{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.3A-401.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.3A-401.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.3A-401.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.3A-401.html"}],"law_id":72303,"edition_id":1,"section_id":72303,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-401","catch_line":"Signature necessary for liability on instrument","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 6-370; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7 8.3-401; 1992, c. 693; 2024, c. 652.","full_text":"A person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person signed the instrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under \u00a7 8.3A-402.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":260441,"text":"A person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person signed the instrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under \u00a7 8.3A-402.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":15041,"edition_id":1,"name":"Liability of Parties","identifier":"4","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13054,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:51:41","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:51:41","permalink":{"id":282869,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15041,"identifier":"4","token":"8.3A\/4","url":"\/8.3A\/4\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13054,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Negotiable Instruments","identifier":"8.3A","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:11","permalink":{"id":282705,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13054,"identifier":"8.3A","token":"8.3A","url":"\/8.3A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":72303,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-401","catch_line":"Signature necessary for liability on instrument","url":"\/8.3A-401\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-401","metadata":false},{"id":57340,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-402","catch_line":"Signature by representative","url":"\/8.3A-402\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-402","metadata":false},{"id":73829,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-403","catch_line":"Unauthorized signature","url":"\/8.3A-403\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-403","metadata":false},{"id":82256,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-404","catch_line":"Impostors; fictitious payees","url":"\/8.3A-404\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-404","metadata":false},{"id":85778,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-405","catch_line":"Employer's responsibility for fraudulent endorsement by employee","url":"\/8.3A-405\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-405","metadata":false},{"id":86533,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-406","catch_line":"Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of instrument","url":"\/8.3A-406\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-406","metadata":false},{"id":76929,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-407","catch_line":"Alteration","url":"\/8.3A-407\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-407","metadata":false},{"id":72123,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-408","catch_line":"Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft","url":"\/8.3A-408\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-408","metadata":false},{"id":74394,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-409","catch_line":"Acceptance of draft; certified check","url":"\/8.3A-409\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-409","metadata":false},{"id":86849,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-410","catch_line":"Acceptance varying draft","url":"\/8.3A-410\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-410","metadata":false},{"id":76564,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-411","catch_line":"Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks, and certified checks","url":"\/8.3A-411\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-411","metadata":false},{"id":85403,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-412","catch_line":"Obligation of issuer of note or cashier's check","url":"\/8.3A-412\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-412","metadata":false},{"id":62163,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-413","catch_line":"Obligation of acceptor","url":"\/8.3A-413\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-413","metadata":false},{"id":81363,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-414","catch_line":"Obligation of drawer","url":"\/8.3A-414\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-414","metadata":false},{"id":78513,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-415","catch_line":"Obligation of endorser","url":"\/8.3A-415\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-415","metadata":false},{"id":58496,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-416","catch_line":"Transfer warranties","url":"\/8.3A-416\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-416","metadata":false},{"id":63742,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-417","catch_line":"Presentment warranties","url":"\/8.3A-417\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-417","metadata":false},{"id":68633,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-418","catch_line":"Payment or acceptance by mistake","url":"\/8.3A-418\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-418","metadata":false},{"id":62031,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-419","catch_line":"Instruments signed for accommodation","url":"\/8.3A-419\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-419","metadata":false},{"id":75961,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-420","catch_line":"Conversion of instrument","url":"\/8.3A-420\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-420","metadata":false}],"next_section":{"id":57340,"structure_id":15041,"section_number":"8.3A-402","catch_line":"Signature by representative","url":"\/8.3A-402\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-402","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.3A-401\/","history_text":"<p>The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1964, chapter 219; in 1992, chapter 693; in 2024, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?241+ful+CHAP0652\">652<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":57340,"section_number":"8.3A-402","catch_line":"Signature by representative","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.3A-402\/"}],"permalink":{"id":282871,"object_type":"law","relational_id":72303,"identifier":"8.3A-401","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-401","url":"\/8.3A-401\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.3A-401\/","token":"8.3A\/4\/8.3A-401","dublin_core":{"Title":"Signature necessary for liability on instrument","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.3A-401","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>A person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person signed the instrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under \u00a7&nbsp;<a class=\"law\" title=\"Signature by representative\" href=\"\/8.3A-402\/\">8.3A-402<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nSIGNATURE NECESSARY FOR LIABILITY ON INSTRUMENT (\u00a7 8.3A-401)\n\nA person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person signed the\ninstrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an agent or representative who\nsigned the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person\nunder \u00a7 8.3A-402.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 6-370; 1964, c. 219, \u00a7 8.3-401; 1992, c. 693; 2024, c.\n652.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}