{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.7-102.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.7-102.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.7-102.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.7-102.html"}],"law_id":67942,"edition_id":1,"section_id":67942,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-102","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","history":"Code 1950, \u00a7 61-1; 1964, c. 219; 2003, c. 353; 2004, c. 200; 2024, c. 652.","full_text":"1\n\nIn this title, unless the context otherwise requires:a\n\n“Bailee” means the person who by a warehouse receipt, bill of lading or other document acknowledges possession of goods and contracts to deliver them.b\n\n“Carrier” means a person that issues a bill of lading.c\n\n“Consignee” means the person named in a bill to whom or to whose order the bill promises delivery.d\n\n“Consignor” means the person named in a bill as the person from whom the goods have been received for shipment.e\n\n“Delivery order” means a record that contains an order to deliver goods directed to a warehouseman, carrier or other person who in the ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.f\n\n“Document” means document of title as defined in the general definitions in Title 8.1A (§ 8.1A-201).g\n\n“Good faith” means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.h\n\n“Goods” means all things that are treated as movable for the purposes of a contract of storage or transportation.i\n\n“Issuer” means a bailee who issues a document except that in relation to an unaccepted delivery order it means the person who orders the possessor of goods to deliver. Issuer includes any person for whom an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, even if the issuer received no goods, the goods were misdescribed, or in any other respect the agent or employee violated the issuer’s instructions.j\n\n[Reserved.]k\n\n“Shipper” means a person that enters into a contract of transportation with a carrier.l\n\n[Reserved.]m\n\n“Warehouseman” is a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.2\n\nOther definitions applying to this title or to specified parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Duly negotiate.” § 8.7-501.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled under the document.” § 8.7-403(4).3\n\nDefinitions in other titles applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Contract for sale.” § 8.2-106.\n\t\t\t“Lessee in ordinary course.” § 8.2A-103.\n\t\t\t“Overseas.” § 8.2-323.\n\t\t\t“Receipt” of goods. § 8.2-103.4\n\nIn addition Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this title.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":246041,"text":"In this title, unless the context otherwise requires:","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"next_prefix":"1a"},"1":{"id":246042,"text":"“Bailee” means the person who by a warehouse receipt, bill of lading or other document acknowledges possession of goods and contracts to deliver them.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"1a","prefix_anchor":"1a","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"1b"},"2":{"id":246043,"text":"“Carrier” means a person that issues a bill of lading.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"1b","prefix_anchor":"1b","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1a","next_prefix":"1c"},"3":{"id":246044,"text":"“Consignee” means the person named in a bill to whom or to whose order the bill promises delivery.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"1c","prefix_anchor":"1c","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1b","next_prefix":"1d"},"4":{"id":246045,"text":"“Consignor” means the person named in a bill as the person from whom the goods have been received for shipment.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","d"],"prefix":"d","entire_prefix":"1d","prefix_anchor":"1d","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1c","next_prefix":"1e"},"5":{"id":246046,"text":"“Delivery order” means a record that contains an order to deliver goods directed to a warehouseman, carrier or other person who in the ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","e"],"prefix":"e","entire_prefix":"1e","prefix_anchor":"1e","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1d","next_prefix":"1f"},"6":{"id":246047,"text":"“Document” means document of title as defined in the general definitions in Title 8.1A (§ 8.1A-201).","type":"section","prefixes":["1","f"],"prefix":"f","entire_prefix":"1f","prefix_anchor":"1f","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1e","next_prefix":"1g"},"7":{"id":246048,"text":"“Good faith” means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","g"],"prefix":"g","entire_prefix":"1g","prefix_anchor":"1g","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1f","next_prefix":"1h"},"8":{"id":246049,"text":"“Goods” means all things that are treated as movable for the purposes of a contract of storage or transportation.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","h"],"prefix":"h","entire_prefix":"1h","prefix_anchor":"1h","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1g","next_prefix":"1i"},"9":{"id":246050,"text":"“Issuer” means a bailee who issues a document except that in relation to an unaccepted delivery order it means the person who orders the possessor of goods to deliver. Issuer includes any person for whom an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, even if the issuer received no goods, the goods were misdescribed, or in any other respect the agent or employee violated the issuer’s instructions.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","i"],"prefix":"i","entire_prefix":"1i","prefix_anchor":"1i","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1h","next_prefix":"1j"},"10":{"id":246051,"text":"[Reserved.]","type":"section","prefixes":["1","j"],"prefix":"j","entire_prefix":"1j","prefix_anchor":"1j","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1i","next_prefix":"1k"},"11":{"id":246052,"text":"“Shipper” means a person that enters into a contract of transportation with a carrier.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","k"],"prefix":"k","entire_prefix":"1k","prefix_anchor":"1k","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1j","next_prefix":"1l"},"12":{"id":246053,"text":"[Reserved.]","type":"section","prefixes":["1","l"],"prefix":"l","entire_prefix":"1l","prefix_anchor":"1l","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1k","next_prefix":"1m"},"13":{"id":246054,"text":"“Warehouseman” is a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.","type":"section","prefixes":["1","m"],"prefix":"m","entire_prefix":"1m","prefix_anchor":"1m","level":2,"prior_prefix":"1l","next_prefix":"2"},"14":{"id":246055,"text":"Other definitions applying to this title or to specified parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Duly negotiate.” § 8.7-501.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled under the document.” § 8.7-403(4).","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1m","next_prefix":"3"},"15":{"id":246056,"text":"Definitions in other titles applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Contract for sale.” § 8.2-106.\n\t\t\t“Lessee in ordinary course.” § 8.2A-103.\n\t\t\t“Overseas.” § 8.2-323.\n\t\t\t“Receipt” of goods. § 8.2-103.","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2","next_prefix":"4"},"16":{"id":246057,"text":"In addition Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this title.","type":"section","prefixes":["4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"4","prefix_anchor":"4","level":1,"prior_prefix":"3"}},"ancestry":[{"id":16001,"edition_id":1,"name":"General","identifier":"1","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13810,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 04:03:37","date_modified":"2026-06-26 04:03:37","permalink":{"id":283431,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":16001,"identifier":"1","token":"8.7\/1","url":"\/8.7\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13810,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title","identifier":"8.7","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:45:56","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:45:56","permalink":{"id":283429,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13810,"identifier":"8.7","token":"8.7","url":"\/8.7\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":81306,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-101","catch_line":"Short title","url":"\/8.7-101\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-101","metadata":false},{"id":67942,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-102","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","url":"\/8.7-102\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-102","metadata":false},{"id":78454,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-103","catch_line":"Relation of title to treaty or statute","url":"\/8.7-103\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-103","metadata":false},{"id":62546,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-104","catch_line":"Negotiable and nonnegotiable documents","url":"\/8.7-104\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-104","metadata":false},{"id":81227,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-105","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/8.7-105\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-105","metadata":false},{"id":73085,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-105.1","catch_line":"Reissuance in alternative medium","url":"\/8.7-105.1\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-105.1","metadata":false},{"id":67103,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-106","catch_line":"Control of electronic document","url":"\/8.7-106\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-106","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":81306,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-101","catch_line":"Short title","url":"\/8.7-101\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-101","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":78454,"structure_id":16001,"section_number":"8.7-103","catch_line":"Relation of title to treaty or statute","url":"\/8.7-103\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-103","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.7-102\/","history_text":"

The record of this law\u2019s original creation isn\u2019t available online. It has been modified 4 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1964, chapter 219; in 2003, chapter 353<\/a>; in 2004, chapter 200<\/a>; in 2024, chapter 652<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":54991,"section_number":"55.1-2900","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/55.1-2900\/"},{"id":73102,"section_number":"8.2-103","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.2-103\/"},{"id":58431,"section_number":"8.9A-102","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-102\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":78062,"section_number":"8.1A-201","catch_line":"General definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.1A-201\/"},{"id":81888,"section_number":"8.2-106","catch_line":"Definitions: \"Contract\"; \"agreement\"; \"contract for sale\"; \"sale\"; \"present sale\"; \"conforming\" to contract; \"termination\"; \"cancellation\"; \"hybrid transaction.\"","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.2-106\/"},{"id":67730,"section_number":"8.2-323","catch_line":"Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment; \"Overseas.\"","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.2-323\/"},{"id":86552,"section_number":"8.2A-103","catch_line":"Definitions and index of definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.2A-103\/"},{"id":74675,"section_number":"8.7-403","catch_line":"Obligation of bailee to deliver; excuse","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.7-403\/"},{"id":83251,"section_number":"8.7-501","catch_line":"Form of negotiation and requirements of \"due negotiation\"","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.7-501\/"}],"permalink":{"id":283437,"object_type":"law","relational_id":67942,"identifier":"8.7-102","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-102","url":"\/8.7-102\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.7-102\/","token":"8.7\/1\/8.7-102","dublin_core":{"Title":"Definitions and index of definitions","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.7-102","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> In this title, unless the context otherwise requires: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> “Bailee<\/span>” means the person who by a warehouse receipt, bill of lading or other document<\/span> acknowledges possession<\/span> of goods<\/span> and contracts<\/span> to deliver them. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> “Carrier<\/span>” means a person that issues<\/span> a bill of lading. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> “Consignee<\/span>” means the person named in a bill to whom or to whose order<\/span> the bill promises delivery. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

d.<\/span> “Consignor<\/span>” means the person named in a bill as the person from whom the goods<\/span> have been received for shipment. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

e.<\/span> “Delivery order<\/span>” means a record that contains an order to deliver goods<\/span> directed to a warehouseman, carrier<\/span> or other person who in the ordinary course of business issues<\/span> warehouse receipts or bills of lading. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

f.<\/span> “Document<\/span>” means document<\/span> of title as defined in the general definitions in Title 8.1A (§ 8.1A-201<\/a>). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

g.<\/span> “Good faith<\/span>” means honesty in fact<\/span> and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

h.<\/span> “Goods<\/span>” means all things that are treated as movable for the purposes of a contract<\/span> of storage or transportation. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

i.<\/span> “Issuer<\/span>” means a bailee<\/span> who issues<\/span> a document<\/span> except that in relation to an unaccepted delivery order<\/span> it means the person who orders<\/span> the possessor of goods<\/span> to deliver. Issuer<\/span> includes any person for whom an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document<\/span> if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue<\/span> documents<\/span>, even if the issuer<\/span> received no goods<\/span>, the goods<\/span> were misdescribed, or in any other respect the agent or employee violated the issuer<\/span>’s instructions. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

j.<\/span> [Reserved.] <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

k.<\/span> “Shipper<\/span>” means a person that enters into a contract<\/span> of transportation with a carrier<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

l.<\/span> [Reserved.] <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

m.<\/span> “Warehouseman” is a person engaged in the business of storing goods<\/span> for hire. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Other definitions applying to this title or to specified parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Duly negotiate.” § 8.7-501<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled under the document<\/span>.” § 8.7-403<\/a>(4). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Definitions in other titles applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Contract<\/span> for sale.” § 8.2-106<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Lessee in ordinary course.” § 8.2A-103<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Overseas.” § 8.2-323<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Receipt” of goods<\/span>. § 8.2-103<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> In addition Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this title. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nDEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS (\u00a7 8.7-102)\n\n1. In this title, unless the context otherwise requires:\n\n a. “Bailee” means the person who by a warehouse receipt, bill of\n lading or other document acknowledges possession of goods and contracts to\n deliver them.\n\n b. “Carrier” means a person that issues a bill of lading.\n\n c. “Consignee” means the person named in a bill to whom or to\n whose order the bill promises delivery.\n\n d. “Consignor” means the person named in a bill as the person from\n whom the goods have been received for shipment.\n\n e. “Delivery order” means a record that contains an order to\n deliver goods directed to a warehouseman, carrier or other person who in the\n ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.\n\n f. “Document” means document of title as defined in the general\n definitions in Title 8.1A (§ 8.1A-201).\n\n g. “Good faith” means honesty in fact and the observance of\n reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.\n\n h. “Goods” means all things that are treated as movable for the\n purposes of a contract of storage or transportation.\n\n i. “Issuer” means a bailee who issues a document except that in\n relation to an unaccepted delivery order it means the person who orders the\n possessor of goods to deliver. Issuer includes any person for whom an agent or\n employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has\n real or apparent authority to issue documents, even if the issuer received no\n goods, the goods were misdescribed, or in any other respect the agent or\n employee violated the issuer’s instructions.\n\n j. [Reserved.]\n\n k. “Shipper” means a person that enters into a contract of\n transportation with a carrier.\n\n l. [Reserved.]\n\n m. “Warehouseman” is a person engaged in the business of storing\n goods for hire.\n\n2. Other definitions applying to this title or to specified parts thereof, and\nthe sections in which they appear are:\n\t\t\t“Duly negotiate.” § 8.7-501.\n\t\t\t“Person entitled under the document.” § 8.7-403(4).\n\n3. Definitions in other titles applying to this title and the sections in which\nthey appear are:\n\t\t\t“Contract for sale.” § 8.2-106.\n\t\t\t“Lessee in ordinary course.” § 8.2A-103.\n\t\t\t“Overseas.” § 8.2-323.\n\t\t\t“Receipt” of goods. § 8.2-103.\n\n4. In addition Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of\nconstruction and interpretation applicable throughout this title.\n\nHISTORY: Code 1950, \u00a7 61-1; 1964, c. 219; 2003, c. 353; 2004, c. 200; 2024, c.\n652.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}