{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/9.1-149.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/9.1-149.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/9.1-149.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/9.1-149.html"}],"law_id":67420,"edition_id":1,"section_id":67420,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-149","catch_line":"Unlicensed activity prohibited; penalty","history":"1976, c. 737, \u00a7 54-729.34; 1980, c. 425, \u00a7 54.1-1908; 1988, cc. 48, 765; 1992, c. 578, \u00a7 9-183.9; 1994, cc. 45, 810; 1995, c. 79; 1998, cc. 122, 807; 2001, c. 844; 2002, cc. 578, 597.","full_text":"A\n\nNo person:1\n\nRequired to possess a registration under subsection C of § 9.1-139 shall be employed by a private security services business, except as provided in this article, as armored car personnel, courier, armed security officer, security canine handler, personal protection specialist, private investigator, alarm respondent, central station dispatcher, electronic security sales representative or electronic security technician without possessing a valid registration.2\n\nLicensed or required to be licensed under subsection A of § 9.1-139 shall employ or otherwise utilize, except as provided in this article, as armored car personnel, courier, armed security officer, security canine handler, personal protection specialist, private investigator, alarm respondent, central station dispatcher, electronic security sales representative or electronic security technician, any person not possessing a valid registration.3\n\nRequired to possess an instructor certification under subsection D of § 9.1-139 shall provide mandated instruction, except as provided in § 9.1-141 and Board regulations, without possessing a valid private security instructor certification.4\n\nCertified or required to be certified as a private security services training school under subsection B of § 9.1-139 shall employ or otherwise utilize, except as provided in § 9.1-141 and Board regulations, as a private security instructor, any person not possessing a valid instructor certification.B\n\nNo compliance agent employed or otherwise utilized by a person licensed or required to be licensed under subsection A of \u00a7 9.1-139 shall:1\n\nEmploy or otherwise utilize as an unarmed security officer, except as provided in this article, any individual for whom the compliance agent does not possess documentary evidence of compliance with, or exemption from, the compulsory minimum training standards established by the Board for unarmed security officers and before January 1, 2003, maintain documentary evidence that an investigation to determine suitability has been conducted.2\n\nEmploy or otherwise utilize as an electronic security technician’s assistant, except as provided in this article, any individual for whom the compliance agent does not possess documentary evidence of compliance with, or exemption from, the compulsory minimum training standards established by the Board for electronic security technician’s assistants.C\n\nAny person convicted of a violation of subsections A or B shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":244265,"text":"No person:","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"A1"},"1":{"id":244266,"text":"Required to possess a registration under subsection C of § 9.1-139 shall be employed by a private security services business, except as provided in this article, as armored car personnel, courier, armed security officer, security canine handler, personal protection specialist, private investigator, alarm respondent, central station dispatcher, electronic security sales representative or electronic security technician without possessing a valid registration.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"A1","prefix_anchor":"A1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"A2"},"2":{"id":244267,"text":"Licensed or required to be licensed under subsection A of § 9.1-139 shall employ or otherwise utilize, except as provided in this article, as armored car personnel, courier, armed security officer, security canine handler, personal protection specialist, private investigator, alarm respondent, central station dispatcher, electronic security sales representative or electronic security technician, any person not possessing a valid registration.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"A2","prefix_anchor":"A2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A1","next_prefix":"A3"},"3":{"id":244268,"text":"Required to possess an instructor certification under subsection D of § 9.1-139 shall provide mandated instruction, except as provided in § 9.1-141 and Board regulations, without possessing a valid private security instructor certification.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"A3","prefix_anchor":"A3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A2","next_prefix":"A4"},"4":{"id":244269,"text":"Certified or required to be certified as a private security services training school under subsection B of § 9.1-139 shall employ or otherwise utilize, except as provided in § 9.1-141 and Board regulations, as a private security instructor, any person not possessing a valid instructor certification.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"A4","prefix_anchor":"A4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A3","next_prefix":"B"},"5":{"id":244270,"text":"No compliance agent employed or otherwise utilized by a person licensed or required to be licensed under subsection A of \u00a7 9.1-139 shall:","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A4","next_prefix":"B1"},"6":{"id":244271,"text":"Employ or otherwise utilize as an unarmed security officer, except as provided in this article, any individual for whom the compliance agent does not possess documentary evidence of compliance with, or exemption from, the compulsory minimum training standards established by the Board for unarmed security officers and before January 1, 2003, maintain documentary evidence that an investigation to determine suitability has been conducted.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"B1","prefix_anchor":"B1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"B2"},"7":{"id":244272,"text":"Employ or otherwise utilize as an electronic security technician’s assistant, except as provided in this article, any individual for whom the compliance agent does not possess documentary evidence of compliance with, or exemption from, the compulsory minimum training standards established by the Board for electronic security technician’s assistants.","type":"section","prefixes":["B","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"B2","prefix_anchor":"B2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"B1","next_prefix":"C"},"8":{"id":244273,"text":"Any person convicted of a violation of subsections A or B shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B2"}},"ancestry":[{"id":14163,"edition_id":1,"name":"Private Security Services Businesses","identifier":"4","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12897,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:47:05","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:47:05","permalink":{"id":284871,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":14163,"identifier":"4","token":"9.1\/1\/4","url":"\/9.1\/1\/4\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12897,"edition_id":1,"name":"Department of Criminal Justice Services","identifier":"1","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12896,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","permalink":{"id":284489,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12897,"identifier":"1","token":"9.1\/1","url":"\/9.1\/1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12896,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commonwealth Public Safety","identifier":"9.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","permalink":{"id":284487,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12896,"identifier":"9.1","token":"9.1","url":"\/9.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":69682,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-138","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/9.1-138\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-138","metadata":false},{"id":63110,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-139","catch_line":"Licensing, certification, and registration required; qualifications; temporary licenses","url":"\/9.1-139\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-139","metadata":false},{"id":68663,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-140","catch_line":"Exceptions from article; training requirements for out-of-state central station dispatchers","url":"\/9.1-140\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-140","metadata":false},{"id":55329,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-140.01","catch_line":"Exemption from training requirements; central station dispatchers employed by central stations certified by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory","url":"\/9.1-140.01\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-140.01","metadata":false},{"id":78631,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-140.1","catch_line":"Registration; waiver of examination; locksmiths","url":"\/9.1-140.1\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-140.1","metadata":false},{"id":80366,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-141","catch_line":"Powers of Board relating to private security services business","url":"\/9.1-141\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-141","metadata":false},{"id":75892,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-142","catch_line":"Powers of Department relating to private security services businesses","url":"\/9.1-142\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-142","metadata":false},{"id":68760,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-143","catch_line":"Private Security Services Advisory Board; membership","url":"\/9.1-143\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-143","metadata":false},{"id":79924,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-144","catch_line":"Insurance required","url":"\/9.1-144\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-144","metadata":false},{"id":59393,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-145","catch_line":"Fingerprints required; penalty","url":"\/9.1-145\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-145","metadata":false},{"id":71626,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-146","catch_line":"Limitation on powers of registered armed security officers","url":"\/9.1-146\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-146","metadata":false},{"id":63070,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-147","catch_line":"Unlawful conduct generally; penalty","url":"\/9.1-147\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-147","metadata":false},{"id":80236,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-148","catch_line":"Unlawful procurement of a license; penalty","url":"\/9.1-148\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-148","metadata":false},{"id":67420,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-149","catch_line":"Unlicensed activity prohibited; penalty","url":"\/9.1-149\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-149","metadata":false},{"id":60196,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-149.1","catch_line":"Unlawful advertisement for regulated services; notice; penalty","url":"\/9.1-149.1\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-149.1","metadata":false},{"id":78865,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-150","catch_line":"Monetary penalty","url":"\/9.1-150\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-150","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":80236,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-148","catch_line":"Unlawful procurement of a license; penalty","url":"\/9.1-148\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-148","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":60196,"structure_id":14163,"section_number":"9.1-149.1","catch_line":"Unlawful advertisement for regulated services; notice; penalty","url":"\/9.1-149.1\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-149.1","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/9.1-149\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 1976. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 737 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1976 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 8 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1980, chapter 425; in 1988, chapters 48 and 765; in 1992, chapter 578; in 1994, chapters 45<\/a> and 810<\/a>; in 1995, chapter 79<\/a>; in 1998, chapters 122<\/a> and 807<\/a>; in 2001, chapter 844<\/a>; in 2002, chapters 578<\/a> and 597<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":63110,"section_number":"9.1-139","catch_line":"Licensing, certification, and registration required; qualifications; temporary licenses","order_by":null,"url":"\/9.1-139\/"},{"id":80366,"section_number":"9.1-141","catch_line":"Powers of Board relating to private security services business","order_by":null,"url":"\/9.1-141\/"}],"permalink":{"id":284925,"object_type":"law","relational_id":67420,"identifier":"9.1-149","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-149","url":"\/9.1-149\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/9.1-149\/","token":"9.1\/1\/4\/9.1-149","dublin_core":{"Title":"Unlicensed activity prohibited; penalty","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 9.1-149","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> No person: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Required to possess a registration<\/span> under subsection C of § 9.1-139<\/a> shall be employed<\/span> by a private security services business<\/span>, except as provided in this article, as armored car personnel<\/span>, courier<\/span>, armed security officer<\/span>, security canine handler<\/span>, personal protection specialist<\/span>, private investigator<\/span>, alarm respondent<\/span>, central station dispatcher<\/span>, electronic security sales representative<\/span> or electronic security technician<\/span> without possessing a valid registration<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Licensed or required to be licensed under subsection A of § 9.1-139<\/a> shall employ or otherwise utilize, except as provided in this article, as armored car personnel<\/span>, courier<\/span>, armed security officer<\/span>, security canine handler<\/span>, personal protection specialist<\/span>, private investigator<\/span>, alarm respondent<\/span>, central station dispatcher<\/span>, electronic security sales representative<\/span> or electronic security technician<\/span>, any person not possessing a valid registration<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Required to possess an instructor certification<\/span> under subsection D of § 9.1-139<\/a> shall provide mandated instruction, except as provided in § 9.1-141<\/a> and Board<\/span> regulations, without possessing a valid private security instructor certification<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Certified or required to be certified as a private security services training school<\/span> under subsection B of § 9.1-139<\/a> shall employ or otherwise utilize, except as provided in § 9.1-141<\/a> and Board<\/span> regulations, as a private security instructor, any person not possessing a valid instructor certification<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> No compliance agent<\/span> employed<\/span> or otherwise utilized by a person licensed or required to be licensed under subsection A of \u00a7 9.1-139<\/a> shall: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Employ or otherwise utilize as an unarmed security officer<\/span>, except as provided in this article, any individual for whom the compliance agent<\/span> does not possess documentary evidence<\/span> of compliance with, or exemption from, the compulsory minimum training standards established by the Board<\/span> for unarmed security officers<\/span> and before January 1, 2003, maintain documentary evidence<\/span> that an investigation to determine suitability has been conducted. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Employ or otherwise utilize as an electronic security technician<\/span>’s assistant, except as provided in this article, any individual for whom the compliance agent<\/span> does not possess documentary evidence<\/span> of compliance with, or exemption from, the compulsory minimum training standards established by the Board<\/span> for electronic security technician<\/span>’s assistants. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> Any person convicted of a violation of subsections A or B shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nUNLICENSED ACTIVITY PROHIBITED; PENALTY (\u00a7 9.1-149)\n\nA. No person:\n\n 1. Required to possess a registration under subsection C of § 9.1-139\n shall be employed by a private security services business, except as provided\n in this article, as armored car personnel, courier, armed security officer,\n security canine handler, personal protection specialist, private investigator,\n alarm respondent, central station dispatcher, electronic security sales\n representative or electronic security technician without possessing a valid\n registration.\n\n 2. Licensed or required to be licensed under subsection A of § 9.1-139\n shall employ or otherwise utilize, except as provided in this article, as\n armored car personnel, courier, armed security officer, security canine\n handler, personal protection specialist, private investigator, alarm\n respondent, central station dispatcher, electronic security sales\n representative or electronic security technician, any person not possessing a\n valid registration.\n\n 3. Required to possess an instructor certification under subsection D of\n § 9.1-139 shall provide mandated instruction, except as provided in\n § 9.1-141 and Board regulations, without possessing a valid private\n security instructor certification.\n\n 4. Certified or required to be certified as a private security services\n training school under subsection B of § 9.1-139 shall employ or otherwise\n utilize, except as provided in § 9.1-141 and Board regulations, as a\n private security instructor, any person not possessing a valid instructor\n certification.\n\nB. No compliance agent employed or otherwise utilized by a person licensed or\nrequired to be licensed under subsection A of \u00a7 9.1-139 shall:\n\n 1. Employ or otherwise utilize as an unarmed security officer, except as\n provided in this article, any individual for whom the compliance agent does\n not possess documentary evidence of compliance with, or exemption from, the\n compulsory minimum training standards established by the Board for unarmed\n security officers and before January 1, 2003, maintain documentary evidence\n that an investigation to determine suitability has been conducted.\n\n 2. Employ or otherwise utilize as an electronic security technician’s\n assistant, except as provided in this article, any individual for whom the\n compliance agent does not possess documentary evidence of compliance with, or\n exemption from, the compulsory minimum training standards established by the\n Board for electronic security technician’s assistants.\n\nC. Any person convicted of a violation of subsections A or B shall be guilty of\na Class 1 misdemeanor.\n\nHISTORY: 1976, c. 737, \u00a7 54-729.34; 1980, c. 425, \u00a7 54.1-1908; 1988, cc. 48,\n765; 1992, c. 578, \u00a7 9-183.9; 1994, cc. 45, 810; 1995, c. 79; 1998, cc. 122,\n807; 2001, c. 844; 2002, cc. 578, 597.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}