"id":245662,"text":"It is in a form capable of being processed by that system.","type":"section","prefixes":["b","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"b2","prefix_anchor":"b2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"b1","next_prefix":"c"},"7":{"id":245663,"text":"Subsection (b) applies even if the place the information processing system is located is different from the place the electronic record is deemed to be received under subsection (d).","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b2","next_prefix":"d"},"8":{"id":245664,"text":"Unless otherwise expressly provided in the electronic record or agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is deemed to be sent from the sender’s place of business and to be received at the recipient’s place of business. For purposes of this subsection, the following rules apply:","type":"section","prefixes":["d"],"prefix":"d","entire_prefix":"d","prefix_anchor":"d","level":1,"prior_prefix":"c","next_prefix":"d1"},"9":{"id":245665,"text":"If the sender or recipient has more than one place of business, the place of business of that person is the place having the closest relationship to the underlying transaction.","type":"section","prefixes":["d","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"d1","prefix_anchor":"d1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"d","next_prefix":"d2"},"10":{"id":245666,"text":"If the sender or the recipient does not have a place of business, the place of business is the sender’s or recipient’s residence, as the case may be.","type":"section","prefixes":["d","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"d2","prefix_anchor":"d2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"d1","next_prefix":"e"},"11":{"id":245667,"text":"An electronic record is received under subsection (b) even if no individual is aware of its receipt.","type":"section","prefixes":["e"],"prefix":"e","entire_prefix":"e","prefix_anchor":"e","level":1,"prior_prefix":"d2","next_prefix":"f"},"12":{"id":245668,"text":"Receipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing system described in subsection (b) establishes that a record was received but, by itself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content received.","type":"section","prefixes":["f"],"prefix":"f","entire_prefix":"f","prefix_anchor":"f","level":1,"prior_prefix":"e","next_prefix":"g"},"13":{"id":245669,"text":"If a person is aware that an electronic record purportedly sent under subsection (a), or purportedly received under subsection (b), was not actually sent or received, the legal effect of the sending or receipt is determined by other applicable law. Except to the extent permitted by the other law, the requirements of this subsection may not be varied by agreement.","type":"section","prefixes":["g"],"prefix":"g","entire_prefix":"g","prefix_anchor":"g","level":1,"prior_prefix":"f"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13070,"edition_id":1,"name":"Uniform Electronic Transactions Act","identifier":"42.1","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:14","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:14","permalink":{"id":261803,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13070,"identifier":"42.1","token":"59.1\/42.1","url":"\/59.1\/42.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":60668,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-479","catch_line":"Title","url":"\/59.1-479\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-479","metadata":false},{"id":69066,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-480","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/59.1-480\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-480","metadata":false},{"id":55598,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-481","catch_line":"Scope","url":"\/59.1-481\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-481","metadata":false},{"id":78087,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-482","catch_line":"Prospective application","url":"\/59.1-482\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-482","metadata":false},{"id":66518,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-483","catch_line":"Use of electronic records and electronic signatures; variation by agreement","url":"\/59.1-483\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-483","metadata":false},{"id":71849,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-484","catch_line":"Construction and application","url":"\/59.1-484\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-484","metadata":false},{"id":66728,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-485","catch_line":"Legal recognition of electronic records, electronic signatures, and electronic contracts","url":"\/59.1-485\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-485","metadata":false},{"id":64043,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-486","catch_line":"Provision of information in writing; presentation of records","url":"\/59.1-486\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-486","metadata":false},{"id":61402,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-487","catch_line":"Attribution and effect of electronic record and electronic signature","url":"\/59.1-487\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-487","metadata":false},{"id":79682,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-488","catch_line":"Effect of change or error","url":"\/59.1-488\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-488","metadata":false},{"id":62569,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-489","catch_line":"Notarization and acknowledgment","url":"\/59.1-489\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-489","metadata":false},{"id":71153,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-490","catch_line":"Retention of electronic record","url":"\/59.1-490\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-490","metadata":false},{"id":64820,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-491","catch_line":"Admissibility of evidence","url":"\/59.1-491\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-491","metadata":false},{"id":54123,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-492","catch_line":"Automated transactions","url":"\/59.1-492\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-492","metadata":false},{"id":67829,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-493","catch_line":"Time and place of sending and receipt","url":"\/59.1-493\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-493","metadata":false},{"id":71683,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-494","catch_line":"Transferable records","url":"\/59.1-494\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-494","metadata":false},{"id":64263,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-495","catch_line":"Creation and retention of electronic records and conversion of written records by public bodies of the Commonwealth","url":"\/59.1-495\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-495","metadata":false},{"id":81914,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-496","catch_line":"Acceptance and distribution of electronic records by public bodies; electronic filing of information permitted","url":"\/59.1-496\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-496","metadata":false},{"id":85254,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-497","catch_line":"Interoperability","url":"\/59.1-497\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-497","metadata":false},{"id":79229,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-498","catch_line":"Reserved","url":"\/59.1-498\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-498","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":54123,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-492","catch_line":"Automated transactions","url":"\/59.1-492\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-492","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":71683,"structure_id":13070,"section_number":"59.1-494","catch_line":"Transferable records","url":"\/59.1-494\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-494","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/59.1-493\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2000. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 995<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":[{"id":74684,"section_number":"58.1-3378","catch_line":"Sittings; notices thereof","order_by":null,"url":"\/58.1-3378\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":261861,"object_type":"law","relational_id":67829,"identifier":"59.1-493","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-493","url":"\/59.1-493\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-493\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-493","dublin_core":{"Title":"Time and place of sending and receipt","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-493","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record<\/span> is sent when it: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system<\/span> that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records<\/span> or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Is in a form capable of being processed by that system; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Enters an information processing system<\/span> outside the control of the sender or of a person<\/span> that sent the electronic record<\/span> on behalf of the sender or enters a region of the information processing system<\/span> designated or used by the recipient which is under the control of the recipient. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> Unless otherwise agreed between a sender and the recipient, an electronic record<\/span> is received when: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> It enters an information processing system<\/span> that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records<\/span> or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record<\/span>; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> It is in a form capable of being processed by that system. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> Subsection (b) applies even if the place the information processing system<\/span> is located is different from the place the electronic record<\/span> is deemed to be received under subsection (d). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

d.<\/span> Unless otherwise expressly provided in the electronic record<\/span> or agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record<\/span> is deemed to be sent from the sender’s place of business and to be received at the recipient’s place of business. For purposes of this subsection, the following rules apply: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> If the sender or recipient has more than one place of business, the place of business of that person<\/span> is the place having the closest relationship to the underlying transaction<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> If the sender or the recipient does not have a place of business, the place of business is the sender’s or recipient’s residence, as the case may be. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

e.<\/span> An electronic record<\/span> is received under subsection (b) even if no individual is aware of its receipt. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

f.<\/span> Receipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing system<\/span> described in subsection (b) establishes that a record was received but, by itself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content received. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

g.<\/span> If a person<\/span> is aware that an electronic record<\/span> purportedly sent under subsection (a), or purportedly received under subsection (b), was not actually sent or received, the legal effect of the sending or receipt is determined by other applicable law<\/span>. Except to the extent permitted by the other law<\/span>, the requirements of this subsection may not be varied by agreement<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nTIME AND PLACE OF SENDING AND RECEIPT (\u00a7 59.1-493)\n\na. Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic\nrecord is sent when it:\n\n 1. Is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information\n processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of\n receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which\n the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record;\n\n 2. Is in a form capable of being processed by that system; and\n\n 3. Enters an information processing system outside the control of the sender\n or of a person that sent the electronic record on behalf of the sender or\n enters a region of the information processing system designated or used by the\n recipient which is under the control of the recipient.\n\nb. Unless otherwise agreed between a sender and the recipient, an electronic\nrecord is received when:\n\n 1. It enters an information processing system that the recipient has\n designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or\n information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve\n the electronic record; and\n\n 2. It is in a form capable of being processed by that system.\n\nc. Subsection (b) applies even if the place the information processing system is\nlocated is different from the place the electronic record is deemed to be\nreceived under subsection (d).\n\nd. Unless otherwise expressly provided in the electronic record or agreed\nbetween the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is deemed to be sent\nfrom the sender’s place of business and to be received at the\nrecipient’s place of business. For purposes of this subsection, the\nfollowing rules apply:\n\n 1. If the sender or recipient has more than one place of business, the place\n of business of that person is the place having the closest relationship to the\n underlying transaction.\n\n 2. If the sender or the recipient does not have a place of business, the place\n of business is the sender’s or recipient’s residence, as the case\n may be.\n\ne. An electronic record is received under subsection (b) even if no individual\nis aware of its receipt.\n\nf. Receipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing system\ndescribed in subsection (b) establishes that a record was received but, by\nitself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content\nreceived.\n\ng. If a person is aware that an electronic record purportedly sent under\nsubsection (a), or purportedly received under subsection (b), was not actually\nsent or received, the legal effect of the sending or receipt is determined by\nother applicable law. Except to the extent permitted by the other law, the\nrequirements of this subsection may not be varied by agreement.\n\nHISTORY: 2000, c. 995.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}