{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-508.3.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-508.3.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-508.3.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-508.3.html"}],"law_id":64229,"edition_id":1,"section_id":64229,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.3","catch_line":"Contractual modification of remedy","history":"2000, cc. 101, 996.","full_text":"a\n\nExcept as otherwise provided in this section and in \u00a7 59.1-508.4:1\n\nan agreement may provide for remedies in addition to or in substitution for those provided in this chapter and may limit or alter the measure of damages recoverable under this chapter or a party&#8217;s other remedies under this chapter, such as by precluding a party&#8217;s right to cancel for breach of contract, limiting remedies to returning or delivering copies and repayment of the contract fee, or limiting remedies to repair or replacement of the nonconforming copies; and2\n\nresort to a contractual remedy is optional unless the remedy is expressly agreed to be exclusive, in which case it is the sole remedy.b\n\nSubject to subsection (c), if performance of an exclusive or limited remedy causes the remedy to fail of its essential purpose, the aggrieved party may pursue other remedies under this chapter.c\n\nFailure or unconscionability of an agreed exclusive or limited remedy makes a term disclaiming or limiting consequential or incidental damages unenforceable unless the agreement expressly makes the disclaimer or limitation independent of the agreed remedy.d\n\nConsequential damages and incidental damages may be excluded or limited by agreement unless the exclusion or limitation is unconscionable. Exclusion or limitation of consequential damages for personal injury in a consumer contract for a computer program that is subject to this chapter and is contained in consumer goods is prima facie unconscionable, but exclusion or limitation of damages for a commercial loss is not unconscionable.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":233828,"text":"Except as otherwise provided in this section and in \u00a7 59.1-508.4:","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"a1"},"1":{"id":233829,"text":"an agreement may provide for remedies in addition to or in substitution for those provided in this chapter and may limit or alter the measure of damages recoverable under this chapter or a party&#8217;s other remedies under this chapter, such as by precluding a party&#8217;s right to cancel for breach of contract, limiting remedies to returning or delivering copies and repayment of the contract fee, or limiting remedies to repair or replacement of the nonconforming copies; and","type":"section","prefixes":["a","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"a1","prefix_anchor":"a1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"a2"},"2":{"id":233830,"text":"resort to a contractual remedy is optional unless the remedy is expressly agreed to be exclusive, in which case it is the sole remedy.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"a2","prefix_anchor":"a2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a1","next_prefix":"b"},"3":{"id":233831,"text":"Subject to subsection (c), if performance of an exclusive or limited remedy causes the remedy to fail of its essential purpose, the aggrieved party may pursue other remedies under this chapter.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a2","next_prefix":"c"},"4":{"id":233832,"text":"Failure or unconscionability of an agreed exclusive or limited remedy makes a term disclaiming or limiting consequential or incidental damages unenforceable unless the agreement expressly makes the disclaimer or limitation independent of the agreed remedy.","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"d"},"5":{"id":233833,"text":"Consequential damages and incidental damages may be excluded or limited by agreement unless the exclusion or limitation is unconscionable. Exclusion or limitation of consequential damages for personal injury in a consumer contract for a computer program that is subject to this chapter and is contained in consumer goods is prima facie unconscionable, but exclusion or limitation of damages for a commercial loss is not unconscionable.","type":"section","prefixes":["d"],"prefix":"d","entire_prefix":"d","prefix_anchor":"d","level":1,"prior_prefix":"c"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13931,"edition_id":1,"name":"Remedies","identifier":"8","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12900,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:20","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:20","permalink":{"id":262309,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13931,"identifier":"8","token":"59.1\/43\/8","url":"\/59.1\/43\/8\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12900,"edition_id":1,"name":"Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act","identifier":"43","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:00","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:00","permalink":{"id":261885,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12900,"identifier":"43","token":"59.1\/43","url":"\/59.1\/43\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":63224,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.1","catch_line":"Remedies in general","url":"\/59.1-508.1\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.1","metadata":false},{"id":62869,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.10","catch_line":"Recoupment","url":"\/59.1-508.10\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.10","metadata":false},{"id":83172,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.11","catch_line":"Specific performance","url":"\/59.1-508.11\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.11","metadata":false},{"id":71286,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.12","catch_line":"Completing performance","url":"\/59.1-508.12\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.12","metadata":false},{"id":64039,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.13","catch_line":"Continuing use","url":"\/59.1-508.13\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.13","metadata":false},{"id":57350,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.14","catch_line":"Discontinuing access","url":"\/59.1-508.14\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.14","metadata":false},{"id":66526,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.15","catch_line":"Right to possession and to prevent use","url":"\/59.1-508.15\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.15","metadata":false},{"id":69891,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.16","catch_line":"Limitations on electronic self-help","url":"\/59.1-508.16\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.16","metadata":false},{"id":77443,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.17","catch_line":"Reserved","url":"\/59.1-508.17\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.17","metadata":false},{"id":75036,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.2","catch_line":"Cancellation","url":"\/59.1-508.2\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.2","metadata":false},{"id":64229,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.3","catch_line":"Contractual modification of remedy","url":"\/59.1-508.3\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.3","metadata":false},{"id":83760,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.4","catch_line":"Liquidation of damages","url":"\/59.1-508.4\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.4","metadata":false},{"id":75111,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.5","catch_line":"Limitation of actions","url":"\/59.1-508.5\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.5","metadata":false},{"id":73040,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.6","catch_line":"Remedies for fraud","url":"\/59.1-508.6\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.6","metadata":false},{"id":54986,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.7","catch_line":"Measurement of damages in general","url":"\/59.1-508.7\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.7","metadata":false},{"id":63047,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.8","catch_line":"Licensor's damages","url":"\/59.1-508.8\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.8","metadata":false},{"id":86801,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.9","catch_line":"Licensee's damages","url":"\/59.1-508.9\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":75036,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.2","catch_line":"Cancellation","url":"\/59.1-508.2\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.2","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":83760,"structure_id":13931,"section_number":"59.1-508.4","catch_line":"Liquidation of damages","url":"\/59.1-508.4\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.4","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/59.1-508.3\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 2000. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?001+ful+CHAP0101\">101<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?001+ful+CHAP0996\">996<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":[{"id":63224,"section_number":"59.1-508.1","catch_line":"Remedies in general","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-508.1\/"},{"id":83760,"section_number":"59.1-508.4","catch_line":"Liquidation of damages","order_by":null,"url":"\/59.1-508.4\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":262351,"object_type":"law","relational_id":64229,"identifier":"59.1-508.3","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.3","url":"\/59.1-508.3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-508.3\/","token":"59.1\/43\/8\/59.1-508.3","dublin_core":{"Title":"Contractual modification of remedy","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-508.3","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"a\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">a.<\/span> Except as otherwise provided in this section and in \u00a7&nbsp;<a class=\"law\" title=\"Liquidation of damages\" href=\"\/59.1-508.4\/\">59.1-508.4<\/a>: <a id=\"paragraph-233828\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/59.1-508.3\/#a\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"a1\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">1.<\/span> an agreement may provide for remedies in addition to or in substitution for those provided in this chapter and may limit or alter the measure of <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> recoverable under this chapter or a <span class=\"dictionary\">party<\/span>&#8217;s other remedies under this chapter, such as by precluding a <span class=\"dictionary\">party<\/span>&#8217;s right to cancel for breach of <span class=\"dictionary\">contract<\/span>, limiting remedies to returning or delivering copies and repayment of the <span class=\"dictionary\">contract<\/span> fee, or limiting remedies to repair or replacement of the nonconforming copies; and <a id=\"paragraph-233829\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/59.1-508.3\/#a1\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"a2\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">2.<\/span> resort to a contractual remedy is optional unless the remedy is expressly agreed to be exclusive, in which case it is the sole remedy. <a id=\"paragraph-233830\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/59.1-508.3\/#a2\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"b\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">b.<\/span> Subject to subsection (c), if performance of an exclusive or limited remedy causes the remedy to fail of its essential purpose, the <span class=\"dictionary\">aggrieved party<\/span> may pursue other remedies under this chapter. <a id=\"paragraph-233831\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/59.1-508.3\/#b\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"c\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">c.<\/span> Failure or unconscionability of an agreed exclusive or limited remedy makes a term disclaiming or limiting consequential or incidental <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> unenforceable unless the agreement expressly makes the disclaimer or limitation independent of the agreed remedy. <a id=\"paragraph-233832\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/59.1-508.3\/#c\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"d\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">d.<\/span> Consequential <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> and incidental <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> may be excluded or limited by agreement unless the exclusion or limitation is unconscionable. Exclusion or limitation of consequential <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> for personal injury in a consumer <span class=\"dictionary\">contract<\/span> for a computer program that is subject to this chapter and is contained in consumer goods is prima facie unconscionable, but exclusion or limitation of <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> for a commercial loss is not unconscionable. <a id=\"paragraph-233833\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/59.1-508.3\/#d\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nCONTRACTUAL MODIFICATION OF REMEDY (\u00a7 59.1-508.3)\n\na. Except as otherwise provided in this section and in \u00a7 59.1-508.4:\n\n   1. an agreement may provide for remedies in addition to or in substitution for\n   those provided in this chapter and may limit or alter the measure of damages\n   recoverable under this chapter or a party&#8217;s other remedies under this\n   chapter, such as by precluding a party&#8217;s right to cancel for breach of\n   contract, limiting remedies to returning or delivering copies and repayment of\n   the contract fee, or limiting remedies to repair or replacement of the\n   nonconforming copies; and\n\n   2. resort to a contractual remedy is optional unless the remedy is expressly\n   agreed to be exclusive, in which case it is the sole remedy.\n\nb. Subject to subsection (c), if performance of an exclusive or limited remedy\ncauses the remedy to fail of its essential purpose, the aggrieved party may\npursue other remedies under this chapter.\n\nc. Failure or unconscionability of an agreed exclusive or limited remedy makes a\nterm disclaiming or limiting consequential or incidental damages unenforceable\nunless the agreement expressly makes the disclaimer or limitation independent of\nthe agreed remedy.\n\nd. Consequential damages and incidental damages may be excluded or limited by\nagreement unless the exclusion or limitation is unconscionable. Exclusion or\nlimitation of consequential damages for personal injury in a consumer contract\nfor a computer program that is subject to this chapter and is contained in\nconsumer goods is prima facie unconscionable, but exclusion or limitation of\ndamages for a commercial loss is not unconscionable.\n\nHISTORY: 2000, cc. 101, 996.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}