{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.2-318.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.2-318.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.2-318.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.2-318.html"}],"law_id":55090,"edition_id":1,"section_id":55090,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-318","catch_line":"When lack of privity no defense in action against manufacturer or seller of goods","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 8-654.3; 1962, c. 476; 1964, c. 219.","full_text":"Lack of privity between plaintiff and defendant shall be no defense in any action brought against the manufacturer or seller of goods to recover damages for breach of warranty, express or implied, or for negligence, although the plaintiff did not purchase the goods from the defendant, if the plaintiff was a person whom the manufacturer or seller might reasonably have expected to use, consume, or be affected by the goods; however, this section shall not be construed to affect any litigation pending on June 29, 1962.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":202031,"text":"Lack of privity between plaintiff and defendant shall be no defense in any action brought against the manufacturer or seller of goods to recover damages for breach of warranty, express or implied, or for negligence, although the plaintiff did not purchase the goods from the defendant, if the plaintiff was a person whom the manufacturer or seller might reasonably have expected to use, consume, or be affected by the goods; however, this section shall not be construed to affect any litigation pending on June 29, 1962.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":13347,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Obligation and Construction of Contract","identifier":"3","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13346,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:41","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:41","permalink":{"id":282005,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13347,"identifier":"3","token":"8.2\/3","url":"\/8.2\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13346,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code - Sales","identifier":"8.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:41","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:41","permalink":{"id":281931,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13346,"identifier":"8.2","token":"8.2","url":"\/8.2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":70824,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-301","catch_line":"General obligations of parties","url":"\/8.2-301\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-301","metadata":false},{"id":60131,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-302","catch_line":"Unconscionable contract or clause","url":"\/8.2-302\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-302","metadata":false},{"id":80974,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-303","catch_line":"Allocation or division of risks","url":"\/8.2-303\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-303","metadata":false},{"id":66647,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-304","catch_line":"Price payable in money, goods, realty, or otherwise","url":"\/8.2-304\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-304","metadata":false},{"id":70062,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-305","catch_line":"Open price term","url":"\/8.2-305\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-305","metadata":false},{"id":75282,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-306","catch_line":"Output, requirements and exclusive dealings","url":"\/8.2-306\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-306","metadata":false},{"id":61996,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-307","catch_line":"Delivery in single lot or several lots","url":"\/8.2-307\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-307","metadata":false},{"id":56146,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-308","catch_line":"Absence of specified place for delivery","url":"\/8.2-308\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-308","metadata":false},{"id":83587,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-309","catch_line":"Absence of specific time provisions; notice of termination","url":"\/8.2-309\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-309","metadata":false},{"id":82835,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-310","catch_line":"Open time for payment or running of credit; authority to ship under reservation","url":"\/8.2-310\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-310","metadata":false},{"id":68859,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-311","catch_line":"Options and cooperation respecting performance","url":"\/8.2-311\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-311","metadata":false},{"id":82723,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-312","catch_line":"Warranty of title and against infringement; buyer's obligation against infringement","url":"\/8.2-312\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-312","metadata":false},{"id":80432,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-313","catch_line":"Express warranties by affirmation, promise, description, sample","url":"\/8.2-313\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-313","metadata":false},{"id":68050,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-314","catch_line":"Implied warranty: Merchantability; usage of trade","url":"\/8.2-314\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-314","metadata":false},{"id":86545,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-315","catch_line":"Implied warranty: Fitness for particular purpose","url":"\/8.2-315\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-315","metadata":false},{"id":76874,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-316","catch_line":"Exclusion or modification of warranties","url":"\/8.2-316\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-316","metadata":false},{"id":59470,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-317","catch_line":"Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied","url":"\/8.2-317\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-317","metadata":false},{"id":54328,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-317.1","catch_line":"Use of warranty registration cards","url":"\/8.2-317.1\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-317.1","metadata":false},{"id":55090,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-318","catch_line":"When lack of privity no defense in action against manufacturer or seller of goods","url":"\/8.2-318\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-318","metadata":false},{"id":82484,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-319","catch_line":"F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms","url":"\/8.2-319\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-319","metadata":false},{"id":76323,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-320","catch_line":"C.I.F. and C. & F. terms","url":"\/8.2-320\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-320","metadata":false},{"id":55652,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-321","catch_line":"C.I.F. or C. & F.: \"Net landed weights\"; \"payment on arrival\"; warranty of condition on arrival","url":"\/8.2-321\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-321","metadata":false},{"id":63317,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-322","catch_line":"Delivery \"ex-ship.\"","url":"\/8.2-322\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-322","metadata":false},{"id":67730,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-323","catch_line":"Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment; \"Overseas.\"","url":"\/8.2-323\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-323","metadata":false},{"id":70759,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-324","catch_line":"\"No arrival, no sale\" term","url":"\/8.2-324\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-324","metadata":false},{"id":54445,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-325","catch_line":"\"Letter of credit\" term; \"confirmed credit.\"","url":"\/8.2-325\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-325","metadata":false},{"id":65818,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-326","catch_line":"Sale on approval and sale or return; rights of creditors","url":"\/8.2-326\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-326","metadata":false},{"id":58489,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-327","catch_line":"Special incidents of sale on approval and sale or return","url":"\/8.2-327\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-327","metadata":false},{"id":80896,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-328","catch_line":"Sale by auction","url":"\/8.2-328\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-328","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":54328,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-317.1","catch_line":"Use of warranty registration cards","url":"\/8.2-317.1\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-317.1","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":82484,"structure_id":13347,"section_number":"8.2-319","catch_line":"F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms","url":"\/8.2-319\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-319","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.2-318\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 2 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1962, chapter 476; in 1964, chapter 219.<\/p>","references":[{"id":65318,"section_number":"8.01-223","catch_line":"Lack of privity no defense in certain cases","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.01-223\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":282079,"object_type":"law","relational_id":55090,"identifier":"8.2-318","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-318","url":"\/8.2-318\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.2-318\/","token":"8.2\/3\/8.2-318","dublin_core":{"Title":"When lack of privity no defense in action against manufacturer or seller of goods","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.2-318","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>Lack of privity between <span class=\"dictionary\">plaintiff<\/span> and <span class=\"dictionary\">defendant<\/span> shall be no defense in any action brought against the manufacturer or seller of goods to recover <span class=\"dictionary\">damages<\/span> for breach of warranty, express or implied, or for <span class=\"dictionary\">negligence<\/span>, although the <span class=\"dictionary\">plaintiff<\/span> did not purchase the goods from the <span class=\"dictionary\">defendant<\/span>, if the <span class=\"dictionary\">plaintiff<\/span> was a person whom the manufacturer or seller might reasonably have expected to use, consume, or be affected by the goods; however, this section shall not be construed to affect any <span class=\"dictionary\">litigation<\/span> pending on June 29, 1962.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nWHEN LACK OF PRIVITY NO DEFENSE IN ACTION AGAINST MANUFACTURER OR SELLER OF\nGOODS (\u00a7 8.2-318)\n\nLack of privity between plaintiff and defendant shall be no defense in any\naction brought against the manufacturer or seller of goods to recover damages\nfor breach of warranty, express or implied, or for negligence, although the\nplaintiff did not purchase the goods from the defendant, if the plaintiff was a\nperson whom the manufacturer or seller might reasonably have expected to use,\nconsume, or be affected by the goods; however, this section shall not be\nconstrued to affect any litigation pending on June 29, 1962.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 8-654.3; 1962, c. 476; 1964, c. 219.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}