{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/8.9A-314.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/8.9A-314.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/8.9A-314.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/8.9A-314.html"}],"law_id":85234,"edition_id":1,"section_id":85234,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-314","catch_line":"Perfection by control","history":"1996, c. 216, \u00a7 8.9-115; 2000, c. 1007; 2004, c. 200; 2024, c. 652.","full_text":"a\n\nPerfection by control. A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights may be perfected by control of the collateral under § 8.7-106, 8.9A-104, 8.9A-105.1, 8.9A-106, 8.9A-107, or 8.9A-107.1.b\n\nSpecified collateral; time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights is perfected by control under § 8.7-106, 8.9A-104, 8.9A-105.1, 8.9A-106, 8.9A-107, or 8.9A-107.1 not earlier than the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control only while the secured party retains control.c\n\nInvestment property; time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in investment property is perfected by control under \u00a7 8.9A-106 not earlier than the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control until:1\n\nthe secured party does not have control; and2\n\none of the following occurs:A\n\nif the collateral is a certificated security, the debtor has or acquires possession of the security certificate;B\n\nif the collateral is an uncertificated security, the issuer has registered or registers the debtor as the registered owner; orC\n\nif the collateral is a security entitlement, the debtor is or becomes the entitlement holder.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":305467,"text":"Perfection by control. A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights may be perfected by control of the collateral under § 8.7-106, 8.9A-104, 8.9A-105.1, 8.9A-106, 8.9A-107, or 8.9A-107.1.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"b"},"1":{"id":305468,"text":"Specified collateral; time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights is perfected by control under § 8.7-106, 8.9A-104, 8.9A-105.1, 8.9A-106, 8.9A-107, or 8.9A-107.1 not earlier than the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control only while the secured party retains control.","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"c"},"2":{"id":305469,"text":"Investment property; time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in investment property is perfected by control under \u00a7 8.9A-106 not earlier than the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control until:","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"c1"},"3":{"id":305470,"text":"the secured party does not have control; and","type":"section","prefixes":["c","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"c1","prefix_anchor":"c1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"c","next_prefix":"c2"},"4":{"id":305471,"text":"one of the following occurs:","type":"section","prefixes":["c","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"c2","prefix_anchor":"c2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"c1","next_prefix":"A"},"5":{"id":305472,"text":"if the collateral is a certificated security, the debtor has or acquires possession of the security certificate;","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"prior_prefix":"c2","next_prefix":"B"},"6":{"id":305473,"text":"if the collateral is an uncertificated security, the issuer has registered or registers the debtor as the registered owner; or","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"C"},"7":{"id":305474,"text":"if the collateral is a security entitlement, the debtor is or becomes the entitlement holder.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B"}},"ancestry":[{"id":15119,"edition_id":1,"name":"Perfection","identifier":"2","label":"subpart","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13858,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:52:16","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:52:16","permalink":{"id":283983,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":15119,"identifier":"2","token":"8.9A\/3\/2","url":"\/8.9A\/3\/2\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13858,"edition_id":1,"name":"Perfection and Priority","identifier":"3","label":"part","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":13277,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:46:06","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:46:06","permalink":{"id":283943,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13858,"identifier":"3","token":"8.9A\/3","url":"\/8.9A\/3\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":13277,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commercial Code \u2014 Secured Transactions","identifier":"8.9A","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:44:33","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:44:33","permalink":{"id":283833,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":13277,"identifier":"8.9A","token":"8.9A","url":"\/8.9A\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":84738,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-308","catch_line":"When security interest or agricultural lien is perfected; continuity of perfection","url":"\/8.9A-308\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-308","metadata":false},{"id":71502,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-309","catch_line":"Security interest perfected upon attachment","url":"\/8.9A-309\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-309","metadata":false},{"id":57600,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-310","catch_line":"When filing required to perfect security interest or agricultural lien; security interests and agricultural liens to which filing provisions do not apply","url":"\/8.9A-310\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-310","metadata":false},{"id":59215,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-311","catch_line":"Perfection of security interests in property subject to certain statutes, regulations, and treaties","url":"\/8.9A-311\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-311","metadata":false},{"id":64453,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-312","catch_line":"Perfection of security interests in chattel paper, controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, documents, goods covered by documents, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, and money; perfection by permissive filing, temporary perfection without filing or transfer of possession","url":"\/8.9A-312\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-312","metadata":false},{"id":59813,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-313","catch_line":"When possession by or delivery to secured party perfects security interest without filing","url":"\/8.9A-313\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-313","metadata":false},{"id":85234,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-314","catch_line":"Perfection by control","url":"\/8.9A-314\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-314","metadata":false},{"id":74925,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-314.1","catch_line":"Perfection by possession and control of chattel paper","url":"\/8.9A-314.1\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-314.1","metadata":false},{"id":76348,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-315","catch_line":"Secured party's rights on disposition of collateral and in proceeds","url":"\/8.9A-315\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-315","metadata":false},{"id":82133,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-316","catch_line":"Effect of change in governing law","url":"\/8.9A-316\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-316","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":59813,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-313","catch_line":"When possession by or delivery to secured party perfects security interest without filing","url":"\/8.9A-313\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-313","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":74925,"structure_id":15119,"section_number":"8.9A-314.1","catch_line":"Perfection by possession and control of chattel paper","url":"\/8.9A-314.1\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-314.1","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/8.9A-314\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1996. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 216<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2000, chapter 1007<\/a>; in 2004, chapter 200<\/a>; in 2024, chapter 652<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":57600,"section_number":"8.9A-310","catch_line":"When filing required to perfect security interest or agricultural lien; security interests and agricultural liens to which filing provisions do not apply","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-310\/"},{"id":64453,"section_number":"8.9A-312","catch_line":"Perfection of security interests in chattel paper, controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, documents, goods covered by documents, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, and money; perfection by permissive filing, temporary perfection without filing or transfer of possession","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-312\/"},{"id":71092,"section_number":"8.9A-327","catch_line":"Priority of security interests in deposit account","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-327\/"},{"id":71019,"section_number":"8.9A-328","catch_line":"Priority of security interests in investment property","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-328\/"},{"id":66602,"section_number":"8.9A-329","catch_line":"Priority of security interests in letter-of-credit right","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-329\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":67103,"section_number":"8.7-106","catch_line":"Control of electronic document","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.7-106\/"},{"id":62491,"section_number":"8.9A-104","catch_line":"Control of deposit account","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-104\/"},{"id":59549,"section_number":"8.9A-105.1","catch_line":"Control of electronic money","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-105.1\/"},{"id":81668,"section_number":"8.9A-106","catch_line":"Control of investment property","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-106\/"},{"id":58690,"section_number":"8.9A-107","catch_line":"Control of letter-of-credit right","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-107\/"},{"id":76599,"section_number":"8.9A-107.1","catch_line":"Control of controllable electronic record, controllable account, or controllable payment intangible","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.9A-107.1\/"}],"permalink":{"id":284009,"object_type":"law","relational_id":85234,"identifier":"8.9A-314","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-314","url":"\/8.9A-314\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/8.9A-314\/","token":"8.9A\/3\/2\/8.9A-314","dublin_core":{"Title":"Perfection by control","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 8.9A-314","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> Perfection by control. A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights may be perfected by control of the collateral<\/span> under § 8.7-106<\/a>, 8.9A-104<\/a>, 8.9A-105.1<\/a>, 8.9A-106<\/a>, 8.9A-107<\/a>, or 8.9A-107.1<\/a>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> Specified collateral<\/span>; time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights is perfected by control under § 8.7-106<\/a>, 8.9A-104<\/a>, 8.9A-105.1<\/a>, 8.9A-106<\/a>, 8.9A-107<\/a>, or 8.9A-107.1<\/a> not earlier than the time the secured party<\/span> obtains control and remains perfected by control only while the secured party<\/span> retains control. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> Investment property; time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in investment property is perfected by control under \u00a7 8.9A-106<\/a> not earlier than the time the secured party<\/span> obtains control and remains perfected by control until: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> the secured party<\/span> does not have control; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> one of the following occurs: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> if the collateral<\/span> is a certificated security, the debtor has or acquires possession<\/span> of the security certificate; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> if the collateral<\/span> is an uncertificated security, the issuer has registered or registers the debtor as the registered owner; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> if the collateral<\/span> is a security entitlement, the debtor is or becomes the entitlement holder. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPERFECTION BY CONTROL (\u00a7 8.9A-314)\n\na. Perfection by control. A security interest in controllable accounts,\ncontrollable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit\naccounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or\nletter-of-credit rights may be perfected by control of the collateral under\n§ 8.7-106, 8.9A-104, 8.9A-105.1, 8.9A-106, 8.9A-107, or 8.9A-107.1.\n\nb. Specified collateral; time of perfection by control; continuation of\nperfection. A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable\nelectronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts,\nelectronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit\nrights is perfected by control under § 8.7-106, 8.9A-104, 8.9A-105.1,\n8.9A-106, 8.9A-107, or 8.9A-107.1 not earlier than the time the secured party\nobtains control and remains perfected by control only while the secured party\nretains control.\n\nc. Investment property; time of perfection by control; continuation of\nperfection. A security interest in investment property is perfected by control\nunder \u00a7 8.9A-106 not earlier than the time the secured party obtains control\nand remains perfected by control until:\n\n 1. the secured party does not have control; and\n\n 2. one of the following occurs:\n\nA. if the collateral is a certificated security, the debtor has or acquires\npossession of the security certificate;\n\nB. if the collateral is an uncertificated security, the issuer has registered or\nregisters the debtor as the registered owner; or\n\nC. if the collateral is a security entitlement, the debtor is or becomes the\nentitlement holder.\n\nHISTORY: 1996, c. 216, \u00a7 8.9-115; 2000, c. 1007; 2004, c. 200; 2024, c. 652.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}