{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-502.13.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-502.13.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-502.13.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-502.13.html"}],"law_id":56924,"edition_id":1,"section_id":56924,"structure_id":14011,"section_number":"59.1-502.13","catch_line":"Determining attribution","history":"2000, cc. 101, 996.","full_text":"a\n\nAn electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance is attributed to a person if it was the act of the person or its electronic agent, or if the person is bound by it under agency or other law. The party relying on attribution of an electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance to another person has the burden of establishing attribution.b\n\nThe act of a person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of an attribution procedure that was agreed to or adopted by the parties or established by law.c\n\nThe effect of an electronic act attributed to a person under subsection (a) is determined from the context at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, or otherwise as provided by law.d\n\nIf an attribution procedure exists to detect errors or changes in an electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance, and was agreed to or adopted by the parties or established by law, and one party conformed to the procedure but the other party did not, and the nonconforming party would have detected the change or error had that party also conformed, the effect of noncompliance is determined by the agreement but, in the absence of agreement, the conforming party may avoid the effect of the error or change.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":208504,"text":"An electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance is attributed to a person if it was the act of the person or its electronic agent, or if the person is bound by it under agency or other law. The party relying on attribution of an electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance to another person has the burden of establishing attribution.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"b"},"1":{"id":208505,"text":"The act of a person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of an attribution procedure that was agreed to or adopted by the parties or established by law.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"c"},"2":{"id":208506,"text":"The effect of an electronic act attributed to a person under subsection (a) is determined from the context at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, or otherwise as provided by law.","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"d"},"3":{"id":208507,"text":"If an attribution procedure exists to detect errors or changes in an electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance, and was agreed to or adopted by the parties or established by law, and one party conformed to the procedure but the other party did not, and the nonconforming party would have detected the change or error had that party also conformed, the effect of noncompliance is determined by the agreement but, in the absence of agreement, the conforming party may avoid the effect of the error or change.","type":"section","prefixes":["d"],"prefix":"d","entire_prefix":"d","prefix_anchor":"d","level":1,"prior_prefix":"c"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14011,"edition_id":1,"name":"Formation and Terms","identifier":"2","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12900,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:36","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:36","permalink":{"id":261973,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14011,"identifier":"2","token":"59.1\/43\/2","url":"\/59.1\/43\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12900,"edition_id":1,"name":"Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act","identifier":"43","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:00","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:00","permalink":{"id":261885,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12900,"identifier":"43","token":"59.1\/43","url":"\/59.1\/43\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":75095,"structure_id":14011,"section_number":"59.1-502.1","catch_line":"Formal requirements","url":"\/59.1-502.1\/","token":"59.1\/43\/2\/59.1-502.1","metadata":false},{"id":82823,"structure_id":14011,"section_number":"59.1-502.10","catch_line":"Terms of contract formed by conduct","url":"\/59.1-502.10\/","token":"59.1\/43\/2\/59.1-502.10","metadata":false},{"id":73216,"structure_id":14011,"section_number":"59.1-502.11","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/59.1-502.11\/","token":"59.1\/43\/2\/59.1-502.11","metadata":false},{"id":72868,"structure_id":14011,"section_number":"59.1-502.12","catch_line":"Efficacy and commercial reasonableness of attribution procedure","url":"\/59.1-502.12\/","token":"59.1\/43\/2\/59.1-502.12","metadata":false},{"id":56924,"structure_id":14011,"section_number":"59.1-502.13","catch_line":"Determining attribution","url":"\/59.1-502.13\/","token":"59.1\/43\/2\/59.1-502.13","metadata":false},{"id":73858,"structure_id":14011,"section_number":"59.1-502.14","catch_line":"Electronic error; 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This law was first created in 2000. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 101<\/a> and 996<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":[{"id":78606,"section_number":"59.1-501.17","catch_line":"Decision for court; legal consequences; reasonable time; reason to know","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-501.17\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":261991,"object_type":"law","relational_id":56924,"identifier":"59.1-502.13","token":"59.1\/43\/2\/59.1-502.13","url":"\/59.1-502.13\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-502.13\/","token":"59.1\/43\/2\/59.1-502.13","dublin_core":{"Title":"Determining attribution","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-502.13","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> An electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance is attributed to a person if it was the act of the person or its electronic agent, or if the person is bound by it under agency or other law<\/span>. The party<\/span> relying on attribution of an electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance to another person has the burden of establishing attribution. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> The act of a person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of an attribution procedure that was agreed to or adopted by the parties or established by law<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> The effect of an electronic act attributed to a person under subsection (a) is determined from the context at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, or otherwise as provided by law<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

d.<\/span> If an attribution procedure exists to detect errors or changes in an electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance, and was agreed to or adopted by the parties or established by law<\/span>, and one party<\/span> conformed to the procedure but the other party<\/span> did not, and the nonconforming party<\/span> would have detected the change or error had that party<\/span> also conformed, the effect of noncompliance is determined by the agreement but, in the absence of agreement, the conforming party<\/span> may avoid the effect of the error or change. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDETERMINING ATTRIBUTION (\u00a7 59.1-502.13)\n\na. An electronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance is\nattributed to a person if it was the act of the person or its electronic agent,\nor if the person is bound by it under agency or other law. The party relying on\nattribution of an electronic authentication, display, message, record, or\nperformance to another person has the burden of establishing attribution.\n\nb. The act of a person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the\nefficacy of an attribution procedure that was agreed to or adopted by the\nparties or established by law.\n\nc. The effect of an electronic act attributed to a person under subsection (a)\nis determined from the context at the time of its creation, execution, or\nadoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, or otherwise as\nprovided by law.\n\nd. If an attribution procedure exists to detect errors or changes in an\nelectronic authentication, display, message, record, or performance, and was\nagreed to or adopted by the parties or established by law, and one party\nconformed to the procedure but the other party did not, and the nonconforming\nparty would have detected the change or error had that party also conformed, the\neffect of noncompliance is determined by the agreement but, in the absence of\nagreement, the conforming party may avoid the effect of the error or change.\n\nHISTORY: 2000, cc. 101, 996.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}