{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.3A-201.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.3A-201.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.3A-201.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.3A-201.html"}],"law_id":74433,"edition_id":1,"section_id":74433,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-201","catch_line":"Negotiation","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 6-382 through 6-384; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7 8.3-202; 1992, c. 693.","full_text":"a\n\n&#8220;Negotiation&#8221; means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.b\n\nExcept for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its endorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":267500,"text":"&#8220;Negotiation&#8221; means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"b"},"1":{"id":267501,"text":"Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its endorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a"}},"ancestry":[{"id":13720,"edition_id":1,"name":"Negotiation, Transfer, and Endorsement","identifier":"2","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13054,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:40","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:40","permalink":{"id":282789,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13720,"identifier":"2","token":"8.3A\/2","url":"\/8.3A\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13054,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Negotiable Instruments","identifier":"8.3A","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","permalink":{"id":282705,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13054,"identifier":"8.3A","token":"8.3A","url":"\/8.3A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":74433,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-201","catch_line":"Negotiation","url":"\/8.3A-201\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-201","metadata":false},{"id":82062,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-202","catch_line":"Negotiation subject to rescission","url":"\/8.3A-202\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-202","metadata":false},{"id":58085,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-203","catch_line":"Transfer of instrument; rights acquired by transfer","url":"\/8.3A-203\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-203","metadata":false},{"id":70902,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-204","catch_line":"Endorsement","url":"\/8.3A-204\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-204","metadata":false},{"id":54714,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-205","catch_line":"Special endorsement; blank endorsement; anomalous endorsement","url":"\/8.3A-205\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-205","metadata":false},{"id":65468,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-206","catch_line":"Restrictive endorsement","url":"\/8.3A-206\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-206","metadata":false},{"id":76773,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-207","catch_line":"Reacquisition","url":"\/8.3A-207\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-207","metadata":false}],"next_section":{"id":82062,"structure_id":13720,"section_number":"8.3A-202","catch_line":"Negotiation subject to rescission","url":"\/8.3A-202\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-202","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.3A-201\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 2 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1964, chapter 219; in 1992, chapter 693.<\/p>","references":[{"id":77332,"section_number":"8.3A-103","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-103\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":282791,"object_type":"law","relational_id":74433,"identifier":"8.3A-201","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-201","url":"\/8.3A-201\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.3A-201\/","token":"8.3A\/2\/8.3A-201","dublin_core":{"Title":"Negotiation","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.3A-201","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"a\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">a.<\/span> &#8220;<span class=\"dictionary\">Negotiation<\/span>&#8221; means a transfer of <span class=\"dictionary\">possession<\/span>, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder. <a id=\"paragraph-267500\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.3A-201\/#a\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"b\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">b.<\/span> Except for <span class=\"dictionary\">negotiation<\/span> by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, <span class=\"dictionary\">negotiation<\/span> requires transfer of <span class=\"dictionary\">possession<\/span> of the instrument and its endorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of <span class=\"dictionary\">possession<\/span> alone. <a id=\"paragraph-267501\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/8.3A-201\/#b\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nNEGOTIATION (\u00a7 8.3A-201)\n\na. &#8220;Negotiation&#8221; means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary\nor involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person\nwho thereby becomes its holder.\n\nb. Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an\nidentified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument\nand its endorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may\nbe negotiated by transfer of possession alone.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7\u00a7 6-382 through 6-384; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7 8.3-202; 1992, c.\n693.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}