{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.01-42.4.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.01-42.4.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.01-42.4.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.01-42.4.html"}],"law_id":80887,"edition_id":1,"section_id":80887,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.4","catch_line":"Civil action for trafficking in persons","history":"2016, cc. 557, 668; 2019, c. 458; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 188; 2023, c. 385; 2024, c. 368.","full_text":"A\n\nAny person injured by reason of (i) a violation of subsection B of &#xA7; 18.2-47 or clause (iii), (iv), or (v) of &#xA7; 18.2-48; (ii) a violation of &#xA7; 18.2-348, 18.2-348.1, 18.2-349, 18.2-355, 18.2-356, 18.2-357, 18.2-357.1, or 18.2-368; or (iii) a felony violation of &#xA7; 18.2-346.01 may sue therefor and recover compensatory damages, punitive damages, and reasonable attorney fees and costs.B\n\nNo action shall be commenced under this section more than seven years after the later of the date on which such person (i) was no longer subject to the conduct prohibited by subsection B of &#xA7; 18.2-47 or clause (iii), (iv), or (v) of &#xA7; 18.2-48 or &#xA7; 18.2-348, 18.2-348.1, 18.2-349, 18.2-355, 18.2-356, 18.2-357, 18.2-357.1, or 18.2-368 or under a felony violation of &#xA7; 18.2-346.01 or (ii) attained 18 years of age.C\n\nThe provisions of this section shall apply whether or not an individual has been charged with or convicted of any of the alleged violations listed in subsection A.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":289940,"text":"Any person injured by reason of (i) a violation of subsection B of &#xA7; 18.2-47 or clause (iii), (iv), or (v) of &#xA7; 18.2-48; (ii) a violation of &#xA7; 18.2-348, 18.2-348.1, 18.2-349, 18.2-355, 18.2-356, 18.2-357, 18.2-357.1, or 18.2-368; or (iii) a felony violation of &#xA7; 18.2-346.01 may sue therefor and recover compensatory damages, punitive damages, and reasonable attorney fees and costs.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"B"},"1":{"id":289941,"text":"No action shall be commenced under this section more than seven years after the later of the date on which such person (i) was no longer subject to the conduct prohibited by subsection B of &#xA7; 18.2-47 or clause (iii), (iv), or (v) of &#xA7; 18.2-48 or &#xA7; 18.2-348, 18.2-348.1, 18.2-349, 18.2-355, 18.2-356, 18.2-357, 18.2-357.1, or 18.2-368 or under a felony violation of &#xA7; 18.2-346.01 or (ii) attained 18 years of age.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"2":{"id":289942,"text":"The provisions of this section shall apply whether or not an individual has been charged with or convicted of any of the alleged violations listed in subsection A.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B"}},"ancestry":[{"id":12887,"edition_id":1,"name":"Injury to Person or Property","identifier":"3","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12886,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","permalink":{"id":280695,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12887,"identifier":"3","token":"8.01\/3\/3","url":"\/8.01\/3\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12886,"edition_id":1,"name":"Actions","identifier":"3","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12747,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","permalink":{"id":279635,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12886,"identifier":"3","token":"8.01\/3","url":"\/8.01\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12747,"edition_id":1,"name":"Civil Remedies and Procedure","identifier":"8.01","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":277029,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12747,"identifier":"8.01","token":"8.01","url":"\/8.01\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":71526,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-34","catch_line":"When contribution among wrongdoers enforced","url":"\/8.01-34\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-34","metadata":false},{"id":56273,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-35","catch_line":"Damages for loss of income not diminished by reimbursement","url":"\/8.01-35\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-35","metadata":false},{"id":71789,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-35.1","catch_line":"Effect of release or covenant not to sue in respect to liability and contribution","url":"\/8.01-35.1\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-35.1","metadata":false},{"id":54115,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-36","catch_line":"Joinder of action of tort to infant with action for recovery of expenses incurred thereby and claim for recovery of expenses by infant","url":"\/8.01-36\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-36","metadata":false},{"id":61407,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-37","catch_line":"Recovery of lost wages in action for injuries to emancipated infant","url":"\/8.01-37\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-37","metadata":false},{"id":84122,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-37.1","catch_line":"Claims for medical services provided by United States; proof of reasonable value","url":"\/8.01-37.1\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-37.1","metadata":false},{"id":74543,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-38","catch_line":"Tort liability of hospitals","url":"\/8.01-38\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-38","metadata":false},{"id":80026,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-38.1","catch_line":"Limitation on recovery of punitive damages","url":"\/8.01-38.1\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-38.1","metadata":false},{"id":85786,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-39","catch_line":"Completion or acceptance of work not bar to action against independent contractor for personal injury, wrongful death or damage to property","url":"\/8.01-39\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-39","metadata":false},{"id":60815,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-40","catch_line":"Unauthorized use of name or picture of any person; punitive damages; statute of limitations","url":"\/8.01-40\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-40","metadata":false},{"id":61512,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-40.1","catch_line":"Action for injury resulting from violation of Computer Crimes Act; limitations","url":"\/8.01-40.1\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-40.1","metadata":false},{"id":57683,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-40.2","catch_line":"Unsolicited transmission of advertising materials by facsimile machine","url":"\/8.01-40.2\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-40.2","metadata":false},{"id":55073,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-40.3","catch_line":"Unauthorized dissemination, etc., of criminal history record information; civil action","url":"\/8.01-40.3\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-40.3","metadata":false},{"id":57913,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-40.4","catch_line":"Civil action for unlawful creation of image of another or unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another","url":"\/8.01-40.4\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-40.4","metadata":false},{"id":62242,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-40.5","catch_line":"Publishing or distributing material harmful to minors on the Internet","url":"\/8.01-40.5\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-40.5","metadata":false},{"id":75613,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-41","catch_line":"Wrongful distraint, attachment","url":"\/8.01-41\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-41","metadata":false},{"id":54575,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42","catch_line":"Loss or injury to clothing in dyeing, dry cleaning, or laundering","url":"\/8.01-42\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42","metadata":false},{"id":54010,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.1","catch_line":"Civil action for racial, religious, or ethnic harassment, violence or vandalism","url":"\/8.01-42.1\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.1","metadata":false},{"id":71047,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.2","catch_line":"Liability of guest for hotel damage","url":"\/8.01-42.2\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.2","metadata":false},{"id":70599,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.3","catch_line":"Civil action for stalking","url":"\/8.01-42.3\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.3","metadata":false},{"id":80887,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.4","catch_line":"Civil action for trafficking in persons","url":"\/8.01-42.4\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.4","metadata":false},{"id":63928,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.5","catch_line":"Civil action for female genital mutilation","url":"\/8.01-42.5\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.5","metadata":false},{"id":73227,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.6","catch_line":"Liability of employer for personal injury or death by wrongful act","url":"\/8.01-42.6\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.6","metadata":false},{"id":83062,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-43","catch_line":"Action against parent for damage to public property by minor","url":"\/8.01-43\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-43","metadata":false},{"id":59911,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44","catch_line":"Action against parent for damage to private property by minor","url":"\/8.01-44\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44","metadata":false},{"id":73464,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44.1","catch_line":"Immunity from civil liability of members of certain committees, etc","url":"\/8.01-44.1\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44.1","metadata":false},{"id":72343,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44.2","catch_line":"Action against physician for vaccine-related injury or death","url":"\/8.01-44.2\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44.2","metadata":false},{"id":78701,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44.3","catch_line":"Divulgence of communications by qualified interpreters and communications assistants","url":"\/8.01-44.3\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44.3","metadata":false},{"id":83884,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44.4","catch_line":"Action for shoplifting and employee theft","url":"\/8.01-44.4\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44.4","metadata":false},{"id":81010,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44.5","catch_line":"Punitive damages for persons injured by intoxicated drivers","url":"\/8.01-44.5\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44.5","metadata":false},{"id":56974,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44.6","catch_line":"Action for injury to cemetery property","url":"\/8.01-44.6\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44.6","metadata":false},{"id":81782,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-44.7","catch_line":"Action for tampering with metering device and diverting service","url":"\/8.01-44.7\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-44.7","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":70599,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.3","catch_line":"Civil action for stalking","url":"\/8.01-42.3\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.3","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":63928,"structure_id":12887,"section_number":"8.01-42.5","catch_line":"Civil action for female genital mutilation","url":"\/8.01-42.5\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.5","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.01-42.4\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 2016. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?161+ful+CHAP0557\">557<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?161+ful+CHAP0668\">668<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2019, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?191+ful+CHAP0458\">458<\/a>; in 2023, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?231+ful+CHAP0385\">385<\/a>; in 2024, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?241+ful+CHAP0368\">368<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":57611,"section_number":"18.2-346.01","catch_line":"Prostitution; solicitation; commercial exploitation of a minor; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-346.01\/"},{"id":83161,"section_number":"18.2-348","catch_line":"Aiding prostitution or illicit sexual intercourse, etc.; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-348\/"},{"id":85373,"section_number":"18.2-348.1","catch_line":"Promoting travel for prostitution; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-348.1\/"},{"id":85342,"section_number":"18.2-349","catch_line":"Using vehicles to promote prostitution or unlawful sexual intercourse; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-349\/"},{"id":57212,"section_number":"18.2-355","catch_line":"Taking, detaining, etc., person for prostitution, etc., or consenting thereto; human trafficking","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-355\/"},{"id":59657,"section_number":"18.2-356","catch_line":"Receiving money for procuring person; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-356\/"},{"id":62200,"section_number":"18.2-357","catch_line":"Receiving money from earnings of male or female prostitute; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-357\/"},{"id":76497,"section_number":"18.2-357.1","catch_line":"Commercial sex trafficking; penalties","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-357.1\/"},{"id":55653,"section_number":"18.2-368","catch_line":"Placing or leaving spouse for prostitution; penalty","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-368\/"},{"id":60862,"section_number":"18.2-47","catch_line":"Abduction and kidnapping defined; forced labor; punishment","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-47\/"},{"id":59389,"section_number":"18.2-48","catch_line":"Abduction with intent to extort money or for immoral purpose","order_by":null,"url":"\/18.2-48\/"}],"permalink":{"id":280777,"object_type":"law","relational_id":80887,"identifier":"8.01-42.4","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.4","url":"\/8.01-42.4\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.01-42.4\/","token":"8.01\/3\/3\/8.01-42.4","dublin_core":{"Title":"Civil action for trafficking in persons","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.01-42.4","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> Any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> injured by reason of (i) a violation of subsection B of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Abduction and kidnapping defined; forced labor; punishment\" href=\"\/18.2-47\/\">18.2-47<\/a> or clause (iii), (iv), or (v) of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Abduction with intent to extort money or for immoral purpose\" href=\"\/18.2-48\/\">18.2-48<\/a>; (ii) a violation of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Aiding prostitution or illicit sexual intercourse, etc.; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-348\/\">18.2-348<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Promoting travel for prostitution; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-348.1\/\">18.2-348.1<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Using vehicles to promote prostitution or unlawful sexual intercourse; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-349\/\">18.2-349<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Taking, detaining, etc., person for prostitution, etc., or consenting thereto; human trafficking\" href=\"\/18.2-355\/\">18.2-355<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Receiving money for procuring person; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-356\/\">18.2-356<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Receiving money from earnings of male or female prostitute; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-357\/\">18.2-357<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Commercial sex trafficking; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-357.1\/\">18.2-357.1<\/a>, or <a class=\"law\" title=\"Placing or leaving spouse for prostitution; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-368\/\">18.2-368<\/a>; or (iii) a <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span> violation of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Prostitution; solicitation; commercial exploitation of a minor; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-346.01\/\">18.2-346.01<\/a> may sue therefor and recover compensatory <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span>, punitive <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span>, and reasonable attorney fees and costs. <a id=\"paragraph-289940\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-42.4\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> No <span class=\"dictionary\">action<\/span> shall be commenced under this section more than seven years after the later of the date on which such <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> (i) was no longer subject to the conduct prohibited by subsection B of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Abduction and kidnapping defined; forced labor; punishment\" href=\"\/18.2-47\/\">18.2-47<\/a> or clause (iii), (iv), or (v) of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Abduction with intent to extort money or for immoral purpose\" href=\"\/18.2-48\/\">18.2-48<\/a> or &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Aiding prostitution or illicit sexual intercourse, etc.; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-348\/\">18.2-348<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Promoting travel for prostitution; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-348.1\/\">18.2-348.1<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Using vehicles to promote prostitution or unlawful sexual intercourse; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-349\/\">18.2-349<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Taking, detaining, etc., person for prostitution, etc., or consenting thereto; human trafficking\" href=\"\/18.2-355\/\">18.2-355<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Receiving money for procuring person; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-356\/\">18.2-356<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Receiving money from earnings of male or female prostitute; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-357\/\">18.2-357<\/a>, <a class=\"law\" title=\"Commercial sex trafficking; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-357.1\/\">18.2-357.1<\/a>, or <a class=\"law\" title=\"Placing or leaving spouse for prostitution; penalty\" href=\"\/18.2-368\/\">18.2-368<\/a> or under a <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span> violation of &#xA7; <a class=\"law\" title=\"Prostitution; solicitation; commercial exploitation of a minor; penalties\" href=\"\/18.2-346.01\/\">18.2-346.01<\/a> or (ii) attained 18 years of age. <a id=\"paragraph-289941\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-42.4\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> The provisions of this section shall apply whether or not an individual has been charged with or convicted of any of the alleged violations listed in subsection A. <a id=\"paragraph-289942\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-42.4\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nCIVIL ACTION FOR TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (\u00a7 8.01-42.4)\n\nA. Any person injured by reason of (i) a violation of subsection B of &#xA7;\n18.2-47 or clause (iii), (iv), or (v) of &#xA7; 18.2-48; (ii) a violation of\n&#xA7; 18.2-348, 18.2-348.1, 18.2-349, 18.2-355, 18.2-356, 18.2-357, 18.2-357.1,\nor 18.2-368; or (iii) a felony violation of &#xA7; 18.2-346.01 may sue therefor\nand recover compensatory damages, punitive damages, and reasonable attorney fees\nand costs.\n\nB. No action shall be commenced under this section more than seven years after\nthe later of the date on which such person (i) was no longer subject to the\nconduct prohibited by subsection B of &#xA7; 18.2-47 or clause (iii), (iv), or\n(v) of &#xA7; 18.2-48 or &#xA7; 18.2-348, 18.2-348.1, 18.2-349, 18.2-355,\n18.2-356, 18.2-357, 18.2-357.1, or 18.2-368 or under a felony violation of\n&#xA7; 18.2-346.01 or (ii) attained 18 years of age.\n\nC. The provisions of this section shall apply whether or not an individual has\nbeen charged with or convicted of any of the alleged violations listed in\nsubsection A.\n\nHISTORY: 2016, cc. 557, 668; 2019, c. 458; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 188; 2023, c.\n385; 2024, c. 368.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}