{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-582.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-582.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-582.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-582.html"}],"law_id":83633,"edition_id":1,"section_id":83633,"structure_id":14234,"section_number":"59.1-582","catch_line":"Limitations","history":"2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 35, 36.","full_text":"A\n\nNothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict a controller’s or processor’s ability to:1\n\nComply with federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations;2\n\nComply with a civil, criminal, or regulatory inquiry, investigation, subpoena, or summons by federal, state, local, or other governmental authorities;3\n\nCooperate with law-enforcement agencies concerning conduct or activity that the controller or processor reasonably and in good faith believes may violate federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations;4\n\nInvestigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims;5\n\nProvide a product or service specifically requested by a consumer, perform a contract to which the consumer is a party, including fulfilling the terms of a written warranty, or take steps at the request of the consumer prior to entering into a contract;6\n\nTake immediate steps to protect an interest that is essential for the life or physical safety of the consumer or of another natural person, and where the processing cannot be manifestly based on another legal basis;7\n\nPrevent, detect, protect against, or respond to security incidents, identity theft, fraud, harassment, malicious or deceptive activities, or any illegal activity; preserve the integrity or security of systems; or investigate, report, or prosecute those responsible for any such action;8\n\nEngage in public or peer-reviewed scientific or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all other applicable ethics and privacy laws and is approved, monitored, and governed by an institutional review board, or similar independent oversight entities that determine: (i) if the deletion of the information is likely to provide substantial benefits that do not exclusively accrue to the controller; (ii) the expected benefits of the research outweigh the privacy risks; and (iii) if the controller has implemented reasonable safeguards to mitigate privacy risks associated with research, including any risks associated with reidentification; or9\n\nAssist another controller, processor, or third party with any of the obligations under this subsection.B\n\nThe obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not restrict a controller’s or processor’s ability to collect, use, or retain data to:1\n\nConduct internal research to develop, improve, or repair products, services, or technology;2\n\nEffectuate a product recall;3\n\nIdentify and repair technical errors that impair existing or intended functionality; or4\n\nPerform internal operations that are reasonably aligned with the expectations of the consumer or reasonably anticipated based on the consumer’s existing relationship with the controller or are otherwise compatible with processing data in furtherance of the provision of a product or service specifically requested by a consumer or the performance of a contract to which the consumer is a party.C\n\nThe obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not apply where compliance by the controller or processor with this chapter would violate an evidentiary privilege under the laws of the Commonwealth. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a controller or processor from providing personal data concerning a consumer to a person covered by an evidentiary privilege under the laws of the Commonwealth as part of a privileged communication.D\n\nA controller or processor that discloses personal data to a third-party controller or processor, in compliance with the requirements of this chapter, is not in violation of this chapter if the third-party controller or processor that receives and processes such personal data is in violation of this chapter, provided that, at the time of disclosing the personal data, the disclosing controller or processor did not have actual knowledge that the recipient intended to commit a violation. A third-party controller or processor receiving personal data from a controller or processor in compliance with the requirements of this chapter is likewise not in violation of this chapter for the transgressions of the controller or processor from which it receives such personal data.E\n\nNothing in this chapter shall be construed as an obligation imposed on controllers and processors that adversely affects the rights or freedoms of any persons, such as exercising the right of free speech pursuant to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, or applies to the processing of personal data by a person in the course of a purely personal or household activity.F\n\nPersonal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section shall not be processed for any purpose other than those expressly listed in this section unless otherwise allowed by this chapter. Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section may be processed to the extent that such processing is:1\n\nReasonably necessary and proportionate to the purposes listed in this section; and2\n\nAdequate, relevant, and limited to what is necessary in relation to the specific purposes listed in this section. Personal data collected, used, or retained pursuant to subsection B shall, where applicable, take into account the nature and purpose or purposes of such collection, use, or retention. Such data shall be subject to reasonable administrative, technical, and physical measures to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the personal data and to reduce reasonably foreseeable risks of harm to consumers relating to such collection, use, or retention of personal data.G\n\nIf a controller processes personal data pursuant to an exemption in this section, the controller bears the burden of demonstrating that such processing qualifies for the exemption and complies with the requirements in subsection F.H\n\nProcessing personal data for the purposes expressly identified in subdivisions A 1 through 9 shall not solely make an entity a controller with respect to such processing.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":299742,"text":"Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict a controller’s or processor’s ability to:","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"A1"},"1":{"id":299743,"text":"Comply with federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"A1","prefix_anchor":"A1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"A2"},"2":{"id":299744,"text":"Comply with a civil, criminal, or regulatory inquiry, investigation, subpoena, or summons by federal, state, local, or other governmental authorities;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"A2","prefix_anchor":"A2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A1","next_prefix":"A3"},"3":{"id":299745,"text":"Cooperate with law-enforcement agencies concerning conduct or activity that the controller or processor reasonably and in good faith believes may violate federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"A3","prefix_anchor":"A3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A2","next_prefix":"A4"},"4":{"id":299746,"text":"Investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"A4","prefix_anchor":"A4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A3","next_prefix":"A5"},"5":{"id":299747,"text":"Provide a product or service specifically requested by a consumer, perform a contract to which the consumer is a party, including fulfilling the terms of a written warranty, or take steps at the request of the consumer prior to entering into a contract;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"A5","prefix_anchor":"A5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A4","next_prefix":"A6"},"6":{"id":299748,"text":"Take immediate steps to protect an interest that is essential for the life or physical safety of the consumer or of another natural person, and where the processing cannot be manifestly based on another legal basis;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"A6","prefix_anchor":"A6","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A5","next_prefix":"A7"},"7":{"id":299749,"text":"Prevent, detect, protect against, or respond to security incidents, identity theft, fraud, harassment, malicious or deceptive activities, or any illegal activity; preserve the integrity or security of systems; or investigate, report, or prosecute those responsible for any such action;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","7"],"prefix":"7","entire_prefix":"A7","prefix_anchor":"A7","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A6","next_prefix":"A8"},"8":{"id":299750,"text":"Engage in public or peer-reviewed scientific or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all other applicable ethics and privacy laws and is approved, monitored, and governed by an institutional review board, or similar independent oversight entities that determine: (i) if the deletion of the information is likely to provide substantial benefits that do not exclusively accrue to the controller; (ii) the expected benefits of the research outweigh the privacy risks; and (iii) if the controller has implemented reasonable safeguards to mitigate privacy risks associated with research, including any risks associated with reidentification; or","type":"section","prefixes":["A","8"],"prefix":"8","entire_prefix":"A8","prefix_anchor":"A8","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A7","next_prefix":"A9"},"9":{"id":299751,"text":"Assist another controller, processor, or third party with any of the obligations under this subsection.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","9"],"prefix":"9","entire_prefix":"A9","prefix_anchor":"A9","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A8","next_prefix":"B"},"10":{"id":299752,"text":"The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not restrict a controller’s or processor’s ability to collect, use, or retain data to:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A9","next_prefix":"B1"},"11":{"id":299753,"text":"Conduct internal research to develop, improve, or repair products, services, or technology;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"12":{"id":299754,"text":"Effectuate a product recall;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"B3"},"13":{"id":299755,"text":"Identify and repair technical errors that impair existing or intended functionality; or","type":"section","prefixes":["B","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"B3","prefix_anchor":"B3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B2","next_prefix":"B4"},"14":{"id":299756,"text":"Perform internal operations that are reasonably aligned with the expectations of the consumer or reasonably anticipated based on the consumer’s existing relationship with the controller or are otherwise compatible with processing data in furtherance of the provision of a product or service specifically requested by a consumer or the performance of a contract to which the consumer is a party.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"B4","prefix_anchor":"B4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B3","next_prefix":"C"},"15":{"id":299757,"text":"The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not apply where compliance by the controller or processor with this chapter would violate an evidentiary privilege under the laws of the Commonwealth. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a controller or processor from providing personal data concerning a consumer to a person covered by an evidentiary privilege under the laws of the Commonwealth as part of a privileged communication.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B4","next_prefix":"D"},"16":{"id":299758,"text":"A controller or processor that discloses personal data to a third-party controller or processor, in compliance with the requirements of this chapter, is not in violation of this chapter if the third-party controller or processor that receives and processes such personal data is in violation of this chapter, provided that, at the time of disclosing the personal data, the disclosing controller or processor did not have actual knowledge that the recipient intended to commit a violation. A third-party controller or processor receiving personal data from a controller or processor in compliance with the requirements of this chapter is likewise not in violation of this chapter for the transgressions of the controller or processor from which it receives such personal data.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"17":{"id":299759,"text":"Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as an obligation imposed on controllers and processors that adversely affects the rights or freedoms of any persons, such as exercising the right of free speech pursuant to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, or applies to the processing of personal data by a person in the course of a purely personal or household activity.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"18":{"id":299760,"text":"Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section shall not be processed for any purpose other than those expressly listed in this section unless otherwise allowed by this chapter. Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section may be processed to the extent that such processing is:","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"F1"},"19":{"id":299761,"text":"Reasonably necessary and proportionate to the purposes listed in this section; and","type":"section","prefixes":["F","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"F1","prefix_anchor":"F1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"F","next_prefix":"F2"},"20":{"id":299762,"text":"Adequate, relevant, and limited to what is necessary in relation to the specific purposes listed in this section. Personal data collected, used, or retained pursuant to subsection B shall, where applicable, take into account the nature and purpose or purposes of such collection, use, or retention. Such data shall be subject to reasonable administrative, technical, and physical measures to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the personal data and to reduce reasonably foreseeable risks of harm to consumers relating to such collection, use, or retention of personal data.","type":"section","prefixes":["F","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"F2","prefix_anchor":"F2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"F1","next_prefix":"G"},"21":{"id":299763,"text":"If a controller processes personal data pursuant to an exemption in this section, the controller bears the burden of demonstrating that such processing qualifies for the exemption and complies with the requirements in subsection F.","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F2","next_prefix":"H"},"22":{"id":299764,"text":"Processing personal data for the purposes expressly identified in subdivisions A 1 through 9 shall not solely make an entity a controller with respect to such processing.","type":"section","prefixes":["H"],"prefix":"H","entire_prefix":"H","prefix_anchor":"H","level":1,"prior_prefix":"G"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14234,"edition_id":1,"name":"Consumer Data Protection Act","identifier":"53","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:24","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:24","permalink":{"id":262743,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14234,"identifier":"53","token":"59.1\/53","url":"\/59.1\/53\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":81398,"structure_id":14234,"section_number":"59.1-575","catch_line":"(Effective January 1, 2026) Definitions","url":"\/59.1-575\/","token":"59.1\/53\/59.1-575","metadata":false},{"id":63761,"structure_id":14234,"section_number":"59.1-576","catch_line":"Scope; 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A.<\/span> Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict a controller<\/span>’s or processor<\/span>’s ability to: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Comply with federal, state, or local laws<\/span>, rules, or regulations; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Comply with a civil, criminal, or regulatory inquiry, investigation, subpoena<\/span>, or summons<\/span> by federal, state, local, or other governmental authorities; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Cooperate with law<\/span>-enforcement agencies concerning conduct or activity that the controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> reasonably and in good faith believes may violate federal, state, or local laws<\/span>, rules, or regulations; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> Provide a product or service specifically requested by a consumer<\/span>, perform a contract<\/span> to which the consumer<\/span> is a party<\/span>, including fulfilling the terms of a written warranty, or take steps at the request of the consumer<\/span> prior to entering into a contract<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

6.<\/span> Take immediate steps to protect an interest that is essential for the life or physical safety of the consumer<\/span> or of another natural person, and where the processing<\/span> cannot be manifestly based on another legal basis; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

7.<\/span> Prevent, detect, protect against, or respond to security incidents, identity theft, fraud<\/span>, harassment, malicious<\/span> or deceptive activities, or any illegal activity; preserve the integrity or security of systems; or investigate, report, or prosecute<\/span> those responsible for any such action; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

8.<\/span> Engage in public or peer-reviewed scientific or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all other applicable ethics and privacy laws<\/span> and is approved, monitored, and governed by an institutional review board, or similar independent oversight entities that determine: (i) if the deletion of the information is likely to provide substantial benefits that do not exclusively accrue to the controller<\/span>; (ii) the expected benefits of the research outweigh the privacy risks; and (iii) if the controller<\/span> has implemented reasonable safeguards to mitigate privacy risks associated with research, including any risks associated with reidentification; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

9.<\/span> Assist another controller<\/span>, processor<\/span>, or third party<\/span> with any of the obligations under this subsection. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> The obligations imposed on controllers<\/span> or processors<\/span> under this chapter shall not restrict a controller<\/span>’s or processor<\/span>’s ability to collect, use, or retain data to: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Conduct internal research to develop, improve, or repair products, services, or technology; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Effectuate a product recall; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Identify and repair technical errors that impair existing or intended functionality; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Perform internal operations that are reasonably aligned with the expectations of the consumer<\/span> or reasonably anticipated based on the consumer<\/span>’s existing relationship with the controller<\/span> or are otherwise compatible with processing<\/span> data in furtherance of the provision of a product or service specifically requested by a consumer<\/span> or the performance of a contract<\/span> to which the consumer<\/span> is a party. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> The obligations imposed on controllers<\/span> or processors<\/span> under this chapter shall not apply where compliance by the controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> with this chapter would violate an evidentiary privilege<\/span> under the laws<\/span> of the Commonwealth. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> from providing personal data<\/span> concerning a consumer<\/span> to a person covered by an evidentiary privilege<\/span> under the laws<\/span> of the Commonwealth as part of a privileged communication. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> A controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> that discloses personal data<\/span> to a third-party controller<\/span> or processor<\/span>, in compliance with the requirements of this chapter, is not in violation of this chapter if the third-party controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> that receives and processes such personal data<\/span> is in violation of this chapter, provided that, at the time of disclosing the personal data<\/span>, the disclosing controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> did not have actual knowledge that the recipient intended to commit a violation. A third-party controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> receiving personal data<\/span> from a controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> in compliance with the requirements of this chapter is likewise not in violation of this chapter for the transgressions of the controller<\/span> or processor<\/span> from which it receives such personal data<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as an obligation imposed on controllers<\/span> and processors<\/span> that adversely affects the rights or freedoms of any persons, such as exercising the right of free speech pursuant to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, or applies to the processing<\/span> of personal data<\/span> by a person in the course of a purely personal or household activity. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> Personal data<\/span> processed by a controller<\/span> pursuant to this section shall not be processed for any purpose other than those expressly listed in this section unless otherwise allowed by this chapter. Personal data<\/span> processed by a controller<\/span> pursuant to this section may be processed to the extent that such processing<\/span> is: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Reasonably necessary and proportionate to the purposes listed in this section; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Adequate, relevant, and limited to what is necessary in relation to the specific purposes listed in this section. Personal data<\/span> collected, used, or retained pursuant to subsection B shall, where applicable, take into account the nature and purpose or purposes of such collection, use, or retention. Such data shall be subject to reasonable administrative, technical, and physical measures to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the personal data<\/span> and to reduce reasonably foreseeable risks of harm to consumers<\/span> relating to such collection, use, or retention of personal data<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> If a controller<\/span> processes personal data<\/span> pursuant to an exemption in this section, the controller<\/span> bears the burden of demonstrating that such processing<\/span> qualifies for the exemption and complies with the requirements in subsection F. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

H.<\/span> Processing<\/span> personal data<\/span> for the purposes expressly identified in subdivisions A 1 through 9 shall not solely make an entity a controller<\/span> with respect to such processing<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nLIMITATIONS (\u00a7 59.1-582)\n\nA. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict a controller’s\nor processor’s ability to:\n\n 1. Comply with federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations;\n\n 2. Comply with a civil, criminal, or regulatory inquiry, investigation,\n subpoena, or summons by federal, state, local, or other governmental\n authorities;\n\n 3. Cooperate with law-enforcement agencies concerning conduct or activity that\n the controller or processor reasonably and in good faith believes may violate\n federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations;\n\n 4. Investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims;\n\n 5. Provide a product or service specifically requested by a consumer, perform\n a contract to which the consumer is a party, including fulfilling the terms of\n a written warranty, or take steps at the request of the consumer prior to\n entering into a contract;\n\n 6. Take immediate steps to protect an interest that is essential for the life\n or physical safety of the consumer or of another natural person, and where the\n processing cannot be manifestly based on another legal basis;\n\n 7. Prevent, detect, protect against, or respond to security incidents,\n identity theft, fraud, harassment, malicious or deceptive activities, or any\n illegal activity; preserve the integrity or security of systems; or\n investigate, report, or prosecute those responsible for any such action;\n\n 8. Engage in public or peer-reviewed scientific or statistical research in the\n public interest that adheres to all other applicable ethics and privacy laws\n and is approved, monitored, and governed by an institutional review board, or\n similar independent oversight entities that determine: (i) if the deletion of\n the information is likely to provide substantial benefits that do not\n exclusively accrue to the controller; (ii) the expected benefits of the\n research outweigh the privacy risks; and (iii) if the controller has\n implemented reasonable safeguards to mitigate privacy risks associated with\n research, including any risks associated with reidentification; or\n\n 9. Assist another controller, processor, or third party with any of the\n obligations under this subsection.\n\nB. The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall\nnot restrict a controller’s or processor’s ability to collect, use,\nor retain data to:\n\n 1. Conduct internal research to develop, improve, or repair products,\n services, or technology;\n\n 2. Effectuate a product recall;\n\n 3. Identify and repair technical errors that impair existing or intended\n functionality; or\n\n 4. Perform internal operations that are reasonably aligned with the\n expectations of the consumer or reasonably anticipated based on the\n consumer’s existing relationship with the controller or are otherwise\n compatible with processing data in furtherance of the provision of a product\n or service specifically requested by a consumer or the performance of a\n contract to which the consumer is a party.\n\nC. The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall\nnot apply where compliance by the controller or processor with this chapter\nwould violate an evidentiary privilege under the laws of the Commonwealth.\nNothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a controller or processor\nfrom providing personal data concerning a consumer to a person covered by an\nevidentiary privilege under the laws of the Commonwealth as part of a privileged\ncommunication.\n\nD. A controller or processor that discloses personal data to a third-party\ncontroller or processor, in compliance with the requirements of this chapter, is\nnot in violation of this chapter if the third-party controller or processor that\nreceives and processes such personal data is in violation of this chapter,\nprovided that, at the time of disclosing the personal data, the disclosing\ncontroller or processor did not have actual knowledge that the recipient\nintended to commit a violation. A third-party controller or processor receiving\npersonal data from a controller or processor in compliance with the requirements\nof this chapter is likewise not in violation of this chapter for the\ntransgressions of the controller or processor from which it receives such\npersonal data.\n\nE. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as an obligation imposed on\ncontrollers and processors that adversely affects the rights or freedoms of any\npersons, such as exercising the right of free speech pursuant to the First\nAmendment to the United States Constitution, or applies to the processing of\npersonal data by a person in the course of a purely personal or household\nactivity.\n\nF. Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section shall not be\nprocessed for any purpose other than those expressly listed in this section\nunless otherwise allowed by this chapter. Personal data processed by a\ncontroller pursuant to this section may be processed to the extent that such\nprocessing is:\n\n 1. Reasonably necessary and proportionate to the purposes listed in this\n section; and\n\n 2. Adequate, relevant, and limited to what is necessary in relation to the\n specific purposes listed in this section. Personal data collected, used, or\n retained pursuant to subsection B shall, where applicable, take into account\n the nature and purpose or purposes of such collection, use, or retention. Such\n data shall be subject to reasonable administrative, technical, and physical\n measures to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the\n personal data and to reduce reasonably foreseeable risks of harm to consumers\n relating to such collection, use, or retention of personal data.\n\nG. If a controller processes personal data pursuant to an exemption in this\nsection, the controller bears the burden of demonstrating that such processing\nqualifies for the exemption and complies with the requirements in subsection F.\n\nH. Processing personal data for the purposes expressly identified in\nsubdivisions A 1 through 9 shall not solely make an entity a controller with\nrespect to such processing.\n\nHISTORY: 2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 35, 36.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}