{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.01-227.9.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.01-227.9.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.01-227.9.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.01-227.9.html"}],"law_id":86818,"edition_id":1,"section_id":86818,"structure_id":14007,"section_number":"8.01-227.9","catch_line":"Civil immunity for space flight entities","history":"2007, c. 893.","full_text":"A\n\nExcept as provided in subsection B, a space flight entity is not liable for a participant injury resulting from the risks of space flight activities, provided that the participant has been informed of the risks of space flight activities as required by federal law pursuant to federal law and this article, and the participant has given his informed consent that he is voluntarily participating in space flight activities after having been informed of the risks of those activities as required by federal law and this article. Except as provided in subsection B, no (i) participant, (ii) participant’s representative, including the heirs, administrators, executors, assignees, next of kin, and estate of the participant, or (iii) any person who attempts to bring a claim on behalf of the participant for a participant injury, is authorized to maintain an action against or recover from a space flight entity for a participant injury that resulted from the risks of space flight activities.B\n\nNothing in subsection A shall prevent or limit the liability of a space flight entity if the space flight entity does either of the following:1\n\nCommits an act or omission that constitutes gross negligence evidencing willful or wanton disregard for the safety of the participant, and that act or omission proximately causes a participant injury; or2\n\nIntentionally causes a participant injury.C\n\nAny limitation on legal liability afforded by this section to a space flight entity is in addition to any other limitations of legal liability otherwise provided by law.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":310878,"text":"Except as provided in subsection B, a space flight entity is not liable for a participant injury resulting from the risks of space flight activities, provided that the participant has been informed of the risks of space flight activities as required by federal law pursuant to federal law and this article, and the participant has given his informed consent that he is voluntarily participating in space flight activities after having been informed of the risks of those activities as required by federal law and this article. Except as provided in subsection B, no (i) participant, (ii) participant’s representative, including the heirs, administrators, executors, assignees, next of kin, and estate of the participant, or (iii) any person who attempts to bring a claim on behalf of the participant for a participant injury, is authorized to maintain an action against or recover from a space flight entity for a participant injury that resulted from the risks of space flight activities.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":310879,"text":"Nothing in subsection A shall prevent or limit the liability of a space flight entity if the space flight entity does either of the following:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"B1"},"2":{"id":310880,"text":"Commits an act or omission that constitutes gross negligence evidencing willful or wanton disregard for the safety of the participant, and that act or omission proximately causes a participant injury; or","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"3":{"id":310881,"text":"Intentionally causes a participant injury.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"C"},"4":{"id":310882,"text":"Any limitation on legal liability afforded by this section to a space flight entity is in addition to any other limitations of legal liability otherwise provided by law.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B2"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14007,"edition_id":1,"name":"Space Flight Liability and Immunity Act","identifier":"24","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12886,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:35","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:35","permalink":{"id":280627,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14007,"identifier":"24","token":"8.01\/3\/24","url":"\/8.01\/3\/24\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12886,"edition_id":1,"name":"Actions","identifier":"3","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12747,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","permalink":{"id":279635,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12886,"identifier":"3","token":"8.01\/3","url":"\/8.01\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12747,"edition_id":1,"name":"Civil Remedies and Procedure","identifier":"8.01","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":277029,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12747,"identifier":"8.01","token":"8.01","url":"\/8.01\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":71144,"structure_id":14007,"section_number":"8.01-227.10","catch_line":"Warning required","url":"\/8.01-227.10\/","token":"8.01\/3\/24\/8.01-227.10","metadata":false},{"id":55095,"structure_id":14007,"section_number":"8.01-227.8","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/8.01-227.8\/","token":"8.01\/3\/24\/8.01-227.8","metadata":false},{"id":86818,"structure_id":14007,"section_number":"8.01-227.9","catch_line":"Civil immunity for space flight entities","url":"\/8.01-227.9\/","token":"8.01\/3\/24\/8.01-227.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":55095,"structure_id":14007,"section_number":"8.01-227.8","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/8.01-227.8\/","token":"8.01\/3\/24\/8.01-227.8","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.01-227.9\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2007. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 893<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":280637,"object_type":"law","relational_id":86818,"identifier":"8.01-227.9","token":"8.01\/3\/24\/8.01-227.9","url":"\/8.01-227.9\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.01-227.9\/","token":"8.01\/3\/24\/8.01-227.9","dublin_core":{"Title":"Civil immunity for space flight entities","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.01-227.9","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> Except as provided in subsection B, a space flight entity is not liable for a participant injury resulting from the risks of space flight activities, provided that the participant has been informed of the risks of space flight activities as required by federal law<\/span> pursuant to federal law<\/span> and this article, and the participant has given his informed consent that he is voluntarily participating in space flight activities after having been informed of the risks of those activities as required by federal law<\/span> and this article. Except as provided in subsection B, no (i) participant, (ii) participant’s representative, including the heirs, administrators, executors, assignees, next of kin, and estate of the participant, or (iii) any person<\/span> who attempts to bring a claim on behalf of the participant for a participant injury, is authorized to maintain an action<\/span> against or recover from a space flight entity for a participant injury that resulted from the risks of space flight activities. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Nothing in subsection A shall prevent or limit the liability of a space flight entity if the space flight entity does either of the following: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Commits an act or omission that constitutes gross negligence<\/span> evidencing willful or wanton disregard for the safety of the participant, and that act or omission proximately causes a participant injury; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Intentionally causes a participant injury. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> Any limitation on legal liability afforded by this section to a space flight entity is in addition to any other limitations of legal liability otherwise provided by law<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nCIVIL IMMUNITY FOR SPACE FLIGHT ENTITIES (\u00a7 8.01-227.9)\n\nA. Except as provided in subsection B, a space flight entity is not liable for a\nparticipant injury resulting from the risks of space flight activities, provided\nthat the participant has been informed of the risks of space flight activities\nas required by federal law pursuant to federal law and this article, and the\nparticipant has given his informed consent that he is voluntarily participating\nin space flight activities after having been informed of the risks of those\nactivities as required by federal law and this article. Except as provided in\nsubsection B, no (i) participant, (ii) participant’s representative,\nincluding the heirs, administrators, executors, assignees, next of kin, and\nestate of the participant, or (iii) any person who attempts to bring a claim on\nbehalf of the participant for a participant injury, is authorized to maintain an\naction against or recover from a space flight entity for a participant injury\nthat resulted from the risks of space flight activities.\n\nB. Nothing in subsection A shall prevent or limit the liability of a space\nflight entity if the space flight entity does either of the following:\n\n 1. Commits an act or omission that constitutes gross negligence evidencing\n willful or wanton disregard for the safety of the participant, and that act or\n omission proximately causes a participant injury; or\n\n 2. Intentionally causes a participant injury.\n\nC. Any limitation on legal liability afforded by this section to a space flight\nentity is in addition to any other limitations of legal liability otherwise\nprovided by law.\n\nHISTORY: 2007, c. 893.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}