{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.3A-103.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.3A-103.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.3A-103.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.3A-103.html"}],"law_id":77332,"edition_id":1,"section_id":77332,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-103","catch_line":"Definitions","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 6-544; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7\u00a7 8.3-102, 8.3-118; 1992, c. 693; 2003, c. 353.","full_text":"a\n\nIn this title:1\n\n“Acceptor” means a drawee who has accepted a draft.2\n\n“Drawee” means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.3\n\n“Drawer” means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering payment.4\n\n“Good faith” means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.5\n\n“Maker” means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking to pay.6\n\n“Order” means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in succession. An authorization to pay is not an order unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay.7\n\n“Ordinary care” in the case of a person engaged in business means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does not violate the bank’s prescribed procedures and the bank’s procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved by this title or Title 8.4.8\n\n“Party” means a party to an instrument.9\n\n“Promise” means a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the obligor is not a promise unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the obligation.10\n\n“Prove” with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (§ 8.1A-201(b)(8)).11\n\n“Remitter” means a person who purchases an instrument from its issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the purchaser.b\n\nOther definitions applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Acceptance,”§ 8.3A-409.\n\t\t\t“Accommodated party,”§ 8.3A-419.\n\t\t\t“Accommodation party,”§ 8.3A-419.\n\t\t\t“Alteration,”§ 8.3A-407.\n\t\t\t“Anomalous endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Blank endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Cashier’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Certificate of deposit,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Certified check,”§ 8.3A-409.\n\t\t\t“Check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Consideration,”§ 8.3A-303.\n\t\t\t“Draft,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Holder in due course,”§ 8.3A-302.\n\t\t\t“Incomplete instrument,”§ 8.3A-115.\n\t\t\t“Endorsement,”§ 8.3A-204.\n\t\t\t“Endorser,”§ 8.3A-204.\n\t\t\t“Instrument,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Issue,”§ 8.3A-105.\n\t\t\t“Issuer,”§ 8.3A-105.\n\t\t\t“Negotiable instrument,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Negotiation,”§ 8.3A-201.\n\t\t\t“Note,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Payable at a definite time,”§ 8.3A-108.\n\t\t\t“Payable on demand,”§ 8.3A-108.\n\t\t\t“Payable to bearer,”§ 8.3A-109.\n\t\t\t“Payable to order,”§ 8.3A-109.\n\t\t\t“Payment,”§ 8.3A-602.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled to enforce,”§ 8.3A-301.\n\t\t\t“Presentment,”§ 8.3A-501.\n\t\t\t“Reacquisition,”§ 8.3A-207.\n\t\t\t“Special endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Teller’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Transfer of instrument,”§ 8.3A-203.\n\t\t\t“Traveler’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Value,”§ 8.3A-303.c\n\nThe following definitions in other titles apply to this title:\n\t\t\t“Bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Banking day,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Clearing house,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Collecting bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Depositary bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Documentary draft,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Intermediary bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Item,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Payor bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Suspends payments,”§ 8.4-104.d\n\nIn addition, Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this title.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":277357,"text":"In this title:","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"a1"},"1":{"id":277358,"text":"“Acceptor” means a drawee who has accepted a draft.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"a1","prefix_anchor":"a1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"a2"},"2":{"id":277359,"text":"“Drawee” means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"a2","prefix_anchor":"a2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a1","next_prefix":"a3"},"3":{"id":277360,"text":"“Drawer” means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering payment.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"a3","prefix_anchor":"a3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a2","next_prefix":"a4"},"4":{"id":277361,"text":"“Good faith” means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"a4","prefix_anchor":"a4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a3","next_prefix":"a5"},"5":{"id":277362,"text":"“Maker” means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking to pay.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"a5","prefix_anchor":"a5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a4","next_prefix":"a6"},"6":{"id":277363,"text":"“Order” means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in succession. An authorization to pay is not an order unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"a6","prefix_anchor":"a6","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a5","next_prefix":"a7"},"7":{"id":277364,"text":"“Ordinary care” in the case of a person engaged in business means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does not violate the bank’s prescribed procedures and the bank’s procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved by this title or Title 8.4.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","7"],"prefix":"7","entire_prefix":"a7","prefix_anchor":"a7","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a6","next_prefix":"a8"},"8":{"id":277365,"text":"“Party” means a party to an instrument.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","8"],"prefix":"8","entire_prefix":"a8","prefix_anchor":"a8","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a7","next_prefix":"a9"},"9":{"id":277366,"text":"“Promise” means a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the obligor is not a promise unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the obligation.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","9"],"prefix":"9","entire_prefix":"a9","prefix_anchor":"a9","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a8","next_prefix":"a10"},"10":{"id":277367,"text":"“Prove” with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (§ 8.1A-201(b)(8)).","type":"section","prefixes":["a","10"],"prefix":"10","entire_prefix":"a10","prefix_anchor":"a10","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a9","next_prefix":"a11"},"11":{"id":277368,"text":"“Remitter” means a person who purchases an instrument from its issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the purchaser.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","11"],"prefix":"11","entire_prefix":"a11","prefix_anchor":"a11","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a10","next_prefix":"b"},"12":{"id":277369,"text":"Other definitions applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Acceptance,”§ 8.3A-409.\n\t\t\t“Accommodated party,”§ 8.3A-419.\n\t\t\t“Accommodation party,”§ 8.3A-419.\n\t\t\t“Alteration,”§ 8.3A-407.\n\t\t\t“Anomalous endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Blank endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Cashier’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Certificate of deposit,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Certified check,”§ 8.3A-409.\n\t\t\t“Check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Consideration,”§ 8.3A-303.\n\t\t\t“Draft,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Holder in due course,”§ 8.3A-302.\n\t\t\t“Incomplete instrument,”§ 8.3A-115.\n\t\t\t“Endorsement,”§ 8.3A-204.\n\t\t\t“Endorser,”§ 8.3A-204.\n\t\t\t“Instrument,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Issue,”§ 8.3A-105.\n\t\t\t“Issuer,”§ 8.3A-105.\n\t\t\t“Negotiable instrument,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Negotiation,”§ 8.3A-201.\n\t\t\t“Note,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Payable at a definite time,”§ 8.3A-108.\n\t\t\t“Payable on demand,”§ 8.3A-108.\n\t\t\t“Payable to bearer,”§ 8.3A-109.\n\t\t\t“Payable to order,”§ 8.3A-109.\n\t\t\t“Payment,”§ 8.3A-602.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled to enforce,”§ 8.3A-301.\n\t\t\t“Presentment,”§ 8.3A-501.\n\t\t\t“Reacquisition,”§ 8.3A-207.\n\t\t\t“Special endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Teller’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Transfer of instrument,”§ 8.3A-203.\n\t\t\t“Traveler’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Value,”§ 8.3A-303.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a11","next_prefix":"c"},"13":{"id":277370,"text":"The following definitions in other titles apply to this title:\n\t\t\t“Bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Banking day,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Clearing house,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Collecting bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Depositary bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Documentary draft,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Intermediary bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Item,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Payor bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Suspends payments,”§ 8.4-104.","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"d"},"14":{"id":277371,"text":"In addition, Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this title.","type":"section","prefixes":["d"],"prefix":"d","entire_prefix":"d","prefix_anchor":"d","level":1,"prior_prefix":"c"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13868,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions and Definitions","identifier":"1","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13054,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:08","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:08","permalink":{"id":282707,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13868,"identifier":"1","token":"8.3A\/1","url":"\/8.3A\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13054,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Negotiable Instruments","identifier":"8.3A","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","permalink":{"id":282705,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13054,"identifier":"8.3A","token":"8.3A","url":"\/8.3A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":83834,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-101","catch_line":"Short title","url":"\/8.3A-101\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-101","metadata":false},{"id":65615,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-102","catch_line":"Subject matter","url":"\/8.3A-102\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-102","metadata":false},{"id":77332,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-103","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/8.3A-103\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-103","metadata":false},{"id":82039,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-104","catch_line":"Negotiable instrument","url":"\/8.3A-104\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-104","metadata":false},{"id":71271,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-105","catch_line":"Issue of 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payable","url":"\/8.3A-110\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-110","metadata":false},{"id":59225,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-111","catch_line":"Place of payment","url":"\/8.3A-111\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-111","metadata":false},{"id":81552,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-112","catch_line":"Interest","url":"\/8.3A-112\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-112","metadata":false},{"id":78239,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-113","catch_line":"Date of instrument","url":"\/8.3A-113\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-113","metadata":false},{"id":69384,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-114","catch_line":"Contradictory terms of instrument","url":"\/8.3A-114\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-114","metadata":false},{"id":87003,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-115","catch_line":"Incomplete instrument","url":"\/8.3A-115\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-115","metadata":false},{"id":77257,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-116","catch_line":"Joint and several liability; 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matter","url":"\/8.3A-102\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-102","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":82039,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-104","catch_line":"Negotiable instrument","url":"\/8.3A-104\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-104","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.3A-103\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1964, chapter 219; in 1992, chapter 693; in 2003, chapter 353<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":73125,"section_number":"8.4-104","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.4-104\/"},{"id":58431,"section_number":"8.9A-102","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-102\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":78062,"section_number":"8.1A-201","catch_line":"General definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.1A-201\/"},{"id":82039,"section_number":"8.3A-104","catch_line":"Negotiable instrument","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-104\/"},{"id":71271,"section_number":"8.3A-105","catch_line":"Issue of instrument","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-105\/"},{"id":60401,"section_number":"8.3A-108","catch_line":"Payable on demand or at definite time","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-108\/"},{"id":76428,"section_number":"8.3A-109","catch_line":"Payable to bearer or to order","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-109\/"},{"id":87003,"section_number":"8.3A-115","catch_line":"Incomplete instrument","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-115\/"},{"id":74433,"section_number":"8.3A-201","catch_line":"Negotiation","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-201\/"},{"id":58085,"section_number":"8.3A-203","catch_line":"Transfer of instrument; rights acquired by transfer","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-203\/"},{"id":70902,"section_number":"8.3A-204","catch_line":"Endorsement","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-204\/"},{"id":54714,"section_number":"8.3A-205","catch_line":"Special endorsement; blank endorsement; anomalous endorsement","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-205\/"},{"id":76773,"section_number":"8.3A-207","catch_line":"Reacquisition","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-207\/"},{"id":65014,"section_number":"8.3A-301","catch_line":"Person entitled to enforce instrument","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-301\/"},{"id":57239,"section_number":"8.3A-302","catch_line":"Holder in due course","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-302\/"},{"id":57109,"section_number":"8.3A-303","catch_line":"Value and consideration","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-303\/"},{"id":76929,"section_number":"8.3A-407","catch_line":"Alteration","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-407\/"},{"id":74394,"section_number":"8.3A-409","catch_line":"Acceptance of draft; certified check","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-409\/"},{"id":62031,"section_number":"8.3A-419","catch_line":"Instruments signed for accommodation","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-419\/"},{"id":87167,"section_number":"8.3A-501","catch_line":"Presentment","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-501\/"},{"id":86259,"section_number":"8.3A-602","catch_line":"Payment","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-602\/"},{"id":73125,"section_number":"8.4-104","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.4-104\/"},{"id":79280,"section_number":"8.4-105","catch_line":"\"Bank\"; \"depositary bank\"; \"intermediary bank\"; \"collecting bank\"; \"payor bank\"; \"presenting bank.\"","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.4-105\/"}],"permalink":{"id":282717,"object_type":"law","relational_id":77332,"identifier":"8.3A-103","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-103","url":"\/8.3A-103\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.3A-103\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-103","dublin_core":{"Title":"Definitions","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.3A-103","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> In this title: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> “Acceptor<\/span>” means a drawee<\/span> who has accepted a draft. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> “Drawee<\/span>” means a person ordered in a draft to make payment. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> “Drawer<\/span>” means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering payment. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> “Good faith<\/span>” means honesty in fact<\/span> and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> “Maker<\/span>” means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking to pay. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

6.<\/span> “Order<\/span>” means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in succession. An authorization to pay is not an order<\/span> unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

7.<\/span> “Ordinary care<\/span>” in the case of a person engaged in business means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does not violate the bank’s prescribed procedures and the bank’s procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved by this title or Title 8.4. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

8.<\/span> “Party<\/span>” means a party<\/span> to an instrument. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

9.<\/span> “Promise<\/span>” means a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the obligor is not a promise<\/span> unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the obligation. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

10.<\/span> “Prove<\/span>” with respect to a fact<\/span> means to meet the burden of establishing the fact<\/span> (§ 8.1A-201<\/a>(b)(8)). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

11.<\/span> “Remitter<\/span>” means a person who purchases an instrument from its issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the purchaser. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> Other definitions applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Acceptance,”§ 8.3A-409<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Accommodated party<\/span>,”§ 8.3A-419<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Accommodation party<\/span>,”§ 8.3A-419<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Alteration,”§ 8.3A-407<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Anomalous endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Blank endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Cashier’s check,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Certificate of deposit,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Certified check,”§ 8.3A-409<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Check,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Consideration,”§ 8.3A-303<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Draft,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Holder in due course,”§ 8.3A-302<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Incomplete instrument,”§ 8.3A-115<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Endorsement,”§ 8.3A-204<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Endorser,”§ 8.3A-204<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Instrument,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Issue<\/span>,”§ 8.3A-105<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Issuer,”§ 8.3A-105<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Negotiable instrument,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Negotiation,”§ 8.3A-201<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Note,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Payable at a definite time,”§ 8.3A-108<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Payable on demand,”§ 8.3A-108<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Payable to bearer,”§ 8.3A-109<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Payable to order<\/span>,”§ 8.3A-109<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Payment,”§ 8.3A-602<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled to enforce,”§ 8.3A-301<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Presentment<\/span>,”§ 8.3A-501<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Reacquisition,”§ 8.3A-207<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Special endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Teller’s check,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Transfer of instrument,”§ 8.3A-203<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Traveler’s check,”§ 8.3A-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Value,”§ 8.3A-303<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> The following definitions in other titles apply to this title:\n\t\t\t“Bank,”§ 8.4-105<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Banking day,”§ 8.4-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Clearing house,”§ 8.4-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Collecting bank,”§ 8.4-105<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Depositary bank,”§ 8.4-105<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Documentary draft,”§ 8.4-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Intermediary bank,”§ 8.4-105<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Item,”§ 8.4-104<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Payor bank,”§ 8.4-105<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Suspends payments,”§ 8.4-104<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

d.<\/span> In addition, Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this title. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS (\u00a7 8.3A-103)\n\na. In this title:\n\n 1. “Acceptor” means a drawee who has accepted a draft.\n\n 2. “Drawee” means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.\n\n 3. “Drawer” means a person who signs or is identified in a draft\n as a person ordering payment.\n\n 4. “Good faith” means honesty in fact and the observance of\n reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.\n\n 5. “Maker” means a person who signs or is identified in a note as\n a person undertaking to pay.\n\n 6. “Order” means a written instruction to pay money signed by the\n person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person,\n including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly\n or in the alternative but not in succession. An authorization to pay is not an\n order unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay.\n\n 7. “Ordinary care” in the case of a person engaged in business\n means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in\n which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person\n is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for\n collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do\n not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does\n not violate the bank’s prescribed procedures and the bank’s\n procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved\n by this title or Title 8.4.\n\n 8. “Party” means a party to an instrument.\n\n 9. “Promise” means a written undertaking to pay money signed by\n the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the\n obligor is not a promise unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the\n obligation.\n\n 10. “Prove” with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of\n establishing the fact (§ 8.1A-201(b)(8)).\n\n 11. “Remitter” means a person who purchases an instrument from its\n issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the\n purchaser.\n\nb. Other definitions applying to this title and the sections in which they\nappear are:\n\t\t\t“Acceptance,”§ 8.3A-409.\n\t\t\t“Accommodated party,”§ 8.3A-419.\n\t\t\t“Accommodation party,”§ 8.3A-419.\n\t\t\t“Alteration,”§ 8.3A-407.\n\t\t\t“Anomalous endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Blank endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Cashier’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Certificate of deposit,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Certified check,”§ 8.3A-409.\n\t\t\t“Check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Consideration,”§ 8.3A-303.\n\t\t\t“Draft,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Holder in due course,”§ 8.3A-302.\n\t\t\t“Incomplete instrument,”§ 8.3A-115.\n\t\t\t“Endorsement,”§ 8.3A-204.\n\t\t\t“Endorser,”§ 8.3A-204.\n\t\t\t“Instrument,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Issue,”§ 8.3A-105.\n\t\t\t“Issuer,”§ 8.3A-105.\n\t\t\t“Negotiable instrument,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Negotiation,”§ 8.3A-201.\n\t\t\t“Note,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Payable at a definite time,”§ 8.3A-108.\n\t\t\t“Payable on demand,”§ 8.3A-108.\n\t\t\t“Payable to bearer,”§ 8.3A-109.\n\t\t\t“Payable to order,”§ 8.3A-109.\n\t\t\t“Payment,”§ 8.3A-602.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled to enforce,”§ 8.3A-301.\n\t\t\t“Presentment,”§ 8.3A-501.\n\t\t\t“Reacquisition,”§ 8.3A-207.\n\t\t\t“Special endorsement,”§ 8.3A-205.\n\t\t\t“Teller’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Transfer of instrument,”§ 8.3A-203.\n\t\t\t“Traveler’s check,”§ 8.3A-104.\n\t\t\t“Value,”§ 8.3A-303.\n\nc. The following definitions in other titles apply to this title:\n\t\t\t“Bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Banking day,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Clearing house,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Collecting bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Depositary bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Documentary draft,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Intermediary bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Item,”§ 8.4-104.\n\t\t\t“Payor bank,”§ 8.4-105.\n\t\t\t“Suspends payments,”§ 8.4-104.\n\nd. In addition, Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of\nconstruction and interpretation applicable throughout this title.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 6-544; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7\u00a7 8.3-102, 8.3-118; 1992, c. 693;\n2003, c. 353.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}