{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.2A-215.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.2A-215.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.2A-215.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.2A-215.html"}],"law_id":76581,"edition_id":1,"section_id":76581,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-215","catch_line":"Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied","history":"1991, c. 536.","full_text":"Warranties, whether express or implied, must be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative, but if that construction is unreasonable, the intention of the parties determines which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining that intention the following rules apply:\n\na\n\nExact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description.b\n\nA sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description.c\n\nExpress warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":274906,"text":"Warranties, whether express or implied, must be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative, but if that construction is unreasonable, the intention of the parties determines which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining that intention the following rules apply:","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":"a"},"1":{"id":274907,"text":"Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"prior_prefix":"","next_prefix":"b"},"2":{"id":274908,"text":"A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"c"},"3":{"id":274909,"text":"Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b"}},"ancestry":[{"id":12737,"edition_id":1,"name":"Formation and Construction of Lease Contract","identifier":"2","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12736,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:50","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:50","permalink":{"id":282407,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12737,"identifier":"2","token":"8.2A\/2","url":"\/8.2A\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12736,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Leases","identifier":"8.2A","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:50","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:50","permalink":{"id":282367,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12736,"identifier":"8.2A","token":"8.2A","url":"\/8.2A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":71755,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-201","catch_line":"Statute of frauds","url":"\/8.2A-201\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-201","metadata":false},{"id":57011,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-202","catch_line":"Final expression: parol or extrinsic evidence","url":"\/8.2A-202\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-202","metadata":false},{"id":84673,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-203","catch_line":"Seals inoperative","url":"\/8.2A-203\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-203","metadata":false},{"id":53946,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-204","catch_line":"Formation in general","url":"\/8.2A-204\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-204","metadata":false},{"id":81740,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-205","catch_line":"Firm offers","url":"\/8.2A-205\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-205","metadata":false},{"id":84135,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-206","catch_line":"Offer and acceptance in formation of lease contract","url":"\/8.2A-206\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-206","metadata":false},{"id":77350,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-207","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/8.2A-207\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-207","metadata":false},{"id":58420,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-208","catch_line":"Modification, rescission, and waiver","url":"\/8.2A-208\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-208","metadata":false},{"id":68509,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-209","catch_line":"Lessee under finance lease as beneficiary of supply contract","url":"\/8.2A-209\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-209","metadata":false},{"id":87434,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-210","catch_line":"Express warranties","url":"\/8.2A-210\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-210","metadata":false},{"id":63414,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-211","catch_line":"Warranties against interference and against infringement; lessee's obligation against infringement","url":"\/8.2A-211\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-211","metadata":false},{"id":59329,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-212","catch_line":"Implied warranty of merchantability","url":"\/8.2A-212\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-212","metadata":false},{"id":56702,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-213","catch_line":"Implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose","url":"\/8.2A-213\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-213","metadata":false},{"id":86933,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-214","catch_line":"Exclusion or modification of warranties","url":"\/8.2A-214\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-214","metadata":false},{"id":76581,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-215","catch_line":"Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied","url":"\/8.2A-215\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-215","metadata":false},{"id":60702,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-216","catch_line":"Third-party beneficiaries of express and implied warranties","url":"\/8.2A-216\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-216","metadata":false},{"id":86152,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-217","catch_line":"Identification","url":"\/8.2A-217\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-217","metadata":false},{"id":83259,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-218","catch_line":"Insurance and proceeds","url":"\/8.2A-218\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-218","metadata":false},{"id":55940,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-219","catch_line":"Risk of loss","url":"\/8.2A-219\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-219","metadata":false},{"id":65496,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-220","catch_line":"Effect of default on risk of loss","url":"\/8.2A-220\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-220","metadata":false},{"id":80194,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-221","catch_line":"Casualty to identified goods","url":"\/8.2A-221\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-221","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":86933,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-214","catch_line":"Exclusion or modification of warranties","url":"\/8.2A-214\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-214","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":60702,"structure_id":12737,"section_number":"8.2A-216","catch_line":"Third-party beneficiaries of express and implied warranties","url":"\/8.2A-216\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-216","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.2A-215\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1991. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 536 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1991 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":282465,"object_type":"law","relational_id":76581,"identifier":"8.2A-215","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-215","url":"\/8.2A-215\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.2A-215\/","token":"8.2A\/2\/8.2A-215","dublin_core":{"Title":"Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.2A-215","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

Warranties, whether express or implied, must be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative, but if that construction is unreasonable, the intention of the parties determines which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining that intention the following rules apply:<\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nCUMULATION AND CONFLICT OF WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (\u00a7 8.2A-215)\n\nWarranties, whether express or implied, must be construed as consistent with\neach other and as cumulative, but if that construction is unreasonable, the\nintention of the parties determines which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining\nthat intention the following rules apply:\n\na. Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or\ngeneral language of description.\n\nb. A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of\ndescription.\n\nc. Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an\nimplied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.\n\nHISTORY: 1991, c. 536.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}