{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/59.1-612.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/59.1-612.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/59.1-612.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/59.1-612.html"}],"law_id":66490,"edition_id":1,"section_id":66490,"structure_id":16162,"section_number":"59.1-612","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Billing and collection rules; limits on creditors","history":"2025, c. 692.","full_text":"A\n\nNo large health care facility or medical debt buyer shall charge a patient any interest or late fees on medical debt until 90 days following the due date applicable to the final invoice, and no such interest or late fees shall exceed three percent of the amount of such medical debt per annum.B\n\nNo medical creditor or medical debt collector shall use any of the following extraordinary collection actions to collect medical debts:1\n\nCausing an individual’s arrest;2\n\nCausing an individual to be subject to a writ of body attachment;3\n\nForeclosing on an individual’s real property;4\n\nPlacing a lien on an individual’s personal property; or5\n\nGarnishing the wages of any individual qualifying for financial assistance under the financial assistance policy applicable to the underlying medical debt.C\n\nNo medical creditor shall sell an individual’s medical debt to a medical debt buyer except if, prior to such sale, the medical creditor has entered into a legally binding written agreement with the medical debt buyer under which all of the following apply:1\n\nThe medical debt buyer is prohibited from engaging in any extraordinary collection action described in subsection B to obtain payment;2\n\nThe medical debt buyer is prohibited from charging interest on the debt at a rate higher than three percent per annum;3\n\nThe debt is returnable to or recallable by the medical creditor upon a determination by the medical debt buyer that the individual is eligible for financial assistance under the financial assistance policy applicable to the underlying medical debt; and4\n\nThe medical debt buyer is required to adhere to specified procedures that ensure that the individual does not pay, and has no obligation to pay, the medical debt buyer more than such individual is responsible for paying in compliance with this chapter.D\n\nA medical creditor that sells medical debt to a medical debt buyer under an agreement described in subsection C remains liable for any actions taken by such medical debt buyer in relation to such medical debt, subject to any indemnification provisions as may be agreed to by such parties.E\n\nNo medical creditor or medical debt collector shall take any extraordinary collection action until 120 days following the due date applicable to the final invoice for a health care service. At least 30 days before taking any extraordinary collection action, a medical creditor or medical debt collector shall provide the patient a notice including:1\n\nIf the medical debt resulted from health care services provided by a large health care facility, a statement of whether financial assistance is available for eligible individuals and a plain language summary of any financial assistance policy;2\n\nA list of any extraordinary collection actions that will be taken to obtain payment; and3\n\nA deadline after which such extraordinary collection actions will be initiated, which shall be at least 30 days after the date such notice is provided.F\n\nNo large health care facility or medical debt collector collecting medical debt for health care services provided by a large health care facility shall use any extraordinary collection action unless such action is described in the large health care facility’s billing and collections policy.G\n\nIf a patient has paid any part of a medical debt in excess of the amount owed after any financial assistance offered by a large health care facility, the large health care facility or medical debt collector, as specified in the agreement required by subsection C, shall refund any excess amount to the patient within 60 days after determination of such excess payment.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":241281,"text":"No large health care facility or medical debt buyer shall charge a patient any interest or late fees on medical debt until 90 days following the due date applicable to the final invoice, and no such interest or late fees shall exceed three percent of the amount of such medical debt per annum.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":241282,"text":"No medical creditor or medical debt collector shall use any of the following extraordinary collection actions to collect medical debts:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"B1"},"2":{"id":241283,"text":"Causing an individual’s arrest;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"3":{"id":241284,"text":"Causing an individual to be subject to a writ of body attachment;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"B3"},"4":{"id":241285,"text":"Foreclosing on an individual’s real property;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"B3","prefix_anchor":"B3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B2","next_prefix":"B4"},"5":{"id":241286,"text":"Placing a lien on an individual’s personal property; or","type":"section","prefixes":["B","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"B4","prefix_anchor":"B4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B3","next_prefix":"B5"},"6":{"id":241287,"text":"Garnishing the wages of any individual qualifying for financial assistance under the financial assistance policy applicable to the underlying medical debt.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"B5","prefix_anchor":"B5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B4","next_prefix":"C"},"7":{"id":241288,"text":"No medical creditor shall sell an individual’s medical debt to a medical debt buyer except if, prior to such sale, the medical creditor has entered into a legally binding written agreement with the medical debt buyer under which all of the following apply:","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B5","next_prefix":"C1"},"8":{"id":241289,"text":"The medical debt buyer is prohibited from engaging in any extraordinary collection action described in subsection B to obtain payment;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"C1","prefix_anchor":"C1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"C2"},"9":{"id":241290,"text":"The medical debt buyer is prohibited from charging interest on the debt at a rate higher than three percent per annum;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"C2","prefix_anchor":"C2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C1","next_prefix":"C3"},"10":{"id":241291,"text":"The debt is returnable to or recallable by the medical creditor upon a determination by the medical debt buyer that the individual is eligible for financial assistance under the financial assistance policy applicable to the underlying medical debt; and","type":"section","prefixes":["C","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"C3","prefix_anchor":"C3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C2","next_prefix":"C4"},"11":{"id":241292,"text":"The medical debt buyer is required to adhere to specified procedures that ensure that the individual does not pay, and has no obligation to pay, the medical debt buyer more than such individual is responsible for paying in compliance with this chapter.","type":"section","prefixes":["C","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"C4","prefix_anchor":"C4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C3","next_prefix":"D"},"12":{"id":241293,"text":"A medical creditor that sells medical debt to a medical debt buyer under an agreement described in subsection C remains liable for any actions taken by such medical debt buyer in relation to such medical debt, subject to any indemnification provisions as may be agreed to by such parties.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C4","next_prefix":"E"},"13":{"id":241294,"text":"No medical creditor or medical debt collector shall take any extraordinary collection action until 120 days following the due date applicable to the final invoice for a health care service. At least 30 days before taking any extraordinary collection action, a medical creditor or medical debt collector shall provide the patient a notice including:","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"E1"},"14":{"id":241295,"text":"If the medical debt resulted from health care services provided by a large health care facility, a statement of whether financial assistance is available for eligible individuals and a plain language summary of any financial assistance policy;","type":"section","prefixes":["E","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"E1","prefix_anchor":"E1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"E2"},"15":{"id":241296,"text":"A list of any extraordinary collection actions that will be taken to obtain payment; and","type":"section","prefixes":["E","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"E2","prefix_anchor":"E2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"E1","next_prefix":"E3"},"16":{"id":241297,"text":"A deadline after which such extraordinary collection actions will be initiated, which shall be at least 30 days after the date such notice is provided.","type":"section","prefixes":["E","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"E3","prefix_anchor":"E3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"E2","next_prefix":"F"},"17":{"id":241298,"text":"No large health care facility or medical debt collector collecting medical debt for health care services provided by a large health care facility shall use any extraordinary collection action unless such action is described in the large health care facility’s billing and collections policy.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E3","next_prefix":"G"},"18":{"id":241299,"text":"If a patient has paid any part of a medical debt in excess of the amount owed after any financial assistance offered by a large health care facility, the large health care facility or medical debt collector, as specified in the agreement required by subsection C, shall refund any excess amount to the patient within 60 days after determination of such excess payment.","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F"}},"ancestry":[{"id":16162,"edition_id":1,"name":"Medical Debt Protection Act","identifier":"59","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12809,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 04:07:45","date_modified":"2026-06-26 04:07:45","permalink":{"id":262903,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":16162,"identifier":"59","token":"59.1\/59","url":"\/59.1\/59\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12809,"edition_id":1,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:54","permalink":{"id":259521,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12809,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":78764,"structure_id":16162,"section_number":"59.1-611","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Definitions","url":"\/59.1-611\/","token":"59.1\/59\/59.1-611","metadata":false},{"id":66490,"structure_id":16162,"section_number":"59.1-612","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Billing and collection rules; limits on creditors","url":"\/59.1-612\/","token":"59.1\/59\/59.1-612","metadata":false},{"id":64274,"structure_id":16162,"section_number":"59.1-613","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Enforcement; penalties","url":"\/59.1-613\/","token":"59.1\/59\/59.1-613","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":78764,"structure_id":16162,"section_number":"59.1-611","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Definitions","url":"\/59.1-611\/","token":"59.1\/59\/59.1-611","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":64274,"structure_id":16162,"section_number":"59.1-613","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Enforcement; penalties","url":"\/59.1-613\/","token":"59.1\/59\/59.1-613","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/59.1-612\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2025. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 692<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":262909,"object_type":"law","relational_id":66490,"identifier":"59.1-612","token":"59.1\/59\/59.1-612","url":"\/59.1-612\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-612\/","token":"59.1\/59\/59.1-612","dublin_core":{"Title":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Billing and collection rules; limits on creditors","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-612","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> No large health care facility or medical debt buyer<\/span> shall charge a patient<\/span> any interest or late fees on medical debt until 90 days following the due date applicable to the final invoice, and no such interest or late fees shall exceed three percent of the amount of such medical debt per annum. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> No medical creditor<\/span> or medical debt collector<\/span> shall use any of the following extraordinary collection actions<\/span> to collect medical debts<\/span>: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Causing an individual’s arrest<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Causing an individual to be subject to a writ<\/span> of body attachment<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Foreclosing on an individual’s real property; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Placing a lien<\/span> on an individual’s personal property; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> Garnishing the wages of any individual qualifying for financial assistance under the financial assistance policy<\/span> applicable to the underlying medical debt. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> No medical creditor<\/span> shall sell an individual’s medical debt to a medical debt buyer<\/span> except if, prior to such sale, the medical creditor<\/span> has entered into a legally binding written agreement with the medical debt buyer<\/span> under which all of the following apply: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> The medical debt buyer<\/span> is prohibited from engaging in any extraordinary collection action<\/span> described in subsection B to obtain payment; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The medical debt buyer<\/span> is prohibited from charging interest on the debt at a rate higher than three percent per annum; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> The debt is returnable to or recallable by the medical creditor<\/span> upon a determination by the medical debt buyer<\/span> that the individual is eligible for financial assistance under the financial assistance policy<\/span> applicable to the underlying medical debt; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> The medical debt buyer<\/span> is required to adhere to specified procedures that ensure that the individual does not pay, and has no obligation to pay, the medical debt buyer<\/span> more than such individual is responsible for paying in compliance with this chapter. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> A medical creditor<\/span> that sells medical debt to a medical debt buyer<\/span> under an agreement described in subsection C remains liable for any actions taken by such medical debt buyer<\/span> in relation to such medical debt, subject to any indemnification provisions as may be agreed to by such parties. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> No medical creditor<\/span> or medical debt collector<\/span> shall take any extraordinary collection action<\/span> until 120 days following the due date applicable to the final invoice for a health care service. At least 30 days before taking any extraordinary collection action<\/span>, a medical creditor<\/span> or medical debt collector<\/span> shall provide the patient<\/span> a notice including: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> If the medical debt resulted from health care services<\/span> provided by a large health care facility, a statement of whether financial assistance is available for eligible individuals and a plain language summary of any financial assistance policy<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> A list of any extraordinary collection actions<\/span> that will be taken to obtain payment; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> A deadline after which such extraordinary collection actions<\/span> will be initiated, which shall be at least 30 days after the date such notice is provided. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> No large health care facility or medical debt collector<\/span> collecting medical debt for health care services<\/span> provided by a large health care facility shall use any extraordinary collection action<\/span> unless such action is described in the large health care facility’s billing and collections policy. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> If a patient<\/span> has paid any part of a medical debt in excess of the amount owed after any financial assistance offered by a large health care facility, the large health care facility or medical debt collector<\/span>, as specified in the agreement required by subsection C, shall refund any excess amount to the patient<\/span> within 60 days after determination of such excess payment. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\n(EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 2026) BILLING AND COLLECTION RULES; LIMITS ON CREDITORS (\u00a7\n59.1-612)\n\nA. No large health care facility or medical debt buyer shall charge a patient\nany interest or late fees on medical debt until 90 days following the due date\napplicable to the final invoice, and no such interest or late fees shall exceed\nthree percent of the amount of such medical debt per annum.\n\nB. No medical creditor or medical debt collector shall use any of the following\nextraordinary collection actions to collect medical debts:\n\n 1. Causing an individual’s arrest;\n\n 2. Causing an individual to be subject to a writ of body attachment;\n\n 3. Foreclosing on an individual’s real property;\n\n 4. Placing a lien on an individual’s personal property; or\n\n 5. Garnishing the wages of any individual qualifying for financial assistance\n under the financial assistance policy applicable to the underlying medical\n debt.\n\nC. No medical creditor shall sell an individual’s medical debt to a\nmedical debt buyer except if, prior to such sale, the medical creditor has\nentered into a legally binding written agreement with the medical debt buyer\nunder which all of the following apply:\n\n 1. The medical debt buyer is prohibited from engaging in any extraordinary\n collection action described in subsection B to obtain payment;\n\n 2. The medical debt buyer is prohibited from charging interest on the debt at\n a rate higher than three percent per annum;\n\n 3. The debt is returnable to or recallable by the medical creditor upon a\n determination by the medical debt buyer that the individual is eligible for\n financial assistance under the financial assistance policy applicable to the\n underlying medical debt; and\n\n 4. The medical debt buyer is required to adhere to specified procedures that\n ensure that the individual does not pay, and has no obligation to pay, the\n medical debt buyer more than such individual is responsible for paying in\n compliance with this chapter.\n\nD. A medical creditor that sells medical debt to a medical debt buyer under an\nagreement described in subsection C remains liable for any actions taken by such\nmedical debt buyer in relation to such medical debt, subject to any\nindemnification provisions as may be agreed to by such parties.\n\nE. No medical creditor or medical debt collector shall take any extraordinary\ncollection action until 120 days following the due date applicable to the final\ninvoice for a health care service. At least 30 days before taking any\nextraordinary collection action, a medical creditor or medical debt collector\nshall provide the patient a notice including:\n\n 1. If the medical debt resulted from health care services provided by a large\n health care facility, a statement of whether financial assistance is available\n for eligible individuals and a plain language summary of any financial\n assistance policy;\n\n 2. A list of any extraordinary collection actions that will be taken to obtain\n payment; and\n\n 3. A deadline after which such extraordinary collection actions will be\n initiated, which shall be at least 30 days after the date such notice is\n provided.\n\nF. No large health care facility or medical debt collector collecting medical\ndebt for health care services provided by a large health care facility shall use\nany extraordinary collection action unless such action is described in the large\nhealth care facility’s billing and collections policy.\n\nG. If a patient has paid any part of a medical debt in excess of the amount owed\nafter any financial assistance offered by a large health care facility, the\nlarge health care facility or medical debt collector, as specified in the\nagreement required by subsection C, shall refund any excess amount to the\npatient within 60 days after determination of such excess payment.\n\nHISTORY: 2025, c. 692.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}