{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-501.15.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-501.15.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-501.15.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-501.15.html"}],"law_id":87480,"edition_id":1,"section_id":87480,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.15","catch_line":"Variation by agreement; commercial practice","history":"2004, c. 794.","full_text":"a\n\nThe effect of any provision of this chapter, including an allocation of risk or imposition of a burden, may be varied by agreement of the parties.b\n\nThe following rules are not variable by agreement:1\n\nObligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care imposed by this chapter may not be disclaimed by agreement, but the parties by agreement may determine the standards by which the performance of the obligation is to be measured if the standards are not manifestly unreasonable;2\n\nThe limitations on enforceability imposed by unconscionability under § 59.1-501.11 and fundamental public policy under § 59.1-501.5 (b) may not be varied by agreement; and3\n\nLimitations on enforceability of, or agreement to, a contract, term, or right expressly stated in the sections listed in the following subsections may not be varied by agreement except to the extent provided in each section:A\n\nthe limitations on agreed choice of law in § 59.1-501.9 (a);B\n\nthe limitations on agreed choice of forum in § 59.1-501.10;C\n\nthe requirements for manifesting assent in § 59.1-501.12 and opportunity for review in § 59.1-501.13:1;D\n\nthe limitations on enforceability in § 59.1-502.1;E\n\nthe limitations on a mass-market license in § 59.1-502.9;F\n\nthe consumer defense arising from an electronic error in § 59.1-502.14;G\n\nthe requirements for an enforceable term in §§ 59.1-503.3 (b), 59.1-503.7 (f), 59.1-504.6 (b) and (c), and 59.1-508.4 (a);H\n\nthe requirements of § 59.1-503.4 (b) (2);I\n\nthe limitations on a financier in §§ 59.1-505.7 through 59.1-505.11;J\n\nthe restrictions on altering the period of limitations in § 59.1-508.5 (a) and (b); andK\n\nthe limitations on self-help repossession in §§ 59.1-508.15 (b) and 59.1-508.16.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":313163,"text":"The effect of any provision of this chapter, including an allocation of risk or imposition of a burden, may be varied by agreement of the parties.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"b"},"1":{"id":313164,"text":"The following rules are not variable by agreement:","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"b1"},"2":{"id":313165,"text":"Obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care imposed by this chapter may not be disclaimed by agreement, but the parties by agreement may determine the standards by which the performance of the obligation is to be measured if the standards are not manifestly unreasonable;","type":"section","prefixes":["b","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"b1","prefix_anchor":"b1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"b2"},"3":{"id":313166,"text":"The limitations on enforceability imposed by unconscionability under § 59.1-501.11 and fundamental public policy under § 59.1-501.5 (b) may not be varied by agreement; and","type":"section","prefixes":["b","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"b2","prefix_anchor":"b2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"b1","next_prefix":"b3"},"4":{"id":313167,"text":"Limitations on enforceability of, or agreement to, a contract, term, or right expressly stated in the sections listed in the following subsections may not be varied by agreement except to the extent provided in each section:","type":"section","prefixes":["b","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"b3","prefix_anchor":"b3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"b2","next_prefix":"A"},"5":{"id":313168,"text":"the limitations on agreed choice of law in § 59.1-501.9 (a);","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b3","next_prefix":"B"},"6":{"id":313169,"text":"the limitations on agreed choice of forum in § 59.1-501.10;","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"7":{"id":313170,"text":"the requirements for manifesting assent in § 59.1-501.12 and opportunity for review in § 59.1-501.13:1;","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"D"},"8":{"id":313171,"text":"the limitations on enforceability in § 59.1-502.1;","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"9":{"id":313172,"text":"the limitations on a mass-market license in § 59.1-502.9;","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"10":{"id":313173,"text":"the consumer defense arising from an electronic error in § 59.1-502.14;","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"G"},"11":{"id":313174,"text":"the requirements for an enforceable term in §§ 59.1-503.3 (b), 59.1-503.7 (f), 59.1-504.6 (b) and (c), and 59.1-508.4 (a);","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F","next_prefix":"H"},"12":{"id":313175,"text":"the requirements of § 59.1-503.4 (b) (2);","type":"section","prefixes":["H"],"prefix":"H","entire_prefix":"H","prefix_anchor":"H","level":1,"prior_prefix":"G","next_prefix":"I"},"13":{"id":313176,"text":"the limitations on a financier in §§ 59.1-505.7 through 59.1-505.11;","type":"section","prefixes":["I"],"prefix":"I","entire_prefix":"I","prefix_anchor":"I","level":1,"prior_prefix":"H","next_prefix":"J"},"14":{"id":313177,"text":"the restrictions on altering the period of limitations in § 59.1-508.5 (a) and (b); and","type":"section","prefixes":["J"],"prefix":"J","entire_prefix":"J","prefix_anchor":"J","level":1,"prior_prefix":"I","next_prefix":"K"},"15":{"id":313178,"text":"the limitations on self-help repossession in §§ 59.1-508.15 (b) and 59.1-508.16.","type":"section","prefixes":["K"],"prefix":"K","entire_prefix":"K","prefix_anchor":"K","level":1,"prior_prefix":"J"}},"ancestry":[{"id":15005,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions","identifier":"1","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12900,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:51:26","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:51:26","permalink":{"id":261887,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15005,"identifier":"1","token":"59.1\/43\/1","url":"\/59.1\/43\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12900,"edition_id":1,"name":"Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act","identifier":"43","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:00","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:00","permalink":{"id":261885,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12900,"identifier":"43","token":"59.1\/43","url":"\/59.1\/43\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":87403,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.1","catch_line":"Title","url":"\/59.1-501.1\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.1","metadata":false},{"id":69535,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.10","catch_line":"Contractual choice of forum","url":"\/59.1-501.10\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.10","metadata":false},{"id":61969,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.11","catch_line":"Unconscionable contract or term","url":"\/59.1-501.11\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.11","metadata":false},{"id":72667,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.12","catch_line":"Manifesting assent","url":"\/59.1-501.12\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.12","metadata":false},{"id":59103,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.13","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/59.1-501.13\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.13","metadata":false},{"id":80445,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.13:1","catch_line":"Opportunity to review","url":"\/59.1-501.13_1\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.13_1","metadata":false},{"id":84229,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.14","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/59.1-501.14\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.14","metadata":false},{"id":78044,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.14:1","catch_line":"Pretransaction disclosures in Internet-type transactions","url":"\/59.1-501.14_1\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.14_1","metadata":false},{"id":87480,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.15","catch_line":"Variation by agreement; commercial practice","url":"\/59.1-501.15\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.15","metadata":false},{"id":84252,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.16","catch_line":"Supplemental principles; good faith; commercial practice","url":"\/59.1-501.16\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.16","metadata":false},{"id":78606,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.17","catch_line":"Decision for court; legal consequences; reasonable time; reason to know","url":"\/59.1-501.17\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.17","metadata":false},{"id":65262,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.18","catch_line":"Reserved","url":"\/59.1-501.18\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.18","metadata":false},{"id":76155,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.2","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/59.1-501.2\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.2","metadata":false},{"id":57221,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.3","catch_line":"Scope; exclusions","url":"\/59.1-501.3\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.3","metadata":false},{"id":58948,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.4","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/59.1-501.4\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.4","metadata":false},{"id":57410,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.4:1","catch_line":"Consumer protection law governs","url":"\/59.1-501.4_1\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.4_1","metadata":false},{"id":63386,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.5","catch_line":"Relation to federal law; fundamental public policy; transactions subject to other state law","url":"\/59.1-501.5\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.5","metadata":false},{"id":77805,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.6","catch_line":"Rule of construction","url":"\/59.1-501.6\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.6","metadata":false},{"id":82284,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.7","catch_line":"Legal recognition of electronic record and authentication; use of electronic agents","url":"\/59.1-501.7\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.7","metadata":false},{"id":63380,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.8","catch_line":"Proof and effect of authentication","url":"\/59.1-501.8\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.8","metadata":false},{"id":58664,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.9","catch_line":"Choice of law","url":"\/59.1-501.9\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":78044,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.14:1","catch_line":"Pretransaction disclosures in Internet-type transactions","url":"\/59.1-501.14_1\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.14_1","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":84252,"structure_id":15005,"section_number":"59.1-501.16","catch_line":"Supplemental principles; good faith; commercial practice","url":"\/59.1-501.16\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.16","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/59.1-501.15\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2004. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 794<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":[{"id":77805,"section_number":"59.1-501.6","catch_line":"Rule of construction","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.6\/"},{"id":66966,"section_number":"59.1-504.4","catch_line":"Implied warranty; informational content","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-504.4\/"},{"id":62887,"section_number":"59.1-504.5","catch_line":"Implied warranty; licensee's purpose; system integration","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-504.5\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":69535,"section_number":"59.1-501.10","catch_line":"Contractual choice of forum","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.10\/"},{"id":61969,"section_number":"59.1-501.11","catch_line":"Unconscionable contract or term","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.11\/"},{"id":72667,"section_number":"59.1-501.12","catch_line":"Manifesting assent","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.12\/"},{"id":80445,"section_number":"59.1-501.13:1","catch_line":"Opportunity to review","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.13_1\/"},{"id":63386,"section_number":"59.1-501.5","catch_line":"Relation to federal law; fundamental public policy; transactions subject to other state law","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.5\/"},{"id":58664,"section_number":"59.1-501.9","catch_line":"Choice of law","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.9\/"},{"id":75095,"section_number":"59.1-502.1","catch_line":"Formal requirements","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-502.1\/"},{"id":73858,"section_number":"59.1-502.14","catch_line":"Electronic error; consumer defenses","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-502.14\/"},{"id":80284,"section_number":"59.1-502.9","catch_line":"Mass-market license","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-502.9\/"},{"id":84002,"section_number":"59.1-503.3","catch_line":"Modification and rescission","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-503.3\/"},{"id":83411,"section_number":"59.1-503.4","catch_line":"Continuing contractual terms","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-503.4\/"},{"id":62393,"section_number":"59.1-503.7","catch_line":"Interpretation and requirements for grant","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-503.7\/"},{"id":59372,"section_number":"59.1-504.6","catch_line":"Disclaimer or modification of warranty","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-504.6\/"},{"id":87452,"section_number":"59.1-505.11","catch_line":"Financing arrangements; effect on licensor's rights","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-505.11\/"},{"id":86505,"section_number":"59.1-505.7","catch_line":"Financing if financier does not become licensee","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-505.7\/"},{"id":66526,"section_number":"59.1-508.15","catch_line":"Right to possession and to prevent use","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-508.15\/"},{"id":69891,"section_number":"59.1-508.16","catch_line":"Limitations on electronic self-help","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-508.16\/"},{"id":83760,"section_number":"59.1-508.4","catch_line":"Liquidation of damages","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-508.4\/"},{"id":75111,"section_number":"59.1-508.5","catch_line":"Limitation of actions","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-508.5\/"}],"permalink":{"id":261921,"object_type":"law","relational_id":87480,"identifier":"59.1-501.15","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.15","url":"\/59.1-501.15\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-501.15\/","token":"59.1\/43\/1\/59.1-501.15","dublin_core":{"Title":"Variation by agreement; commercial practice","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-501.15","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> The effect of any provision of this chapter, including an allocation of risk or imposition of a burden, may be varied by agreement of the parties. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> The following rules are not variable by agreement: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care imposed by this chapter may not be disclaimed by agreement, but the parties by agreement may determine the standards by which the performance of the obligation is to be measured if the standards are not manifestly unreasonable; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The limitations on enforceability imposed by unconscionability under § 59.1-501.11<\/a> and fundamental public policy under § 59.1-501.5<\/a> (b) may not be varied by agreement; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Limitations on enforceability of, or agreement to, a contract<\/span>, term, or right expressly stated in the sections listed in the following subsections may not be varied by agreement except to the extent provided in each section: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> the limitations on agreed choice of law<\/span> in § 59.1-501.9<\/a> (a); <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> the limitations on agreed choice of forum in § 59.1-501.10<\/a>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> the requirements for manifesting assent in § 59.1-501.12<\/a> and opportunity for review in § 59.1-501.13:1<\/a>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> the limitations on enforceability in § 59.1-502.1<\/a>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> the limitations on a mass-market license in § 59.1-502.9<\/a>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> the consumer defense arising from an electronic error in § 59.1-502.14<\/a>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> the requirements for an enforceable term in §§ 59.1-503.3<\/a> (b), 59.1-503.7<\/a> (f), 59.1-504.6<\/a> (b) and (c), and 59.1-508.4<\/a> (a); <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

H.<\/span> the requirements of § 59.1-503.4<\/a> (b) (2); <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

I.<\/span> the limitations on a financier in §§ 59.1-505.7<\/a> through 59.1-505.11<\/a>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

J.<\/span> the restrictions on altering the period of limitations in § 59.1-508.5<\/a> (a) and (b); and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

K.<\/span> the limitations on self-help repossession in §§ 59.1-508.15<\/a> (b) and 59.1-508.16<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nVARIATION BY AGREEMENT; COMMERCIAL PRACTICE (\u00a7 59.1-501.15)\n\na. The effect of any provision of this chapter, including an allocation of risk\nor imposition of a burden, may be varied by agreement of the parties.\n\nb. The following rules are not variable by agreement:\n\n 1. Obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care imposed by\n this chapter may not be disclaimed by agreement, but the parties by agreement\n may determine the standards by which the performance of the obligation is to\n be measured if the standards are not manifestly unreasonable;\n\n 2. The limitations on enforceability imposed by unconscionability under §\n 59.1-501.11 and fundamental public policy under § 59.1-501.5 (b) may not\n be varied by agreement; and\n\n 3. Limitations on enforceability of, or agreement to, a contract, term, or\n right expressly stated in the sections listed in the following subsections may\n not be varied by agreement except to the extent provided in each section:\n\nA. the limitations on agreed choice of law in § 59.1-501.9 (a);\n\nB. the limitations on agreed choice of forum in § 59.1-501.10;\n\nC. the requirements for manifesting assent in § 59.1-501.12 and opportunity\nfor review in § 59.1-501.13:1;\n\nD. the limitations on enforceability in § 59.1-502.1;\n\nE. the limitations on a mass-market license in § 59.1-502.9;\n\nF. the consumer defense arising from an electronic error in § 59.1-502.14;\n\nG. the requirements for an enforceable term in §§ 59.1-503.3 (b),\n59.1-503.7 (f), 59.1-504.6 (b) and (c), and 59.1-508.4 (a);\n\nH. the requirements of § 59.1-503.4 (b) (2);\n\nI. the limitations on a financier in §§ 59.1-505.7 through\n59.1-505.11;\n\nJ. the restrictions on altering the period of limitations in § 59.1-508.5\n(a) and (b); and\n\nK. the limitations on self-help repossession in §§ 59.1-508.15 (b) and\n59.1-508.16.\n\nHISTORY: 2004, c. 794.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}