{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-json\/9.1-601.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-text\/9.1-601.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-xml\/9.1-601.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2025\/code-html\/9.1-601.html"}],"law_id":70227,"edition_id":1,"section_id":70227,"structure_id":16514,"section_number":"9.1-601","catch_line":"Law-enforcement civilian oversight bodies","history":"2020, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 29, 30.","full_text":"A\n\n1. As used in this section, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement agency” means a police department established pursuant to \u00a7 15.2-1701 or a campus police department of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth employing a law-enforcement officer established pursuant to \u00a7 23.1-809.\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement officer” means any person, other than a chief of police, who in his official capacity (i) is authorized by law to make arrests and (ii) is a nonprobationary officer of a police department, bureau, or force of any political subdivision, or a campus police department of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth, where such department, bureau, or force has three or more law-enforcement officers. “Law-enforcement officer” does not include a sheriff or deputy sheriff or any law-enforcement officer who has rights afforded to him pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 5 (\u00a7 9.1-500 et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Locality” shall be construed to mean a county or city as the context may require.2\n\nFor the purposes of this section, a “law-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality” shall be construed to mean any law-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of a locality, including any town police departments or any campus police departments of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth established within such boundaries.B\n\nThe governing body of a locality may establish a law-enforcement civilian oversight body. Any law-enforcement civilian oversight body established by the governing body of a locality shall reflect the demographic diversity of the locality.C\n\nA law-enforcement civilian oversight body established pursuant to this section may have the following duties regarding any law-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of such locality:1\n\nTo receive, investigate, and issue findings on complaints from civilians regarding the conduct of law-enforcement officers and civilian employees of a law-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality;2\n\nTo investigate and issue findings on incidents, including the use of force by a law-enforcement officer, death or serious injury to any person held in custody, serious abuse of authority or misconduct, allegedly discriminatory stops, and other incidents regarding the conduct of law-enforcement officers or civilian employees of a law-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality;3\n\nConcordant with any investigation conducted pursuant to subdivisions 1 and 2 and after consultation with such officer’s or employee’s direct supervisor or commander, to make binding disciplinary determinations in cases that involve serious breaches of departmental and professional standards, as defined by the locality. Such disciplinary determinations may include letters of reprimand, suspension without pay, suspension with pay, demotion within the department, reassignment within the department, termination, involuntary restitution, or mediation, any of which is to be implemented by the local government employee with ultimate supervisory authority over officers or employees of law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality;4\n\nTo investigate policies, practices, and procedures of law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make recommendations regarding changes to such policies, practices, and procedures. If the law-enforcement agency declines to implement any changes recommended by the law-enforcement civilian oversight body, such law-enforcement civilian oversight body may require the law-enforcement agency to create a written record, which shall be made available to the public, of its rationale for declining to implement a recommendation of the law-enforcement civilian oversight body;5\n\nTo review all investigations conducted internally by law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality, including internal investigations of civilians employed by such law-enforcement agencies, and to issue findings regarding the accuracy, completeness, and impartiality of such investigations and the sufficiency of any discipline resulting from such investigations;6\n\nTo request reports of the annual expenditures of the law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make budgetary recommendations to the governing body of the locality concerning future appropriations;7\n\nTo make public reports on the activities of the law-enforcement civilian oversight body, including investigations, hearings, findings, recommendations, determinations, and oversight activities; and8\n\nTo undertake any other duties as reasonably necessary for the law-enforcement civilian oversight body to effectuate its lawful purpose as provided for in this section to effectively oversee the law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality.D\n\nThe governing body of the locality shall establish the policies and procedures for the performance of duties by the law-enforcement civilian oversight body as set forth in this section. The law-enforcement civilian oversight body may hold hearings and, if after making a good faith effort to obtain, voluntarily, the attendance of witnesses and the production of books, papers, and other evidence necessary to perform its duties the law-enforcement civilian oversight body is unable to obtain such attendance or production, it may apply to the circuit court for the locality for a subpoena compelling the attendance of such witness or the production of such books, papers, and other evidence, and the court may, upon good cause shown, cause the subpoena to be issued. Any person so subpoenaed may apply to the court that issued such subpoena to quash it.E\n\nAny person currently employed as a law-enforcement officer as defined in § 9.1-101 is ineligible to serve on a law-enforcement civilian oversight body established pursuant to this section; however, a retired law-enforcement officer may serve on such law-enforcement civilian oversight body as an advisory, nonvoting ex officio member. Such retired law-enforcement officer shall not have been previously employed as a law-enforcement officer by a law-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of such locality but shall have been employed as a law-enforcement officer as defined in § 9.1-101 in a locality that is similar to the locality that established such law-enforcement civilian oversight body.F\n\nA law-enforcement officer who is subject to a binding disciplinary determination may file a grievance requesting a final hearing in accordance with § 15.2-1507, provided that such matter is a qualifying grievance under the locality’s grievance procedures.G\n\nA law-enforcement civilian oversight body may retain legal counsel to represent such oversight body in all cases, hearings, controversies, or matters involving the interests of the oversight body. Such counsel shall be paid from funds appropriated by the locality.","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":253561,"text":"1. As used in this section, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement agency” means a police department established pursuant to \u00a7 15.2-1701 or a campus police department of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth employing a law-enforcement officer established pursuant to \u00a7 23.1-809.\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement officer” means any person, other than a chief of police, who in his official capacity (i) is authorized by law to make arrests and (ii) is a nonprobationary officer of a police department, bureau, or force of any political subdivision, or a campus police department of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth, where such department, bureau, or force has three or more law-enforcement officers. “Law-enforcement officer” does not include a sheriff or deputy sheriff or any law-enforcement officer who has rights afforded to him pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 5 (\u00a7 9.1-500 et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Locality” shall be construed to mean a county or city as the context may require.","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"A2"},"1":{"id":253562,"text":"For the purposes of this section, a “law-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality” shall be construed to mean any law-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of a locality, including any town police departments or any campus police departments of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth established within such boundaries.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"A2","prefix_anchor":"A2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"B"},"2":{"id":253563,"text":"The governing body of a locality may establish a law-enforcement civilian oversight body. Any law-enforcement civilian oversight body established by the governing body of a locality shall reflect the demographic diversity of the locality.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A2","next_prefix":"C"},"3":{"id":253564,"text":"A law-enforcement civilian oversight body established pursuant to this section may have the following duties regarding any law-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of such locality:","type":"section","prefixes":["C"],"prefix":"C","entire_prefix":"C","prefix_anchor":"C","level":1,"prior_prefix":"B","next_prefix":"C1"},"4":{"id":253565,"text":"To receive, investigate, and issue findings on complaints from civilians regarding the conduct of law-enforcement officers and civilian employees of a law-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"C1","prefix_anchor":"C1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C","next_prefix":"C2"},"5":{"id":253566,"text":"To investigate and issue findings on incidents, including the use of force by a law-enforcement officer, death or serious injury to any person held in custody, serious abuse of authority or misconduct, allegedly discriminatory stops, and other incidents regarding the conduct of law-enforcement officers or civilian employees of a law-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"C2","prefix_anchor":"C2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C1","next_prefix":"C3"},"6":{"id":253567,"text":"Concordant with any investigation conducted pursuant to subdivisions 1 and 2 and after consultation with such officer’s or employee’s direct supervisor or commander, to make binding disciplinary determinations in cases that involve serious breaches of departmental and professional standards, as defined by the locality. Such disciplinary determinations may include letters of reprimand, suspension without pay, suspension with pay, demotion within the department, reassignment within the department, termination, involuntary restitution, or mediation, any of which is to be implemented by the local government employee with ultimate supervisory authority over officers or employees of law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"C3","prefix_anchor":"C3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C2","next_prefix":"C4"},"7":{"id":253568,"text":"To investigate policies, practices, and procedures of law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make recommendations regarding changes to such policies, practices, and procedures. If the law-enforcement agency declines to implement any changes recommended by the law-enforcement civilian oversight body, such law-enforcement civilian oversight body may require the law-enforcement agency to create a written record, which shall be made available to the public, of its rationale for declining to implement a recommendation of the law-enforcement civilian oversight body;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"C4","prefix_anchor":"C4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C3","next_prefix":"C5"},"8":{"id":253569,"text":"To review all investigations conducted internally by law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality, including internal investigations of civilians employed by such law-enforcement agencies, and to issue findings regarding the accuracy, completeness, and impartiality of such investigations and the sufficiency of any discipline resulting from such investigations;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"C5","prefix_anchor":"C5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C4","next_prefix":"C6"},"9":{"id":253570,"text":"To request reports of the annual expenditures of the law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make budgetary recommendations to the governing body of the locality concerning future appropriations;","type":"section","prefixes":["C","6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"C6","prefix_anchor":"C6","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C5","next_prefix":"C7"},"10":{"id":253571,"text":"To make public reports on the activities of the law-enforcement civilian oversight body, including investigations, hearings, findings, recommendations, determinations, and oversight activities; and","type":"section","prefixes":["C","7"],"prefix":"7","entire_prefix":"C7","prefix_anchor":"C7","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C6","next_prefix":"C8"},"11":{"id":253572,"text":"To undertake any other duties as reasonably necessary for the law-enforcement civilian oversight body to effectuate its lawful purpose as provided for in this section to effectively oversee the law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality.","type":"section","prefixes":["C","8"],"prefix":"8","entire_prefix":"C8","prefix_anchor":"C8","level":2,"prior_prefix":"C7","next_prefix":"D"},"12":{"id":253573,"text":"The governing body of the locality shall establish the policies and procedures for the performance of duties by the law-enforcement civilian oversight body as set forth in this section. The law-enforcement civilian oversight body may hold hearings and, if after making a good faith effort to obtain, voluntarily, the attendance of witnesses and the production of books, papers, and other evidence necessary to perform its duties the law-enforcement civilian oversight body is unable to obtain such attendance or production, it may apply to the circuit court for the locality for a subpoena compelling the attendance of such witness or the production of such books, papers, and other evidence, and the court may, upon good cause shown, cause the subpoena to be issued. Any person so subpoenaed may apply to the court that issued such subpoena to quash it.","type":"section","prefixes":["D"],"prefix":"D","entire_prefix":"D","prefix_anchor":"D","level":1,"prior_prefix":"C8","next_prefix":"E"},"13":{"id":253574,"text":"Any person currently employed as a law-enforcement officer as defined in § 9.1-101 is ineligible to serve on a law-enforcement civilian oversight body established pursuant to this section; however, a retired law-enforcement officer may serve on such law-enforcement civilian oversight body as an advisory, nonvoting ex officio member. Such retired law-enforcement officer shall not have been previously employed as a law-enforcement officer by a law-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of such locality but shall have been employed as a law-enforcement officer as defined in § 9.1-101 in a locality that is similar to the locality that established such law-enforcement civilian oversight body.","type":"section","prefixes":["E"],"prefix":"E","entire_prefix":"E","prefix_anchor":"E","level":1,"prior_prefix":"D","next_prefix":"F"},"14":{"id":253575,"text":"A law-enforcement officer who is subject to a binding disciplinary determination may file a grievance requesting a final hearing in accordance with § 15.2-1507, provided that such matter is a qualifying grievance under the locality’s grievance procedures.","type":"section","prefixes":["F"],"prefix":"F","entire_prefix":"F","prefix_anchor":"F","level":1,"prior_prefix":"E","next_prefix":"G"},"15":{"id":253576,"text":"A law-enforcement civilian oversight body may retain legal counsel to represent such oversight body in all cases, hearings, controversies, or matters involving the interests of the oversight body. Such counsel shall be paid from funds appropriated by the locality.","type":"section","prefixes":["G"],"prefix":"G","entire_prefix":"G","prefix_anchor":"G","level":1,"prior_prefix":"F"}},"ancestry":[{"id":16514,"edition_id":1,"name":"Civilian Protection in Cases of Police Misconduct","identifier":"6","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":1,"parent_id":12896,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 04:22:03","date_modified":"2026-06-26 04:22:03","permalink":{"id":285437,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":16514,"identifier":"6","token":"9.1\/6","url":"\/9.1\/6\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":12896,"edition_id":1,"name":"Commonwealth Public Safety","identifier":"9.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":1,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{},"date_created":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","date_modified":"2026-06-26 03:43:59","permalink":{"id":284487,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":12896,"identifier":"9.1","token":"9.1","url":"\/9.1\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":86204,"structure_id":16514,"section_number":"9.1-600","catch_line":"Civilian protection in cases of police misconduct; minimum standards","url":"\/9.1-600\/","token":"9.1\/6\/9.1-600","metadata":false},{"id":70227,"structure_id":16514,"section_number":"9.1-601","catch_line":"Law-enforcement civilian oversight bodies","url":"\/9.1-601\/","token":"9.1\/6\/9.1-601","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":86204,"structure_id":16514,"section_number":"9.1-600","catch_line":"Civilian protection in cases of police misconduct; minimum standards","url":"\/9.1-600\/","token":"9.1\/6\/9.1-600","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/9.1-601\/","history_text":false,"references":[{"id":77432,"section_number":"15.2-1507","catch_line":"Provision of grievance procedure; training programs","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-1507\/"},{"id":69045,"section_number":"9.1-507","catch_line":"Chapter accords minimum rights; exception","order_by":null,"url":"\/9.1-507\/"}],"refers_to":[{"id":77432,"section_number":"15.2-1507","catch_line":"Provision of grievance procedure; training programs","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-1507\/"},{"id":82838,"section_number":"15.2-1701","catch_line":"Organization of police forces","order_by":null,"url":"\/15.2-1701\/"},{"id":60667,"section_number":"23.1-809","catch_line":"Public institutions of higher education; establishment of campus police departments authorized; employment of officers","order_by":null,"url":"\/23.1-809\/"},{"id":73488,"section_number":"9.1-101","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/9.1-101\/"},{"id":70463,"section_number":"9.1-500","catch_line":"Definitions","order_by":null,"url":"\/9.1-500\/"}],"permalink":{"id":285443,"object_type":"law","relational_id":70227,"identifier":"9.1-601","token":"9.1\/6\/9.1-601","url":"\/9.1-601\/","edition_id":1,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/9.1-601\/","token":"9.1\/6\/9.1-601","dublin_core":{"Title":"Law-enforcement civilian oversight bodies","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 9.1-601","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> 1. As used in this section, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t\t“Law<\/span>-enforcement agency<\/span>” means a police department established pursuant to \u00a7 15.2-1701<\/a> or a campus police department of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth employing a law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> established pursuant to \u00a7 23.1-809<\/a>.\n\t\t\t“Law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span>” means any person, other than a chief of police, who in his official capacity (i) is authorized by law<\/span> to make arrests<\/span> and (ii) is a nonprobationary officer of a police department, bureau, or force of any political subdivision, or a campus police department of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth, where such department, bureau, or force has three or more law<\/span>-enforcement officers<\/span>. “Law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span>” does not include a sheriff or deputy sheriff or any law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> who has rights afforded to him pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 5 (\u00a7 9.1-500<\/a> et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Locality<\/span>” shall be construed to mean a county or city as the context may require. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> For the purposes of this section, a “law<\/span>-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality<\/span>” shall be construed to mean any law<\/span>-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of a locality, including any town police departments or any campus police departments of any public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth established within such boundaries. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> The governing body of a locality may establish a law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body. Any law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body established by the governing body of a locality shall reflect the demographic diversity of the locality. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

C.<\/span> A law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body established pursuant to this section may have the following duties regarding any law<\/span>-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of such locality: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> To receive, investigate, and issue<\/span> findings<\/span> on complaints from civilians regarding the conduct of law<\/span>-enforcement officers<\/span> and civilian employees of a law<\/span>-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> To investigate and issue<\/span> findings<\/span> on incidents, including the use of force by a law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span>, death or serious injury to any person held in custody<\/span>, serious abuse of authority or misconduct, allegedly discriminatory stops, and other incidents regarding the conduct of law<\/span>-enforcement officers<\/span> or civilian employees of a law<\/span>-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Concordant with any investigation conducted pursuant to subdivisions 1 and 2 and after consultation with such officer’s or employee’s direct supervisor or commander, to make binding disciplinary determinations in cases that involve serious breaches of departmental and professional standards, as defined by the locality. Such disciplinary determinations may include letters of reprimand, suspension without pay, suspension with pay, demotion within the department, reassignment within the department, termination, involuntary restitution<\/span>, or mediation, any of which is to be implemented by the local government employee with ultimate supervisory authority over officers or employees of law<\/span>-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> To investigate policies, practices, and procedures of law<\/span>-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make recommendations regarding changes to such policies, practices, and procedures. If the law<\/span>-enforcement agency declines to implement any changes recommended by the law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body, such law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body may require the law<\/span>-enforcement agency to create a written record, which shall be made available to the public, of its rationale for declining to implement a recommendation of the law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> To review all investigations conducted internally by law<\/span>-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality, including internal investigations of civilians employed by such law<\/span>-enforcement agencies, and to issue<\/span> findings<\/span> regarding the accuracy, completeness, and impartiality of such investigations and the sufficiency of any discipline resulting from such investigations; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

6.<\/span> To request reports of the annual expenditures of the law<\/span>-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make budgetary recommendations to the governing body of the locality concerning future appropriations; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

7.<\/span> To make public reports on the activities of the law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body, including investigations, hearings<\/span>, findings<\/span>, recommendations, determinations, and oversight activities; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

8.<\/span> To undertake any other duties as reasonably necessary for the law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body to effectuate its lawful purpose as provided for in this section to effectively oversee the law<\/span>-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the locality. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

D.<\/span> The governing body of the locality shall establish the policies and procedures for the performance of duties by the law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body as set forth in this section. The law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body may hold hearings<\/span> and, if after making a good faith effort to obtain, voluntarily, the attendance of witnesses and the production of books, papers, and other evidence<\/span> necessary to perform its duties the law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body is unable to obtain such attendance or production, it may apply to the circuit<\/span> court<\/span> for the locality for a subpoena<\/span> compelling the attendance of such witness<\/span> or the production of such books, papers, and other evidence<\/span>, and the court<\/span> may, upon good cause shown, cause the subpoena<\/span> to be issued. Any person so subpoenaed may apply to the court<\/span> that issued such subpoena<\/span> to quash<\/span> it. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

E.<\/span> Any person currently employed as a law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> as defined in § 9.1-101<\/a> is ineligible to serve on a law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body established pursuant to this section; however, a retired law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> may serve on such law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body as an advisory, nonvoting ex officio member. Such retired law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> shall not have been previously employed as a law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> by a law<\/span>-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of such locality but shall have been employed as a law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> as defined in § 9.1-101<\/a> in a locality that is similar to the locality that established such law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

F.<\/span> A law<\/span>-enforcement officer<\/span> who is subject to a binding disciplinary determination may file a grievance requesting a final hearing<\/span> in accordance with § 15.2-1507<\/a>, provided that such matter is a qualifying grievance under the locality’s grievance procedures. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

G.<\/span> A law<\/span>-enforcement civilian oversight body may retain legal counsel<\/span> to represent such oversight body in all cases, hearings<\/span>, controversies, or matters involving the interests of the oversight body. Such counsel<\/span> shall be paid from funds appropriated by the locality. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nLAW-ENFORCEMENT CIVILIAN OVERSIGHT BODIES (\u00a7 9.1-601)\n\nA. 1. As used in this section, unless the context requires a different meaning:\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement agency” means a police department established\npursuant to \u00a7 15.2-1701 or a campus police department of any public institution\nof higher education of the Commonwealth employing a law-enforcement officer\nestablished pursuant to \u00a7 23.1-809.\n\t\t\t“Law-enforcement officer” means any person, other than a chief of\npolice, who in his official capacity (i) is authorized by law to make arrests\nand (ii) is a nonprobationary officer of a police department, bureau, or force\nof any political subdivision, or a campus police department of any public\ninstitution of higher education of the Commonwealth, where such department,\nbureau, or force has three or more law-enforcement officers.\n“Law-enforcement officer” does not include a sheriff or deputy\nsheriff or any law-enforcement officer who has rights afforded to him pursuant\nto the provisions of Chapter 5 (\u00a7 9.1-500 et seq.).\n\t\t\t“Locality” shall be construed to mean a county or city as the\ncontext may require.\n\n 2. For the purposes of this section, a “law-enforcement agency serving\n under the authority of the locality” shall be construed to mean any\n law-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of a locality,\n including any town police departments or any campus police departments of any\n public institution of higher education of the Commonwealth established within\n such boundaries.\n\nB. The governing body of a locality may establish a law-enforcement civilian\noversight body. Any law-enforcement civilian oversight body established by the\ngoverning body of a locality shall reflect the demographic diversity of the\nlocality.\n\nC. A law-enforcement civilian oversight body established pursuant to this\nsection may have the following duties regarding any law-enforcement agency\nestablished within the boundaries of such locality:\n\n 1. To receive, investigate, and issue findings on complaints from civilians\n regarding the conduct of law-enforcement officers and civilian employees of a\n law-enforcement agency serving under the authority of the locality;\n\n 2. To investigate and issue findings on incidents, including the use of force\n by a law-enforcement officer, death or serious injury to any person held in\n custody, serious abuse of authority or misconduct, allegedly discriminatory\n stops, and other incidents regarding the conduct of law-enforcement officers\n or civilian employees of a law-enforcement agency serving under the authority\n of the locality;\n\n 3. Concordant with any investigation conducted pursuant to subdivisions 1 and\n 2 and after consultation with such officer’s or employee’s direct\n supervisor or commander, to make binding disciplinary determinations in cases\n that involve serious breaches of departmental and professional standards, as\n defined by the locality. Such disciplinary determinations may include letters\n of reprimand, suspension without pay, suspension with pay, demotion within the\n department, reassignment within the department, termination, involuntary\n restitution, or mediation, any of which is to be implemented by the local\n government employee with ultimate supervisory authority over officers or\n employees of law-enforcement agencies serving under the authority of the\n locality;\n\n 4. To investigate policies, practices, and procedures of law-enforcement\n agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make\n recommendations regarding changes to such policies, practices, and procedures.\n If the law-enforcement agency declines to implement any changes recommended by\n the law-enforcement civilian oversight body, such law-enforcement civilian\n oversight body may require the law-enforcement agency to create a written\n record, which shall be made available to the public, of its rationale for\n declining to implement a recommendation of the law-enforcement civilian\n oversight body;\n\n 5. To review all investigations conducted internally by law-enforcement\n agencies serving under the authority of the locality, including internal\n investigations of civilians employed by such law-enforcement agencies, and to\n issue findings regarding the accuracy, completeness, and impartiality of such\n investigations and the sufficiency of any discipline resulting from such\n investigations;\n\n 6. To request reports of the annual expenditures of the law-enforcement\n agencies serving under the authority of the locality and to make budgetary\n recommendations to the governing body of the locality concerning future\n appropriations;\n\n 7. To make public reports on the activities of the law-enforcement civilian\n oversight body, including investigations, hearings, findings, recommendations,\n determinations, and oversight activities; and\n\n 8. To undertake any other duties as reasonably necessary for the\n law-enforcement civilian oversight body to effectuate its lawful purpose as\n provided for in this section to effectively oversee the law-enforcement\n agencies serving under the authority of the locality.\n\nD. The governing body of the locality shall establish the policies and\nprocedures for the performance of duties by the law-enforcement civilian\noversight body as set forth in this section. The law-enforcement civilian\noversight body may hold hearings and, if after making a good faith effort to\nobtain, voluntarily, the attendance of witnesses and the production of books,\npapers, and other evidence necessary to perform its duties the law-enforcement\ncivilian oversight body is unable to obtain such attendance or production, it\nmay apply to the circuit court for the locality for a subpoena compelling the\nattendance of such witness or the production of such books, papers, and other\nevidence, and the court may, upon good cause shown, cause the subpoena to be\nissued. Any person so subpoenaed may apply to the court that issued such\nsubpoena to quash it.\n\nE. Any person currently employed as a law-enforcement officer as defined in\n§ 9.1-101 is ineligible to serve on a law-enforcement civilian oversight\nbody established pursuant to this section; however, a retired law-enforcement\nofficer may serve on such law-enforcement civilian oversight body as an\nadvisory, nonvoting ex officio member. Such retired law-enforcement officer\nshall not have been previously employed as a law-enforcement officer by a\nlaw-enforcement agency established within the boundaries of such locality but\nshall have been employed as a law-enforcement officer as defined in §\n9.1-101 in a locality that is similar to the locality that established such\nlaw-enforcement civilian oversight body.\n\nF. A law-enforcement officer who is subject to a binding disciplinary\ndetermination may file a grievance requesting a final hearing in accordance with\n§ 15.2-1507, provided that such matter is a qualifying grievance under the\nlocality’s grievance procedures.\n\nG. A law-enforcement civilian oversight body may retain legal counsel to\nrepresent such oversight body in all cases, hearings, controversies, or matters\ninvolving the interests of the oversight body. Such counsel shall be paid from\nfunds appropriated by the locality.\n\nHISTORY: 2020, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 29, 30.","edition":{"id":1,"name":"2025","slug":"2025","date_created":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","date_modified":"2026-06-21 22:39:22","current":1,"order_by":1,"last_import":null}}