{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.4A-203.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.4A-203.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.4A-203.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.4A-203.html"}],"law_id":68248,"edition_id":1,"section_id":68248,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-203","catch_line":"Unenforceability of certain verified payment orders","history":"1990, c. 9; 2024, c. 652.","full_text":"a\n\nIf an accepted payment order is not, under subsection (a) of \u00a7 8.4A-202, an authorized order of a customer identified as sender, but is effective as an order of the customer pursuant to subsection (b) of \u00a7 8.4A-202, the following rules apply:1\n\nBy express agreement evidenced by a record, the receiving bank may limit the extent to which it is entitled to enforce or retain payment of the payment order.2\n\nThe receiving bank is not entitled to enforce or retain payment of payment order if the customer proves that the order was not caused, directly or indirectly, by a person (i) entrusted at any time with duties to act for the customer with respect to payment orders or the security procedure, or (ii) who obtained access to transmitting facilities of the customer or who obtained, from a source controlled by the customer and without authority of the receiving bank, information facilitating breach of the security procedure, regardless of how the information was obtained or whether the customer was at fault. Information includes any access device, computer software, or the like.b\n\nThis section applies to amendments of payment orders to the same extent it applies to payment orders.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":246952,"text":"If an accepted payment order is not, under subsection (a) of \u00a7 8.4A-202, an authorized order of a customer identified as sender, but is effective as an order of the customer pursuant to subsection (b) of \u00a7 8.4A-202, the following rules apply:","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"a1"},"1":{"id":246953,"text":"By express agreement evidenced by a record, the receiving bank may limit the extent to which it is entitled to enforce or retain payment of the payment order.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"a1","prefix_anchor":"a1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"a2"},"2":{"id":246954,"text":"The receiving bank is not entitled to enforce or retain payment of payment order if the customer proves that the order was not caused, directly or indirectly, by a person (i) entrusted at any time with duties to act for the customer with respect to payment orders or the security procedure, or (ii) who obtained access to transmitting facilities of the customer or who obtained, from a source controlled by the customer and without authority of the receiving bank, information facilitating breach of the security procedure, regardless of how the information was obtained or whether the customer was at fault. Information includes any access device, computer software, or the like.","type":"section","prefixes":["a","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"a2","prefix_anchor":"a2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"a1","next_prefix":"b"},"3":{"id":246955,"text":"This section applies to amendments of payment orders to the same extent it applies to payment orders.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a2"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14106,"edition_id":1,"name":"Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order","identifier":"2","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13362,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:53","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:53","permalink":{"id":283223,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14106,"identifier":"2","token":"8.4A\/2","url":"\/8.4A\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13362,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Funds Transfers","identifier":"8.4A","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:42","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:42","permalink":{"id":283187,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13362,"identifier":"8.4A","token":"8.4A","url":"\/8.4A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":72906,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-201","catch_line":"Security procedure","url":"\/8.4A-201\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-201","metadata":false},{"id":81942,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-202","catch_line":"Authorized and verified payment orders","url":"\/8.4A-202\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-202","metadata":false},{"id":68248,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-203","catch_line":"Unenforceability of certain verified payment orders","url":"\/8.4A-203\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-203","metadata":false},{"id":78010,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-204","catch_line":"Refund of payment and duty of customer to report with respect to unauthorized payment order","url":"\/8.4A-204\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-204","metadata":false},{"id":77755,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-205","catch_line":"Erroneous payment orders","url":"\/8.4A-205\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-205","metadata":false},{"id":64984,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-206","catch_line":"Transmission of payment order through funds-transfer or other communication system","url":"\/8.4A-206\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-206","metadata":false},{"id":59923,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-207","catch_line":"Misdescription of beneficiary","url":"\/8.4A-207\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-207","metadata":false},{"id":65335,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-208","catch_line":"Misdescription of intermediary bank or beneficiary's bank","url":"\/8.4A-208\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-208","metadata":false},{"id":78930,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-209","catch_line":"Acceptance of payment order","url":"\/8.4A-209\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-209","metadata":false},{"id":55237,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-210","catch_line":"Rejection of payment order","url":"\/8.4A-210\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-210","metadata":false},{"id":85898,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-211","catch_line":"Cancellation and amendment of payment order","url":"\/8.4A-211\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-211","metadata":false},{"id":69041,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-212","catch_line":"Liability and duty of receiving bank regarding unaccepted payment order","url":"\/8.4A-212\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-212","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":81942,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-202","catch_line":"Authorized and verified payment orders","url":"\/8.4A-202\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-202","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":78010,"structure_id":14106,"section_number":"8.4A-204","catch_line":"Refund of payment and duty of customer to report with respect to unauthorized payment order","url":"\/8.4A-204\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-204","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.4A-203\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1990. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 9 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1990 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 2024, chapter 652<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":81942,"section_number":"8.4A-202","catch_line":"Authorized and verified payment orders","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.4A-202\/"},{"id":78010,"section_number":"8.4A-204","catch_line":"Refund of payment and duty of customer to report with respect to unauthorized payment order","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.4A-204\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":81942,"section_number":"8.4A-202","catch_line":"Authorized and verified payment orders","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.4A-202\/"}],"permalink":{"id":283233,"object_type":"law","relational_id":68248,"identifier":"8.4A-203","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-203","url":"\/8.4A-203\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.4A-203\/","token":"8.4A\/2\/8.4A-203","dublin_core":{"Title":"Unenforceability of certain verified payment orders","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.4A-203","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> If an accepted payment order<\/span> is not, under subsection (a) of \u00a7 8.4A-202<\/a>, an authorized order<\/span> of a customer identified as sender, but is effective as an order<\/span> of the customer pursuant to subsection (b) of \u00a7 8.4A-202<\/a>, the following rules apply: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> By express agreement evidenced by a record, the receiving bank may limit the extent to which it is entitled to enforce or retain payment of the payment order<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> The receiving bank is not entitled to enforce or retain payment of payment order<\/span> if the customer proves that the order<\/span> was not caused, directly or indirectly, by a person (i) entrusted at any time with duties to act for the customer with respect to payment orders<\/span> or the security procedure, or (ii) who obtained access to transmitting facilities of the customer or who obtained, from a source controlled by the customer and without authority of the receiving bank, information facilitating breach of the security procedure, regardless of how the information was obtained or whether the customer was at fault. Information includes any access device, computer software, or the like. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> This section applies to amendments of payment orders<\/span> to the same extent it applies to payment orders<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nUNENFORCEABILITY OF CERTAIN VERIFIED PAYMENT ORDERS (\u00a7 8.4A-203)\n\na. If an accepted payment order is not, under subsection (a) of \u00a7 8.4A-202, an\nauthorized order of a customer identified as sender, but is effective as an\norder of the customer pursuant to subsection (b) of \u00a7 8.4A-202, the following\nrules apply:\n\n 1. By express agreement evidenced by a record, the receiving bank may limit\n the extent to which it is entitled to enforce or retain payment of the payment\n order.\n\n 2. The receiving bank is not entitled to enforce or retain payment of payment\n order if the customer proves that the order was not caused, directly or\n indirectly, by a person (i) entrusted at any time with duties to act for the\n customer with respect to payment orders or the security procedure, or (ii) who\n obtained access to transmitting facilities of the customer or who obtained,\n from a source controlled by the customer and without authority of the\n receiving bank, information facilitating breach of the security procedure,\n regardless of how the information was obtained or whether the customer was at\n fault. Information includes any access device, computer software, or the like.\n\nb. This section applies to amendments of payment orders to the same extent it\napplies to payment orders.\n\nHISTORY: 1990, c. 9; 2024, c. 652.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}