{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.3A-109.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.3A-109.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.3A-109.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.3A-109.html"}],"law_id":76428,"edition_id":1,"section_id":76428,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-109","catch_line":"Payable to bearer or to order","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 6-360, 6-361; 1956, c. 149; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7\u00a7 8.3-110, 8.3-111; 1992, c. 693.","full_text":"a\n\nA promise or order is payable to bearer if it: (1) states that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment; (2) does not state a payee; or (3) states that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person.b\n\nA promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is payable (i) to the order of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person.c\n\nAn instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially endorsed pursuant to § 8.3A-205 (a). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is endorsed in blank pursuant to § 8.3A-205 (b).","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":274341,"text":"A promise or order is payable to bearer if it: (1) states that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment; (2) does not state a payee; or (3) states that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"b"},"1":{"id":274342,"text":"A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is payable (i) to the order of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"c"},"2":{"id":274343,"text":"An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially endorsed pursuant to § 8.3A-205 (a). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is endorsed in blank pursuant to § 8.3A-205 (b).","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13868,"edition_id":1,"name":"General Provisions and Definitions","identifier":"1","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13054,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:08","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:08","permalink":{"id":282707,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13868,"identifier":"1","token":"8.3A\/1","url":"\/8.3A\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13054,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Negotiable Instruments","identifier":"8.3A","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","permalink":{"id":282705,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13054,"identifier":"8.3A","token":"8.3A","url":"\/8.3A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":83834,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-101","catch_line":"Short title","url":"\/8.3A-101\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-101","metadata":false},{"id":65615,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-102","catch_line":"Subject matter","url":"\/8.3A-102\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-102","metadata":false},{"id":77332,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-103","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/8.3A-103\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-103","metadata":false},{"id":82039,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-104","catch_line":"Negotiable instrument","url":"\/8.3A-104\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-104","metadata":false},{"id":71271,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-105","catch_line":"Issue of instrument","url":"\/8.3A-105\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-105","metadata":false},{"id":54896,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-106","catch_line":"Unconditional promise or order","url":"\/8.3A-106\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-106","metadata":false},{"id":58514,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-107","catch_line":"Instrument payable in foreign money","url":"\/8.3A-107\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-107","metadata":false},{"id":60401,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-108","catch_line":"Payable on demand or at definite time","url":"\/8.3A-108\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-108","metadata":false},{"id":76428,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-109","catch_line":"Payable to bearer or to order","url":"\/8.3A-109\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-109","metadata":false},{"id":79693,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-110","catch_line":"Identification of person to whom instrument is payable","url":"\/8.3A-110\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-110","metadata":false},{"id":59225,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-111","catch_line":"Place of payment","url":"\/8.3A-111\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-111","metadata":false},{"id":81552,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-112","catch_line":"Interest","url":"\/8.3A-112\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-112","metadata":false},{"id":78239,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-113","catch_line":"Date of instrument","url":"\/8.3A-113\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-113","metadata":false},{"id":69384,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-114","catch_line":"Contradictory terms of instrument","url":"\/8.3A-114\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-114","metadata":false},{"id":87003,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-115","catch_line":"Incomplete instrument","url":"\/8.3A-115\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-115","metadata":false},{"id":77257,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-116","catch_line":"Joint and several liability; contribution","url":"\/8.3A-116\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-116","metadata":false},{"id":58091,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-117","catch_line":"Other agreements affecting instrument","url":"\/8.3A-117\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-117","metadata":false},{"id":84675,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-118","catch_line":"Statute of limitations","url":"\/8.3A-118\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-118","metadata":false},{"id":60697,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-118.1","catch_line":"Statute of limitations on deposit accounts and certificates of deposit","url":"\/8.3A-118.1\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-118.1","metadata":false},{"id":62088,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-119","catch_line":"Notice of right to defend action","url":"\/8.3A-119\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-119","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":60401,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-108","catch_line":"Payable on demand or at definite time","url":"\/8.3A-108\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-108","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":79693,"structure_id":13868,"section_number":"8.3A-110","catch_line":"Identification of person to whom instrument is payable","url":"\/8.3A-110\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-110","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.3A-109\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1956, chapter 149; in 1964, chapter 219; in 1992, chapter 693.<\/p>","references":[{"id":77332,"section_number":"8.3A-103","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-103\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":54714,"section_number":"8.3A-205","catch_line":"Special endorsement; blank endorsement; anomalous endorsement","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-205\/"}],"permalink":{"id":282741,"object_type":"law","relational_id":76428,"identifier":"8.3A-109","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-109","url":"\/8.3A-109\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.3A-109\/","token":"8.3A\/1\/8.3A-109","dublin_core":{"Title":"Payable to bearer or to order","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.3A-109","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> A promise or order<\/span> is payable to bearer if it: (1) states that it is payable to bearer or to the order<\/span> of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession<\/span> of the promise or order<\/span> is entitled to payment; (2) does not state a payee; or (3) states that it is payable to or to the order<\/span> of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> A promise or order<\/span> that is not payable to bearer is payable to order<\/span> if it is payable (i) to the order<\/span> of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person or order<\/span>. A promise or order<\/span> that is payable to order<\/span> is payable to the identified person. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially endorsed pursuant to § 8.3A-205<\/a> (a). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is endorsed in blank pursuant to § 8.3A-205<\/a> (b). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPAYABLE TO BEARER OR TO ORDER (\u00a7 8.3A-109)\n\na. A promise or order is payable to bearer if it: (1) states that it is payable\nto bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in\npossession of the promise or order is entitled to payment; (2) does not state a\npayee; or (3) states that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise\nindicates that it is not payable to an identified person.\n\nb. A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is\npayable (i) to the order of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person\nor order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the\nidentified person.\n\nc. An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if\nit is specially endorsed pursuant to § 8.3A-205 (a). An instrument payable\nto an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is endorsed in blank\npursuant to § 8.3A-205 (b).\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 6-360, 6-361; 1956, c. 149; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7\u00a7 8.3-110,\n8.3-111; 1992, c. 693.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}