{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.01-420.7.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.01-420.7.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.01-420.7.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.01-420.7.html"}],"law_id":68155,"edition_id":1,"section_id":68155,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.7","catch_line":"Attorney-client privilege and work product protection; limitations on waiver","history":"2010, c. 350.","full_text":"A\n\nWhen disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work product protection made in a proceeding or to any public body as defined in \u00a7 2.2-3701 operates as a waiver of the privilege or protection, the waiver extends to an undisclosed communication or information only if:1\n\nThe waiver is intentional;2\n\nThe disclosed and undisclosed communications or information concern the same subject matter; and3\n\nThe disclosed and undisclosed communications or information ought in fairness be considered together.B\n\nDisclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work product protection made in a proceeding or to any public body as defined in \u00a7 2.2-3701 does not operate as a waiver of the privilege or protection if:1\n\nThe disclosure is inadvertent;2\n\nThe holder of the privilege or protection took reasonable steps to prevent disclosure; and3\n\nThe holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error, including, if applicable, complying with the provisions of subdivision (b) (6) (ii) of Rule 4:1 of the Rules of the Supreme Court.C\n\nA court may order that the privilege or protection is not waived by the disclosure connected with the litigation pending before the court, in which case the disclosure does not operate as a waiver in any other proceeding.D\n\nAn agreement on the effect of the disclosure in a proceeding is binding only on the parties to the agreement, unless it is incorporated into a court order.E\n\nThis section shall not limit any otherwise applicable waiver of attorney-client privilege or work product protection by an inmate who files an action challenging his conviction or sentence.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":246704,"text":"When disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work product protection made in a proceeding or to any public body as defined in \u00a7 2.2-3701 operates as a waiver of the privilege or protection, the waiver extends to an undisclosed communication or information only if:","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"A1"},"1":{"id":246705,"text":"The waiver is intentional;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"A1","prefix_anchor":"A1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"A2"},"2":{"id":246706,"text":"The disclosed and undisclosed communications or information concern the same subject matter; and","type":"section","prefixes":["A","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"A2","prefix_anchor":"A2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A1","next_prefix":"A3"},"3":{"id":246707,"text":"The disclosed and undisclosed communications or information ought in fairness be considered together.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"A3","prefix_anchor":"A3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A2","next_prefix":"B"},"4":{"id":246708,"text":"Disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work product protection made in a proceeding or to any public body as defined in \u00a7 2.2-3701 does not operate as a waiver of the privilege or protection if:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A3","next_prefix":"B1"},"5":{"id":246709,"text":"The disclosure is inadvertent;","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"6":{"id":246710,"text":"The holder of the privilege or protection took reasonable steps to prevent disclosure; and","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"B3"},"7":{"id":246711,"text":"The holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error, including, if applicable, complying with the provisions of subdivision (b) (6) (ii) of Rule 4:1 of the Rules of the Supreme Court.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"B3","prefix_anchor":"B3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B2","next_prefix":"C"},"8":{"id":246712,"text":"A court may order that the privilege or protection is not waived by the disclosure connected with the litigation pending before the court, in which case the disclosure does not operate as a waiver in any other proceeding.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B3","next_prefix":"D"},"9":{"id":246713,"text":"An agreement on the effect of the disclosure in a proceeding is binding only on the parties to the agreement, unless it is incorporated into a court order.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"E"},"10":{"id":246714,"text":"This section shall not limit any otherwise applicable waiver of attorney-client privilege or work product protection by an inmate who files an action challenging his conviction or sentence.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14188,"edition_id":1,"name":"Miscellaneous Provisions","identifier":"9","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12870,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:11","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:11","permalink":{"id":277631,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14188,"identifier":"9","token":"8.01\/14\/9","url":"\/8.01\/14\/9\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12870,"edition_id":1,"name":"Evidence","identifier":"14","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12747,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:57","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:57","permalink":{"id":277357,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12870,"identifier":"14","token":"8.01\/14","url":"\/8.01\/14\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12747,"edition_id":1,"name":"Civil Remedies and Procedure","identifier":"8.01","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:51","permalink":{"id":277029,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12747,"identifier":"8.01","token":"8.01","url":"\/8.01\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":63768,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-417","catch_line":"Copies of written statements or transcriptions of verbal statements by injured person to be delivered to him; copies of subpoenaed documents to be provided to other party; disclosure of insurance policy limits","url":"\/8.01-417\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-417","metadata":false},{"id":64827,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-417.01","catch_line":"Disclosure of certain homeowners insurance and personal injury liability insurance policy limits","url":"\/8.01-417.01\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-417.01","metadata":false},{"id":80780,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-417.1","catch_line":"Use of portions of documents in evidence (Subsection (b) of Supreme Court Rule 2:106 derived from this section)","url":"\/8.01-417.1\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-417.1","metadata":false},{"id":71302,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-418","catch_line":"When plea of guilty or nolo contendere, finding of guilt in absentia, or forfeiture in criminal prosecution or traffic case admissible in civil action; proof of such plea, finding, or forfeiture","url":"\/8.01-418\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-418","metadata":false},{"id":84027,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-418.1","catch_line":"Evidence of subsequent measures taken not admissible to prove negligence (Supreme Court Rule 2:407 derived from this section)","url":"\/8.01-418.1\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-418.1","metadata":false},{"id":64963,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-418.2","catch_line":"Evidence of polygraph examination inadmissible in any proceeding","url":"\/8.01-418.2\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-418.2","metadata":false},{"id":71422,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-418.3","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/8.01-418.3\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-418.3","metadata":false},{"id":84518,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-419","catch_line":"Table of life expectancy","url":"\/8.01-419\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-419","metadata":false},{"id":62745,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-419.1","catch_line":"Motor vehicle value","url":"\/8.01-419.1\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-419.1","metadata":false},{"id":58128,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420","catch_line":"Depositions as basis for motion for summary judgment or to strike evidence","url":"\/8.01-420\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420","metadata":false},{"id":82348,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.01","catch_line":"Limiting further disclosure of discoverable materials and information; protective order","url":"\/8.01-420.01\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.01","metadata":false},{"id":58857,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.1","catch_line":"Abolition of common-law perpetuation of testimony","url":"\/8.01-420.1\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.1","metadata":false},{"id":55366,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.2","catch_line":"Limitation on use of recorded conversations as evidence","url":"\/8.01-420.2\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.2","metadata":false},{"id":82217,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.3","catch_line":"Court reporters to provide transcripts; when recording may be stopped; use of transcript as evidence","url":"\/8.01-420.3\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.3","metadata":false},{"id":60387,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.4","catch_line":"Taking of depositions","url":"\/8.01-420.4\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.4","metadata":false},{"id":63139,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.4:1","catch_line":"Taking of depositions; corporate officers","url":"\/8.01-420.4_1\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.4_1","metadata":false},{"id":69254,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.5","catch_line":"Estoppel effect of judicial determination of employment status","url":"\/8.01-420.5\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.5","metadata":false},{"id":58937,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.6","catch_line":"Number of witnesses whose depositions may be taken","url":"\/8.01-420.6\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.6","metadata":false},{"id":68155,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.7","catch_line":"Attorney-client privilege and work product protection; limitations on waiver","url":"\/8.01-420.7\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.7","metadata":false},{"id":66065,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.8","catch_line":"Protection of confidential information in court files","url":"\/8.01-420.8\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.8","metadata":false},{"id":79354,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.9","catch_line":"Subpoena duces tecum; financial records of nonparty","url":"\/8.01-420.9\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":58937,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.6","catch_line":"Number of witnesses whose depositions may be taken","url":"\/8.01-420.6\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.6","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":66065,"structure_id":14188,"section_number":"8.01-420.8","catch_line":"Protection of confidential information in court files","url":"\/8.01-420.8\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.8","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.01-420.7\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 2010. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?101+ful+CHAP0350\">350<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":62411,"section_number":"2.2-3701","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/2.2-3701\/"}],"permalink":{"id":277705,"object_type":"law","relational_id":68155,"identifier":"8.01-420.7","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.7","url":"\/8.01-420.7\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.01-420.7\/","token":"8.01\/14\/9\/8.01-420.7","dublin_core":{"Title":"Attorney-client privilege and work product protection; limitations on waiver","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.01-420.7","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">A.<\/span> When disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client <span class=\"dictionary\">privilege<\/span> or work product protection made in a proceeding or to any public body as defined in \u00a7&nbsp;<a class=\"law\" title=\"Definitions\" href=\"\/2.2-3701\/\">2.2-3701<\/a> operates as a <span class=\"dictionary\">waiver<\/span> of the <span class=\"dictionary\">privilege<\/span> or protection, the <span class=\"dictionary\">waiver<\/span> extends to an undisclosed communication or information only if: <a id=\"paragraph-246704\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#A\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A1\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">1.<\/span> The <span class=\"dictionary\">waiver<\/span> is intentional; <a id=\"paragraph-246705\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#A1\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A2\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">2.<\/span> The disclosed and undisclosed communications or information concern the same subject matter; and <a id=\"paragraph-246706\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#A2\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"A3\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">3.<\/span> The disclosed and undisclosed communications or information ought in fairness be considered together. <a id=\"paragraph-246707\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#A3\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">B.<\/span> Disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client <span class=\"dictionary\">privilege<\/span> or work product protection made in a proceeding or to any public body as defined in \u00a7&nbsp;<a class=\"law\" title=\"Definitions\" href=\"\/2.2-3701\/\">2.2-3701<\/a> does not operate as a <span class=\"dictionary\">waiver<\/span> of the <span class=\"dictionary\">privilege<\/span> or protection if: <a id=\"paragraph-246708\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#B\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B1\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">1.<\/span> The disclosure is inadvertent; <a id=\"paragraph-246709\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#B1\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B2\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">2.<\/span> The holder of the <span class=\"dictionary\">privilege<\/span> or protection took reasonable steps to prevent disclosure; and <a id=\"paragraph-246710\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#B2\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"B3\" class=\"indent-1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">3.<\/span> The holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error, including, if applicable, complying with the provisions of subdivision (b) (6) (ii) of Rule 4:1 of the Rules of the Supreme <span class=\"dictionary\">Court<\/span>. <a id=\"paragraph-246711\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#B3\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"C\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">C.<\/span> A <span class=\"dictionary\">court<\/span> may <span class=\"dictionary\">order<\/span> that the <span class=\"dictionary\">privilege<\/span> or protection is not waived by the disclosure connected with the <span class=\"dictionary\">litigation<\/span> pending before the <span class=\"dictionary\">court<\/span>, in which case the disclosure does not operate as a <span class=\"dictionary\">waiver<\/span> in any other proceeding. <a id=\"paragraph-246712\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#C\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"D\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">D.<\/span> An agreement on the effect of the disclosure in a proceeding is binding only on the parties to the agreement, unless it is incorporated into a <span class=\"dictionary\">court order<\/span>. <a id=\"paragraph-246713\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#D\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"E\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">E.<\/span> This section shall not limit any otherwise applicable <span class=\"dictionary\">waiver<\/span> of attorney-client <span class=\"dictionary\">privilege<\/span> or work product protection by an inmate who files an <span class=\"dictionary\">action<\/span> challenging his <span class=\"dictionary\">conviction<\/span> or sentence. <a id=\"paragraph-246714\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.01-420.7\/#E\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE AND WORK PRODUCT PROTECTION; LIMITATIONS ON WAIVER (\u00a7\n8.01-420.7)\n\nA. When disclosure of a communication or information covered by the\nattorney-client privilege or work product protection made in a proceeding or to\nany public body as defined in \u00a7 2.2-3701 operates as a waiver of the privilege\nor protection, the waiver extends to an undisclosed communication or information\nonly if:\n\n   1. The waiver is intentional;\n\n   2. The disclosed and undisclosed communications or information concern the\n   same subject matter; and\n\n   3. The disclosed and undisclosed communications or information ought in\n   fairness be considered together.\n\nB. Disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client\nprivilege or work product protection made in a proceeding or to any public body\nas defined in \u00a7 2.2-3701 does not operate as a waiver of the privilege or\nprotection if:\n\n   1. The disclosure is inadvertent;\n\n   2. The holder of the privilege or protection took reasonable steps to prevent\n   disclosure; and\n\n   3. The holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error, including,\n   if applicable, complying with the provisions of subdivision (b) (6) (ii) of\n   Rule 4:1 of the Rules of the Supreme Court.\n\nC. A court may order that the privilege or protection is not waived by the\ndisclosure connected with the litigation pending before the court, in which case\nthe disclosure does not operate as a waiver in any other proceeding.\n\nD. An agreement on the effect of the disclosure in a proceeding is binding only\non the parties to the agreement, unless it is incorporated into a court order.\n\nE. This section shall not limit any otherwise applicable waiver of\nattorney-client privilege or work product protection by an inmate who files an\naction challenging his conviction or sentence.\n\nHISTORY: 2010, c. 350.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}